ITEM 1. Business
Prologis, Inc. is a self-administered and self-managed REIT and is the sole general partner of Prologis, L.P. We operate Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. as one enterprise and, therefore, our discussion and analysis refers to Prologis, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Prologis, L.P., collectively. We invest in real estate through wholly owned subsidiaries and other entities through which we co-invest with partners and investors. We maintain a significant level of ownership in these co-investment ventures, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated based on our level of control of the entity.
Prologis, Inc. began operating as a fully integrated real estate company in 1997 and elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Internal Revenue Code”). We believe the current organization and method of operation will enable Prologis, Inc. to maintain its status as a REIT. Prologis, L.P. was also formed in 1997.
We operate our business on an owned and managed basis, including properties that we wholly own and properties that are owned by one of our co-investment ventures. We make decisions based on the property operations, regardless of our ownership interest, therefore we generally evaluate operating metrics on an owned and managed basis.
Our corporate headquarters is located at Pier 1, Bay 1, San Francisco, California 94111, and our other principal office locations are in Amsterdam, Denver, Luxembourg, Mexico City, Shanghai, Singapore and Tokyo.
Our Internet address is www.prologis.com. All reports required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) are available and can be accessed free of charge through the Investor Relations section of our website, www.prologis.com. The common stock of Prologis, Inc. is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker “PLD” and is a component of the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500.
THE COMPANY
Prologis is the global leader in logistics real estate with a focus on high-barrier, high-growth markets in 19 countries. We own, manage and develop well-located, high-quality logistics facilities in the world’s busiest consumption markets. Our local teams actively manage our portfolio, which encompasses leasing and property management, capital deployment and opportunistic dispositions allowing us to recycle capital to fund our development and acquisition activities. The majority of our properties in the United States (“U.S.”) are wholly owned, while our properties outside the U.S. are generally held in co-investment ventures, reducing our exposure to foreign currency movements.
Our portfolio benefits from key drivers of economic activity, including consumption, supply chain modernization, e-commerce and urbanization. In the developed markets of the U.S., Europe and Japan, key factors are the reconfiguration of supply chains (strongly influenced by e-commerce trends), and the operational efficiencies that can be realized from our modern logistics facilities. In emerging markets, such as Brazil, China and Mexico, new affluence and the rise of a new consumer class have increased the need for modern distribution networks. Our strategy is to own the highest-quality logistics property portfolio in each of our target markets. These markets are characterized by large population densities and consumption and typically offer proximity to large labor pools and are supported by extensive transportation infrastructure (major airports, seaports and rail and highway networks). Customers turn to us because they know an efficient supply chain will make their businesses run better, and that a strategic relationship with Prologis will create a competitive advantage.
At December 31, 2017, we owned or had investments in, on a wholly-owned basis or through co-investment ventures, properties and development projects (based on gross book value and total expected investment (“TEI”)), totaling $57.5 billion across 684 million square feet (64 million square meters) across four continents. Our investment totals $32.9 billion and consists of our wholly-owned properties and our pro rata (or ownership) share of the properties owned by our co-investment ventures. We lease modern logistics facilities to a diverse base of approximately 5,000 customers.
Throughout this document, we reflect amounts in U.S. dollars, our reporting currency. Included in these amounts are consolidated and unconsolidated investments denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the British pound sterling, euro and Japanese yen that are impacted by fluctuations in exchange rates when translated into U.S. dollars. We mitigate our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations by investing outside the U.S. through co-investment ventures, borrowing in local currency and utilizing derivative financial instruments. At December 31, 2017, 94.4% of our net equity (calculated on a gross book value basis) is denominated in U.S. dollars including our proportionate share of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures and derivative financial instruments.
OPERATING SEGMENTS
Our business comprises two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital.
Real Estate Operations
Rental. Rental operations comprise the largest component of our operating segments and generally contributes 90% of our consolidated revenues, earnings and funds from operations (“FFO”) (see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for more information on FFO, a non-GAAP measure). We collect rent from our customers through operating leases, including reimbursements for the majority of our property operating costs. We expect to generate long-term internal growth by increasing rents, maintaining high occupancy rates and controlling expenses. The primary drivers of our rent growth will be rolling in-place leases to current market rents. We believe our active portfolio management, coupled with the skills of our property, leasing, maintenance, capital, energy and risk management teams, will allow us to maximize rental revenues across our portfolio. Most of our rental revenues and NOI are generated in the U.S. NOI from this segment is calculated directly from our financial statements as rental revenues, rental recoveries and development management and other revenues less rental expenses and other expenses.
Development. We develop properties to meet our customers’ needs, deepen our market presence and refresh our portfolio quality. We believe we have a competitive advantage due to (i) the strategic locations of our land bank; (ii) the development expertise of our local teams; and (iii) the depth of our customer relationships. Successful development and redevelopment efforts increase both the rental revenues and the net asset value of our Real Estate Operations segment. We measure the development value we create based on the estimated fair value of a stabilized development property, as compared to the costs incurred. We develop properties in the U.S. for long-term hold or contribution to our unconsolidated co-investment venture and outside the U.S. we develop primarily for contribution to our co-investment ventures. Occasionally, we develop for sale to third parties.
Strategic Capital
Real estate is a capital-intensive business that requires new capital to grow. Our strategic capital business gives us access to third-party capital, both private and public, allowing us to diversify our sources of capital and providing us with a broad range of options to fund our growth, while reducing our exposure to foreign currency movements for investments outside the U.S. We partner with some of the world’s largest institutional investors to grow our business and provide incremental revenues, with a focus on long-term and open-ended ventures (also referred to as “perpetual vehicles”). We also access alternative sources of equity through two publicly traded vehicles: Nippon Prologis REIT, Inc. in Japan and FIBRA Prologis in Mexico. We hold significant ownership interests in all of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures (approximately 29% weighted average ownership based on each entity’s contribution of total assets, before depreciation, net of other liabilities at December 31, 2017), aligning our interests with those of our partners.
This segment produces stable, long-term cash flows and generally contributes 10% of our consolidated revenues, earnings and FFO. We generate strategic capital revenues from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, primarily through asset and property management services, of which 90% are earned from long-term and open-ended ventures. We earn additional revenues by providing leasing, acquisition, construction, development, financing, legal and disposition services. In certain ventures, we also have the ability to earn revenues through incentive fees (“promotes”) periodically during the life of a venture or upon liquidation. We plan to profitably grow this business by increasing our assets under management in existing or new ventures. Generally, the majority of the strategic capital revenues are generated outside the U.S. NOI in this segment is calculated directly from our financial statements as strategic capital revenues less strategic capital expenses and does not include property-related NOI.
FUTURE GROWTH
We believe the quality and scale of our global portfolio, the expertise of our team, the depth of our customer relationships, and the strength of our balance sheet give us unique competitive advantages. Our plan to grow revenues, NOI, earnings, FFO and cash flows is based on the following:
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Rent Growth. We expect market rents to continue to grow over the next few years, driven by demand for the location and quality of our properties. Due to strong market rent growth over the last several years, our in-place leases have considerable upside potential. We estimate that across our owned and managed portfolio, our leases on an aggregate basis are more than 14% below current market rent. Therefore, even if market rents remain flat, a lease renewal will translate into increased future rental income, both on a consolidated basis and through the earnings we recognize from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on our ownership. This is reflected in the positive rent change on rollover (comparing the net effective rent of the new lease to the prior lease for the same space) in our owned and managed portfolio. We have experienced positive rent change on rollover for every quarter since 2013 and we expect this to continue for several more years. For 2017, our net effective rents increased 15.4% on lease rollover that represented approximately 23% of our owned and managed portfolio.
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Value Creation from Development. A successful development and redevelopment program involves maintaining control of well-located and entitled land. Based on our current estimates, our land bank, excluding land we have under an option contract, has the potential to support the development of $7.8 billion of TEI of new logistics space. TEI is the total estimated cost of development or expansion, including land, development and leasing costs without depreciation. We believe the carrying value of our land bank is below its current fair value, and we expect to realize this value going forward-primarily through development. During 2017, we stabilized development projects with a TEI of $1.9 billion, and we estimate the value of these buildings to be 28.8% above our cost to develop (defined as estimated margin and calculated using estimated yield and capitalization rates from our underwriting models), while increasing NOI of our operating portfolio.
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Economies of Scale from Growth in Assets Under Management. We have increased our owned and managed real estate assets by 91 million square feet (or approximately 17%) over the last three years through acquisitions and development, while strengthening our balance sheet and keeping our general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses relatively flat. We have invested in technologies that we will continue to leverage to further streamline our operations and reduce our costs as a percentage of assets under management.
Competition
Competitively priced logistics space could impact our occupancy rates and have an adverse effect on how much rent we can charge, which in turn could affect our operating segments. We may face competition regarding our capital deployment activities, including local, regional and national operators or developers. We also face competition from investment managers for institutional capital within our strategic capital business.
We believe we have competitive advantages due to our:
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properties in markets characterized by large population densities and consumption and typically offer proximity to large labor pools and are supported by extensive transportation infrastructure;
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ability to quickly respond to customers’ needs for high-quality logistics facilities;
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established relationships with key customers served by our local teams;
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ability to leverage our organizational scale and structure to provide a single point of contact for our focus customers through our global customer solutions team;
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property management and leasing expertise;
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relationships and proven track record with current and prospective investors in our strategic capital business;
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strategic locations of our land bank;
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local teams with development expertise; and
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balance sheet strength, credit ratings and significant liquidity.
Customers
Our broad customer base represents a spectrum of international, national, regional and local logistics users. At December 31, 2017, in our Real Estate Operations segment representing our consolidated properties, we had more than 2,800 customers occupying 299 million square feet of logistics operating properties. On an owned and managed basis, we had approximately 5,000 customers occupying 630 million square feet of logistics operating properties.
The following table details our top 25 customers at December 31, 2017 (square feet in millions):
(1)
Net effective rent (“NER”) is calculated using the estimated total cash to be received over the term of the lease (including base rent and expense reimbursements) divided by the lease term to determine the amount of rent and expense reimbursements received per year. Amounts derived in a currency other than the U.S. dollar have been translated using the average rate from the previous twelve months.
In our Strategic Capital segment, we view our partners and investors as our customers. At December 31, 2017, in our private ventures, we partnered with approximately 100 investors, several of which invest in multiple ventures.
Employees
The following table summarizes our employee base at December 31, 2017:
(1)
This includes employees who were employed in the U.S. but also support other regions.
We allocate our employees who perform property management functions to our Real Estate Operations segment and Strategic Capital segment based on the square footage of the respective portfolios. Employees who perform only Strategic Capital functions are allocated directly to that segment.
We believe we have good relationships with our employees. Prologis employees are not organized under collective bargaining agreements, although some employees in Europe are represented by statutory Works Councils and as such, benefit from applicable labor agreements.
CODE OF ETHICS AND BUSINESS CONDUCT
We maintain a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct applicable to our board of directors (the “Board”) and all of our officers and employees, including the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer and the principal accounting officer, and other people performing similar functions. A copy of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct is available on our website, www.prologis.com. In addition to being accessible through our website, copies of our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct can be obtained, free of charge, upon written request to Investor Relations, Pier 1, Bay 1, San Francisco, California 94111. Any amendments to or waivers of our Code
of Ethics and Business Conduct that apply to the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer, the principal accounting officer, or other people performing similar functions, and that relate to any matter enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K, will be disclosed on our website.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
We are exposed to various environmental risks that may result in unanticipated losses and affect our operating results and financial condition. Either the previous owners or we have conducted environmental reviews on a majority of the properties we have acquired, including land. While some of these assessments have led to further investigation and sampling, none of the environmental assessments has revealed an environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See further discussion in Item 1A.
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Our operations and structure involve various risks that could adversely affect our business and financial condition, including but not limited to, our financial position, results of operations, cash flow, ability to make distributions and payments to security holders and the market value of our securities. These risks relate to Prologis as well as our investments in consolidated and unconsolidated entities and include among others, (i) general risks; (ii) risks related to our business; (iii) risks related to financing and capital; and (iv) income tax risks.
General Risks
As a global company, we are subject to social, political and economic risks of doing business in many countries.
We conduct a significant portion of our business and employ a substantial number of people outside of the U.S. During 2017, we generated approximately $416 million or 15.9% of our revenues from operations outside the U.S. Circumstances and developments related to international and U.S. operations that could negatively affect us include, but are not limited to, the following factors:
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difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations in certain regions, including differing employment practices and labor issues;
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local businesses and cultural factors that differ from our usual standards and practices;
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volatility in currencies and currency restrictions, which may prevent the transfer of capital and profits to the U.S.;
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challenges in establishing effective controls and procedures to regulate operations in different regions and to monitor compliance with applicable regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) Bribery Act and other similar laws;
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unexpected changes in regulatory requirements, tax, tariffs and other laws within the countries in which we operate;
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potentially adverse tax consequences;
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the responsibility of complying with multiple and potentially conflicting laws, e.g., with respect to corrupt practices, employment and licensing;
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the impact of regional or country-specific business cycles and economic instability, including instability in, or further withdrawals from, the European Union or other international trade alliances or agreements;
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political instability, uncertainty over property rights, civil unrest, drug trafficking, political activism or the continuation or escalation of terrorist or gang activities;
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foreign ownership restrictions in operations with the respective countries; and
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access to capital may be more restricted, or unavailable on favorable terms or at all in certain locations.
In addition, we may be impacted by the ability of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to dividend or otherwise transfer cash among our subsidiaries, including transfers of cash to pay interest and principal on our debt, due to currency exchange control regulations, transfer pricing regulations and potentially adverse tax consequences, among other factors.
Disruptions in the global capital and credit markets may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
To the extent there is turmoil in the global financial markets, this turmoil has the potential to adversely affect (i) the value of our properties; (ii) the availability or the terms of financing that we have or may anticipate utilizing; (iii) our ability to make principal and interest payments on, or refinance any outstanding debt when due; and (iv) the ability of our customers to enter into new leasing transactions or satisfy rental payments under existing leases. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets may also adversely affect our ability to make distributions and payments to our security holders and the market price of our securities.
Our business and operations could suffer in the event of system failures or cyber security attacks.
Despite system redundancy, the implementation of security measures and the existence of a disaster recovery plan for our internal and hosted information technology systems, our systems are vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication failures and cyber security attacks, such as computer viruses or unauthorized access. Any system failure or accident that causes interruptions in our operations could result in a material disruption to our business. We may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions. Any compromise of our security could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, unauthorized access to information of ours and others, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, loss or misuse of the information and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could harm our business.
Risks associated with our dependence on key personnel.
We depend on the deep industry knowledge and the efforts of our executive officers and other key employees. From time to time, our personnel and their roles may change. While we believe that we are able to retain our key talent and find suitable employees to meet our personnel needs, the loss of key personnel, any change in their roles or the limitation of their availability could adversely affect our business. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain our executive officers, or if compensation costs required to attract and retain key employees become more expensive, our performance and competitive position could be materially adversely affected.
Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management continually reviews the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements or restatements of our financial statements or a decline in the price of our securities.
The depreciation in the value of the foreign currency in countries where we have a significant investment may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
We pursue growth opportunities in international markets where the U.S. dollar is not the functional currency. At December 31, 2017, approximately $7.4 billion or 25.1% of our total consolidated assets were invested in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, primarily the Brazilian real, British pound sterling, Canadian dollar, euro and Japanese yen. As a result, we are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. A significant change in the value of the foreign currency of one or more countries where we have a significant investment may have a material adverse effect on our business and, specifically, our U.S. dollar reported financial position and results of operations and debt covenant ratios. Although we attempt to mitigate adverse effects by borrowing under debt agreements denominated in foreign currencies and using derivative contracts, there can be no assurance that those attempts to mitigate foreign currency risk will be successful.
Our hedging of foreign currency and interest rate risk may not effectively limit our exposure to other risks.
Hedging arrangements involve risks, such as the risk of fluctuation in the relative value of the foreign currency or interest rates and the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements. The funds required to settle such arrangements could be significant depending on the stability and movement of the hedged foreign currency or the size of the underlying financing and the applicable interest rates at the time of the breakage. The failure to hedge effectively against foreign exchange changes or interest rate changes may adversely affect our business.
Compliance or failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in substantial costs.
We are required to comply with many regulations in different countries, including (but not limited to) the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K Bribery Act and similar laws and regulations. Our properties are also subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and state and local fire and life-safety requirements. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of governmental fines or the award of damages to private litigants. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with these regulatory requirements, the requirements may change or new requirements may be imposed that could require significant unanticipated expenditures by us. If we are required to make unanticipated expenditures to comply with these regulations, we may be adversely affected.
Risks Related to our Business
Real estate investments are not as liquid as certain other types of assets, which may reduce economic returns to investors.
Real estate investments are not as liquid as certain other types of investments and this lack of liquidity may limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic or other conditions. Significant expenditures associated with real estate investments, such as secured mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investments. As a REIT, under the Internal Revenue Code, we are only able to hold property for sale in the ordinary course of business through taxable REIT subsidiaries in order to not incur punitive taxation on any tax gain from the sale of such property. We may dispose of certain properties that have been held for investment to generate liquidity. If we do not satisfy certain safe harbors or we believe there is too much risk of incurring the punitive tax on any tax gain from the sale, we may not pursue such sales.
We may decide to sell properties to certain of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures or third parties to generate proceeds to fund our capital deployment activities. Our ability to sell properties on advantageous terms is affected by: (i) competition from other owners of properties that are trying to dispose of their properties; (ii) market conditions, including the capitalization rates applicable to our properties; and (iii) other factors beyond our control. If our competitors sell assets similar to assets we intend to divest in the same markets or at valuations below our valuations for comparable assets, we may be unable to divest our assets at favorable pricing or at all. The unconsolidated co-investment ventures or third parties who might acquire our properties may need to have access to debt and equity capital, in the private and public markets, in order to acquire properties from us. Should they have limited or no access to capital on favorable terms, then dispositions could be delayed.
If we do not have sufficient cash available to us through our operations, sales or contributions of properties or available credit facilities to continue operating our business as usual, we may need to find alternative ways to increase our liquidity. Such alternatives may include, without limitation, divesting ourselves of properties, whether or not they otherwise meet our strategic objectives to keep in the long term, at less than optimal terms, incurring debt, entering into leases with new customers at lower rental rates or less than optimal terms or entering into lease renewals with our existing customers without an increase in rental rates. There can be no assurance, however, that such alternative ways to increase our liquidity will be available to us. Additionally, taking such measures to increase our liquidity may adversely affect our business, and in particular, our distributable cash flow and debt covenants.
Our investments are concentrated in the logistics sector and our business would be adversely affected by an economic downturn in that sector.
Our investments in real estate assets are concentrated in the logistics sector. This concentration may expose us to the risk of economic downturns in this sector to a greater extent than if our business activities were more diversified.
General economic conditions and other events or occurrences that affect areas in which our properties are geographically concentrated, may impact financial results.
We are exposed to general economic conditions, local, regional, national and international economic conditions and other events and occurrences that affect the markets in which we own properties. Our operating performance is further impacted by the economic conditions of the specific markets in which we have concentrations of properties.
At December 31, 2017, 33.7% of our consolidated operating properties or $7.7 billion (based on consolidated gross book value, or investment before depreciation) were located in California, which represented 27.4% of the aggregate square footage of our operating properties and 34.1% of our NOI. Our revenues from, and the value of, our properties located in California may be affected by local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of or reduced demand for logistics properties) and the local economic climate. Business layoffs, downsizing, industry slowdowns, changing demographics and other factors may adversely impact California’s economic climate. Because of the number of properties we have located in California, a downturn in California’s economy or real estate conditions could adversely affect our business.
In addition to California, we also have significant holdings (defined as more than 3% of total consolidated investment before depreciation) in operating properties in certain markets located in Atlanta, Central and Eastern Pennsylvania, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, New Jersey/New York City, Seattle and South Florida. Our operating performance could be adversely affected if conditions become less favorable in any of the markets in which we have a concentration of properties. Conditions such as an oversupply of logistics space or a reduction in demand for logistics space, among other factors, may impact operating conditions. Any material oversupply of logistics space or material reduction in demand for logistics space could adversely affect our overall business.
Our owned and managed portfolio, which includes our wholly-owned properties and properties included in our co-investment ventures, has concentrations of properties in the same markets mentioned above, as well as in markets in France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland and the U.K., and are subject to the economic conditions in those markets.
A number of our investments, both wholly-owned and owned through co-investment ventures, are located in areas that are known to be subject to earthquake activity. U.S. properties located in active seismic areas include properties in our markets in California and Seattle. International properties located in active seismic areas include Japan and Mexico. We generally carry earthquake insurance on our properties located in areas historically subject to seismic activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles, if we believe it is commercially reasonable. We evaluate our earthquake insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice through an analysis prepared by outside consultants and in some specific instances have elected to self-insure our earthquake exposure based on this analysis. We have elected not to carry earthquake insurance for our assets in Japan based on this analysis.
Furthermore, a number of our properties are located in areas that are known to be subject to hurricane or flood risk. We carry hurricane and flood hazard insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to such activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles, if we believe it is commercially reasonable. We evaluate our insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice through an analysis prepared by outside consultants.
Investments in real estate properties are subject to risks that could adversely affect our business.
Investments in real estate properties are subject to varying degrees of risk. While we seek to minimize these risks through geographic diversification of our portfolio, market research and our asset management capabilities, these risks cannot be eliminated. Factors that may affect real estate values and cash flows include:
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local conditions, such as oversupply or a reduction in demand;
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technological changes, such as reconfiguration of supply chains, autonomous vehicles, robotics, 3D printing or other technologies;
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the attractiveness of our properties to potential customers and competition from other available properties;
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increasing costs of maintaining, insuring, renovating and making improvements to our properties;
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our ability to rehabilitate and reposition our properties due to changes in the business and logistics needs of our customers;
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our ability to control rents and variable operating costs; and
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governmental regulations and the associated potential liability under, and changes in, environmental, zoning, usage, tax, tariffs and other laws.
We may be unable to lease vacant space or renew leases or re-lease space on favorable terms as leases expire.
Our operating results and distributable cash flow would be adversely affected if a significant number of our customers were unable to meet their lease obligations. We are also subject to the risk that, upon the expiration of leases for space located in our properties, leases may not be renewed by existing customers, the space may not be re-leased to new customers or the terms of renewal or re-leasing (including the cost of required renovations or concessions to customers) may be less favorable to us than current lease terms. Our competitors may offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we currently charge our customers, we may lose potential customers, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge to retain customers when our customers’ leases expire. In the event of default by a significant number of customers, we may experience delays and incur substantial costs in enforcing our rights as landlord, and we may be unable to re-lease spaces. A customer may experience a downturn in its business, which may cause the loss of the customer or may weaken its financial condition, resulting in the customer’s failure to make rental payments when due or requiring a restructuring that might reduce cash flow from the lease. In addition, a customer may seek the protection of bankruptcy, insolvency or similar laws, which could result in the rejection and termination of such customer’s lease and thereby cause a reduction in our available cash flow.
We may acquire properties, which involves risks that could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We have acquired properties and will continue to acquire properties, both through the direct acquisition of real estate and through the acquisition of entities that own the real estate and through additional investments in co-investment ventures that acquire properties. The acquisition of properties involves risks, including the risk that the acquired property will not perform as anticipated and that any actual costs for rehabilitation, repositioning, renovation and improvements identified in the pre-acquisition due diligence process will exceed estimates. When we acquire properties, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy, forging new business relationships in the area and unfamiliarity with local government and permitting procedures. Additionally, there is, and it is expected there will continue to be, significant competition for properties that meet our investment criteria as well as risks associated with obtaining financing for acquisition activities. The acquired properties or entities may be subject to liabilities, which may be without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based on ownership of any of these entities or properties, then we may have to pay substantial sums to settle it.
Our real estate development strategies may not be successful.
Our real estate development strategy is focused on monetizing land in the future through development of logistics facilities to hold for long-term investment, contribution or sale to a co-investment venture or third party, depending on market conditions, our liquidity needs and other factors. We may increase our investment in the development, renovation and redevelopment business and we expect to complete the build-out and leasing of our current development portfolio. We may also develop, renovate and redevelop properties within existing or newly formed co-investment ventures. The real estate development, renovation and redevelopment business includes the following significant risks:
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we may not be able to obtain financing for development projects on favorable terms or at all;
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we may explore development opportunities that may be abandoned and the related investment impaired;
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we may not be able to obtain, or may experience delays in obtaining, all necessary zoning, land-use, building, occupancy and other governmental permits and authorizations;
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we may have construction costs, total investment amounts and our share of remaining funding that exceed our estimates and projects may not be completed, delivered or stabilized as planned due to defects or other issues;
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we may not be able to attract third-party investment in new development co-investment ventures or sufficient customer demand for our product;
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we may have properties that perform below anticipated levels, producing cash flow below budgeted amounts;
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we may seek to sell certain land parcels and not be able to find a third party to acquire such land or the sales price will not allow us to recover our investment, resulting in impairment charges;
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we may not be able to lease properties we develop on favorable terms or at all;
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we may not be able to capture the anticipated enhanced value created by our value-added properties on expected timetables or at all;
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we may experience delays (temporary or permanent) if there is public or government opposition to our activities; and
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we may have substantial renovation, new development and redevelopment activities, regardless of their ultimate success, that require a significant amount of management’s time and attention, diverting their attention from our day-to-day operations.
We are subject to risks and liabilities in connection with forming co-investment ventures, investing in new or existing co-investment ventures, attracting third-party investment and investing in and managing properties through co-investment ventures.
At December 31, 2017, we had investments in real estate containing approximately 399 million square feet held through co-investment ventures, both public and private. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount of available funds that we may invest in these ventures, and we may and currently intend to develop and acquire properties through co-investment ventures and investments in other entities when warranted by the circumstances. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to form new co-investment ventures, or attract third-party investment or that additional investments in new or existing ventures to develop or acquire properties will be successful. Further, there can be no assurance that we are able to realize value from such investments.
Our co-investment ventures involve certain additional risks that we do not otherwise face, including:
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our partners may share certain approval rights over major decisions made on behalf of the ventures;
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if our partners fail to fund their share of any required capital contributions, then we may choose to contribute such capital;
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our partners might have economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals that would affect our ability to operate the property;
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the venture or other governing agreements often restrict the transfer of an interest in the co-investment venture or may otherwise restrict our ability to sell the interest when we desire or on advantageous terms;
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our relationships with our partners are generally contractual in nature and may be terminated or dissolved under the terms of the agreements, and in such event, we may not continue to manage or invest in the assets underlying such relationships resulting in reduced fee revenues or causing a need to purchase such interest to continue ownership; and
•
disputes between us and our partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business and result in subjecting the properties owned by the applicable co-investment venture to additional risk.
We generally seek to maintain sufficient influence over our co-investment ventures to permit us to achieve our business objectives; however, we may not be able to continue to do so indefinitely. We have formed publicly traded investment vehicles, such as NPR and FIBRA Prologis, for which we serve as sponsor or manager. We have contributed, and may continue to contribute, assets into such vehicles. There is a risk that our managerial relationship may be terminated.
We are exposed to various environmental risks, including the potential impacts of future climate change, which may result in unanticipated losses that could affect our business and financial condition.
Under various federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner, developer or operator of real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of removal or remediation of such substances could be substantial. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the release or presence of such hazardous substances. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages based on personal injury, property damage or other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination.
Environmental laws in some countries, including the U.S., also require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, in the event that asbestos is disturbed during building renovation or demolition. These laws may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators who fail to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos. Some of our properties are known to contain asbestos-containing building materials.
In addition, some of our properties are leased or have been leased, in part, to owners and operators of businesses that use, store or otherwise handle petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, creating a potential for the release of such hazardous or toxic substances. Furthermore, certain of our properties are on, adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances, or upon which others have engaged, are engaged or may engage in activities that may release such hazardous or toxic substances. From time to time, we may acquire properties, or interests in properties, with known adverse environmental conditions for which we believe that the environmental liabilities associated with these conditions are quantifiable and that the acquisition will yield a superior risk-adjusted return. In connection with certain divested properties, we have agreed to remain responsible for, and to bear the cost of, remediating or monitoring certain environmental conditions on the properties.
We are also exposed to potential physical risks from possible future changes in climate. Our logistics facilities may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms or floods. If the frequency of extreme weather events increases due to climate change, our exposure to these events could increase. We do not currently consider ourselves to be exposed to regulatory risks related to climate change, as our operations generally do not emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases. However, we may be adversely impacted as a real estate developer in the future by potential impacts to the supply chain or stricter energy efficiency standards for buildings. We cannot give any assurance that other such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. The presence of such substances on our real estate properties could adversely affect our ability to lease, develop or sell such properties or to borrow using such properties as collateral.
Our insurance coverage does not include all potential losses.
We and our unconsolidated co-investment ventures carry insurance coverage including property damage and rental loss insurance resulting from certain perils such as fire and additional perils as covered under an extended coverage policy, namely windstorm, flood, earthquake and terrorism; commercial general liability insurance; and environmental insurance, as appropriate for the markets where each of our properties and business operations are located. The insurance coverage contains policy specifications and insured limits customarily carried for similar properties, business activities and markets. We believe our properties and the properties of our co-investment ventures are adequately insured. Certain losses, however, including losses from floods, earthquakes, acts of war, acts of terrorism or riots, generally are not insured against or not fully insured against because it is not deemed economically feasible or prudent to do so. If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs with respect to one or more of our properties, we could experience a significant loss of capital invested and future revenues in these properties and could potentially remain obligated under any recourse debt associated with the property.
Furthermore, we cannot be sure that the insurance companies will be able to continue to offer products with sufficient coverage at commercially reasonable rates. If we experience a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds insured limits with respect to one or more of our properties or if the insurance companies fail to meet their coverage commitments to us in the event of an insured loss, then we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties, as well as the anticipated future revenues from those properties and, if there
is recourse debt, then we would remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the properties. Any such losses or higher insurance costs could adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Financing and Capital
We may be unable to refinance our debt or our cash flow may be insufficient to make required debt payments.
We are subject to risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow will be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest. There can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness, that such refinancing would be on terms as favorable as the terms of the maturing indebtedness, or that we will be able to otherwise obtain funds by selling assets or raising equity to make required payments on maturing indebtedness. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or meet our payment obligations, our business and financial condition will be negatively impacted and, if the maturing debt is secured, the lender may foreclose on the property securing such indebtedness. Our credit facilities and certain other debt bears interest at variable rates. Increases in interest rates would increase our interest expense under these agreements.
Covenants in our credit agreements could limit our flexibility and breaches of these covenants could adversely affect our financial condition.
The terms of our various credit agreements, including our credit facilities, the indentures under which our senior notes are issued and other note agreements, require us to comply with a number of customary financial covenants, such as maintaining debt service coverage, leverage ratios, fixed charge ratios and other operating covenants including maintaining insurance coverage. These covenants may limit our flexibility to run our business, and breaches of these covenants could result in defaults under the instruments governing the applicable indebtedness. If we default under the covenant provisions and are unable to cure the default, refinance the indebtedness or meet payment obligations, our business and financial condition generally and, in particular, the amount of our distributable cash flow could be adversely affected.
Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively affect our financing activity.
The credit ratings of our senior unsecured notes and preferred stock are based on our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analyses of us. Our credit ratings can affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit ratings, and in the event our credit ratings are downgraded, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and may encounter difficulty in obtaining additional financing. Also, a downgrade in our credit ratings may trigger additional payments or other negative consequences under our credit facilities and other debt instruments. Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our business and, in particular, our refinancing and other capital market activities, our ability to manage debt maturities, our future growth and our development and acquisition activity.
At December 31, 2017, our credit ratings were A3 from Moody’s and A- from S&P, both with stable outlook. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.
We depend on external sources of capital.
To qualify as a REIT, we are required each year to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and by excluding any net capital gain) to our stockholders and we may be subject to tax to the extent our taxable income is not fully distributed. Historically, we have satisfied these distribution requirements by making cash distributions to our stockholders, but we may choose to satisfy these requirements by making distributions of cash or other property, including, in limited circumstances, our own stock. For distributions with respect to taxable years that end on or before December 31, and in some cases declared as late as December 31, a REIT can satisfy up to 90% of the distribution requirements discussed above through the distribution of shares of our stock if certain conditions are met. Assuming we continue to satisfy these distribution requirements with cash, we may not be able to fund all future capital needs, including acquisition and development activities, from cash retained from operations and may have to rely on third-party sources of capital. Furthermore, to maintain our REIT status and not have to pay federal income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These short-term borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. Our ability to access debt and equity capital on favorable terms or at all depends on a number of factors, including general market conditions, the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current and potential future earnings and cash distributions and the market price of our securities.
Our stockholders may experience dilution if we issue additional common stock or units in the OP.
Any additional future issuance of common stock or OP units will reduce the percentage of our common stock and units owned by investors. In most circumstances, stockholders and unitholders will not be entitled to vote on whether or not we issue additional common stock or units. In addition, depending on the terms and pricing of any additional offering of our common stock or units and the value of the properties, our stockholders and unitholders may experience dilution in both book value and fair value of their common stock or units.
Income Tax Risks
The failure of Prologis, Inc. to qualify as a REIT would have serious adverse consequences.
Prologis, Inc. elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 1997. We believe Prologis, Inc. has been organized and operated to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and believe that the current organization and method of operation comply with the rules and regulations promulgated under the Internal Revenue Code to enable Prologis, Inc. to continue to qualify as a REIT. However, it is possible that we are organized or have operated in a manner that would not allow Prologis, Inc. to qualify as a REIT, or that our future operations could cause Prologis, Inc. to fail to qualify. Qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements (some annually and others on a quarterly basis) established under highly technical and complex sections of the Internal Revenue Code for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. For example, to qualify as a REIT, Prologis, Inc. must derive at least 95% of its gross income in any year from qualifying sources. In addition, Prologis, Inc. must pay dividends to its stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of its taxable income (determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and by excluding capital gains) and must satisfy specified asset tests on a quarterly basis. The provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and applicable Treasury regulations regarding qualification as a REIT are more complicated for Prologis, Inc. because we hold assets through the OP.
If Prologis, Inc. fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be required to pay federal income tax (including, for taxable years prior to 2018, any applicable alternative minimum tax) on taxable income at regular corporate rates. Unless we are entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, Prologis, Inc. would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which it lost the qualification. If Prologis, Inc. lost its REIT status, our net earnings would be significantly reduced for each of the years involved.
Furthermore, we own a direct or indirect interest in certain subsidiary REITs that elected to be taxed as REITs under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code. Provided that each subsidiary REIT qualifies as a REIT, our interest in such subsidiary REIT will be treated as a qualifying real estate asset for purposes of the REIT asset tests, and any dividend income or gains derived by us from such subsidiary REIT will generally be treated as income that qualifies for purposes of the REIT 95% gross income test. To qualify as a REIT, the subsidiary REIT must independently satisfy all of the REIT qualification requirements. If such subsidiary REIT were to fail to qualify as a REIT, and certain relief provisions did not apply, it would be treated as a regular taxable corporation and its income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax. In addition, a failure of the subsidiary REIT to qualify as a REIT would have an adverse effect on the ability of Prologis, Inc. to comply with the REIT income and asset tests, and thus its ability to qualify as a REIT.
Certain property transfers may generate prohibited transaction income, resulting in a penalty tax on gain attributable to the transaction.
From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties, including by contributing properties to our co-investment ventures. Under the Internal Revenue Code, any gain resulting from transfers of properties we hold as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business is treated as income from a prohibited transaction subject to a 100% penalty tax. We do not believe that our transfers or disposals of property or our contributions of properties into our co-investment ventures are prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held for investment purposes is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service may contend that certain transfers or dispositions of properties by us or contributions of properties into our co-investment ventures are prohibited transactions. While we believe that the Internal Revenue Service would not prevail in any such dispute, if the Internal Revenue Service were to argue successfully that a transfer, disposition or contribution of property constituted a prohibited transaction, we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT.
Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect us.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. and foreign income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate, REITs, similar entities and investments. Additional changes are likely to continue to occur in the future, both in and outside of the U.S. and may impact our taxation or that of our stockholders. New tax legislation was enacted on December 22, 2017 and provides for significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws, including the reduction of the corporate tax rate, a reduction or elimination of certain deductions (including new limitations on the deductibility of interest expense) and significant changes in the taxation of earnings from non-U.S. sources. Some of these changes could have an adverse impact on us, our business, and the results of our operations. The new rules are complex and lack developed administrative guidance; thus, the impact of certain aspects of these provisions on us is currently unclear. Technical corrections or other amendments to the new rules, and administrative guidance interpreting the new rules, may be forthcoming at any time or may be significantly delayed.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. Properties
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
We predominately invest in logistics facilities. Our properties are typically used for distribution, storage, packaging, assembly and light manufacturing of consumer products. The vast majority of our operating properties are used by our customers for bulk distribution.
The following tables provide details of our consolidated operating properties, investment in land and development portfolio. We have also included operating property information for our owned and managed portfolio. The owned and managed portfolio includes the properties we consolidate and the properties owned by our unconsolidated co-investment ventures reflected at 100% of the amount included in the ventures’ financial statements as calculated on a GAAP basis, not our proportionate share.
Included in the operating property information below for our consolidated operating properties are 404 buildings owned primarily by one co-investment venture that we consolidate but of which we own less than 100% of the equity. No individual property or group of properties operating as a single business unit amounted to 10% or more of our consolidated total assets at December 31, 2017, or generated income equal to 10% or more of our consolidated gross revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Dollars and square feet in the following tables are in millions and items notated by ‘0‘ indicate an amount that rounds to less than one million:
(1)
Certain of our consolidated properties are pledged as security under secured mortgage debt and assessment bonds. For purposes of this table, the total principal balance of a debt issuance that is secured by a pool of properties is allocated among the properties in the pool based on each property’s investment balance. In addition to the amounts reflected here, we also have $2 million of encumbrances related to other real estate properties not included in Real Estate Operations. See Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional identification of the properties pledged.
(2)
No remaining market within the U.S. represented more than 2% of the total gross book value of the consolidated operating properties.
(3)
Included in our consolidated operating properties are properties that we consider to be held for contribution and are presented as Assets Held for Sale or Contribution in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We include these properties in our operating portfolio as they are expected to be contributed to our co-investment ventures and remain in our owned and managed operating portfolio. At December 31, 2017, we had net investments in real estate properties that were expected to be contributed to our co-investment ventures totaling $311 million aggregating 5 million square feet. See Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further information on our Assets Held for Sale or Contribution.
(4)
Value-added properties are properties we have either acquired at a discount and believe we could provide greater returns post-stabilization or properties we expect to repurpose to a higher and better use.
(5)
Represents the estimated finished square feet available for lease upon completion of a building on existing parcels of land.
(6)
TEI is based on current projections and is subject to change. As noted in the table below, our current investment is $1.6 billion, leaving approximately $1.2 billion of additional required funding. At December 31, 2017, based on TEI, approximately 75% of the
properties under development in the development portfolio were expected to be completed by December 31, 2018, and approximately 22% of the properties in the development portfolio were already completed but not yet stabilized. The remainder of our properties under development were expected to be completed before July 2019.
The following table summarizes our investment in consolidated real estate properties at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
(1)
Included in other real estate investments were: (i) non-logistics real estate; (ii) land parcels that are ground leased to third parties; (iii) our corporate office buildings; (iv) costs related to future development projects, including purchase options on land; (v) infrastructure costs related to projects we are developing on behalf of others; and (vi) earnest money deposits associated with potential acquisitions.
LEASE EXPIRATIONS
We generally lease our properties on a long-term basis (the average term for leases signed in 2017 was 54 months). The following table summarizes the lease expirations of our consolidated operating portfolio for leases in place at December 31, 2017 (dollars and square feet in millions):
CO-INVESTMENT VENTURES
Included in our owned and managed portfolio are consolidated and unconsolidated co-investment ventures that hold investments in real estate properties, primarily logistics facilities that we also manage. Our unconsolidated co-investment ventures are accounted for under the equity method. The amounts included for the unconsolidated ventures are reflected at 100% of the amount included in the ventures’ financial statements as calculated on a GAAP basis, not our proportionate share. The following table summarizes our consolidated and unconsolidated co-investment ventures at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
For more information regarding our unconsolidated and consolidated co-investment ventures, see Notes 5 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we and our co-investment ventures are parties to a variety of legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that, with respect to any such matters to which we are currently a party, the ultimate disposition of any such matter will not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
MARKET INFORMATION AND HOLDERS
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “PLD.” The following table sets forth the high and low sale price of our common stock, as reported in the NYSE Composite Tape, and the declared dividends per share, for the periods indicated.
Our future common stock dividends, if and as declared, may vary and will be determined by the Board upon the circumstances prevailing at the time, including our financial condition, operating results, estimated taxable income and REIT distribution requirements. These dividends, if and as declared, may be adjusted at the discretion of the Board during the year.
On February 12, 2018, we had approximately 533,054,000 shares of common stock outstanding, which were held of record by approximately 4,400 stockholders.
Stock Performance Graph
The following line graph compares the change in Prologis, Inc. cumulative total stockholder’s return on shares of its common stock from December 31, 2012, to the cumulative total return of the S&P 500 Stock Index and the Financial Times and Stock Exchange NAREIT Equity REITs Index from December 31, 2012, to December 31, 2017. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in our common stock and each of the indices on December 31, 2012, and, as required by the SEC, the reinvestment of all dividends. The return shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance.
This graph and the accompanying text are not “soliciting material,” are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.
PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
At December 31, 2017, and 2016, we had 1.4 million and 1.6 million shares of the Series Q preferred stock with a liquidation preference of $50 per share. Dividends payable per share were $4.27 for the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016.
For more information regarding dividends, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
During 2017, we issued an aggregate of 1.5 million shares of common stock of Prologis, Inc. in connection with the redemption of common units of Prologis, L.P. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more information. The issuance of the shares of common stock was undertaken in reliance upon the exemption from registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, afforded by Section 4(a)(2) thereof.
SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see Notes 10 and 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
OTHER STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Common Stock Plans
Further information relative to our equity compensation plans will be provided in our 2018 Proxy Statement or in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table summarizes selected financial data related to our historical financial condition and results of operations for both Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. (in millions, except for per share and unit amounts):
(1)
In 2014, the accounting standard changed for classifying and reporting discontinued operations and none of our dispositions since adoption met the qualifications to be reported as discontinued operations. In 2013, our net earnings per share attributable to common stockholders and unitholders for basic and diluted included $0.25 per share attributable to discontinued operations.
(2)
FFO; FFO, as modified by Prologis and Core FFO are non-GAAP measures. See Item 7.
ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this report and the matters described under Item 1A. Risk Factors.
MANAGEMENT’S OVERVIEW
Summary of 2017
During the year ended December 31, 2017, operating fundamentals remained strong for our owned and managed portfolio and we ended the year with occupancy of 97.2%. See below for the results of our two business segments and details of operating activity of our owned and managed portfolio.
In 2017, we completed the following significant activities as further described in the accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements:
•
We completed several transactions that repositioned our portfolio and streamlined our co-investment ventures, including:
o
In January, we sold our investment in Europe Logistics Venture 1 (“ELV”) to our venture partner for $84 million and ELV contributed its properties to Prologis Targeted Europe Logistics Fund (“PTELF”) in exchange for equity interests.
o
In February, we formed UKLV, in which we have a 15.0% ownership interest. This unconsolidated co-investment venture was formed for investment in the U.K. and currently holds stabilized properties, properties under development and land.
o
In March, we acquired our remaining partner’s interest in Prologis North American Industrial Fund (“NAIF”), a consolidated co-investment venture, for $710 million. In July, we contributed 190 operating properties owned by NAIF to USLF. We received cash proceeds and additional units, which increased our ownership interest to 27.1%, and USLF assumed secured debt.
o
In March, we purchased our venture partner’s interest in the Prologis Brazil Logistics Partners Fund I (“Brazil Fund”), a consolidated co-investment venture, for $80 million to own 100% of the venture. In August, we acquired our partner’s interest in certain unconsolidated joint ventures in Brazil for an aggregate price of R$1.2 billion ($382 million). As a result of these transactions, we consolidate the majority of our investments in Brazil.
o
In October, the assets and related liabilities of PTELF were contributed to Prologis European Properties Fund II (“PEPF II”) in exchange for units, and PEPF II was renamed PELF. In connection with the transaction, we exchanged our units in PTELF for new units in PELF resulting in our ownership interest decreasing to 25.6%, however, our economic investment did not substantially change.
o
As a result of these activities, we had eight unconsolidated co-investment ventures at December 31, 2017.
o
In addition to the transactions discussed above, we also contributed properties to existing co-investment ventures in Europe, Japan and Mexico and we disposed of non-strategic operating properties to third parties, primarily in the U.S.
o
These transactions generated proceeds of $4.5 billion and realized net gains of $1.2 billion.
•
In February, we amended our Japanese yen revolver and increased the total borrowing capacity to ¥50.0 billion ($444 million at December 31, 2017).
•
In June, we issued £500 million ($645 million) of senior notes with an effective interest rate of 2.3%, maturing in June 2029, at 99.9% of par value. Following the issuance, we used the cash proceeds to redeem $618 million of previously issued senior notes, maturing in 2019, with an average coupon rate of 5.4%.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We evaluate our business operations based on the NOI of our two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. NOI by segment is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated using revenues and expenses directly from our financial statements. We consider NOI by segment to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our performance because it helps management and investors understand the core operations of our real estate assets.
Below is a reconciliation of our NOI by segment to Operating Income per the Consolidated Financial Statements (in millions). Each segment’s NOI is reconciled to a line item in the Consolidated Financial Statements in the respective segment discussion below.
See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our segments and a reconciliation of each business segment’s NOI to Operating Income and Earnings Before Income Taxes.
Real Estate Operations
This operating segment principally includes rental revenues, rental recoveries and rental expenses recognized from our consolidated properties. We allocate the costs of our property management functions to the Real Estate Operations segment through Rental Expenses and the Strategic Capital segment through Strategic Capital Expenses based on the square footage of the relative portfolios as compared to our total owned and managed portfolio. The operating fundamentals in the markets in which we operate continue to be strong, which has driven rents higher, kept occupancies high and has fueled development activity. This segment is impacted by our development, acquisition and disposition activities.
Below are the components of Real Estate Operations revenues, expenses and NOI (in millions), derived directly from line items in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The change in Real Estate Operations NOI during these periods were impacted by the following items (in millions of dollars):
(1)
The impact from acquisitions in 2016 from 2015 was primarily due to the acquisition of the real estate assets and operating platform of KTR Capital Partners and its affiliates (“KTR”) in May 2015, which generated an additional $152 million of net revenues, including a decrease of $25 million in acquisition costs, in 2016. Approximately 45% of KTR activity is offset in Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests for our venture partner’s share. See Note 3 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail on the KTR transaction.
(2)
During these periods, we experienced increased occupancy and positive rent rate growth. Rent rate growth (or rent change) is a combination of the rollover of existing leases and increases in certain rental rates from contractual rent increases on existing leases. If a lease has a contractual rent increase that is not known at the time the lease is signed, such as the consumer price index or a similar metric, the rent increase is not included in rent leveling and therefore, would impact the rental revenues we recognize. See below for key metrics on occupancy and rent change on rollover for the consolidated operating portfolio.
(3)
A developed property moves into the operating portfolio when it meets stabilization. The property is considered stabilized when a development project has been completed for one year or at least 90% occupied, whichever occurs first. During these periods, NOI increased as developments stabilized. See below for key metrics on our development stabilizations for our consolidated properties.
(4)
Contribution and disposition activity increased in 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to the contribution of the NAIF operating properties to USLF.
(5)
Other items include property tax expense recoveries, noncash adjustments for the amortization of above or below market leases, non-recoverable expenses, termination fees and changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
Below are key operating metrics of our consolidated operating portfolio over the last three years:
Development Start Activity
The following table summarizes consolidated development starts (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
We expect our properties under development at December 31, 2017, to be completed before July 2019.
Development Stabilization Activity
The following table summarizes consolidated development stabilization activity (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
We calculate the weighted average expected yield on TEI as estimated NOI assuming stabilized occupancy divided by TEI.
For information on our development portfolio at December 31, 2017, see Item 2. Properties.
Capital Expenditures
We capitalize costs incurred in renovating, rehabilitating and improving our operating properties as part of the investment basis. The following graph summarizes our capital expenditures on operating properties within our consolidated operating portfolio (in millions):
Strategic Capital
This operating segment includes revenues from asset and property management and other fees for services performed, as well as promotes earned from the unconsolidated co-investment ventures. Revenues associated with the Strategic Capital segment fluctuate because of the size of co-investment ventures under management, the transactional activity in the ventures and the timing of promotes. These revenues are reduced generally by the direct costs associated with the asset and property-level management expenses for the properties owned by these ventures. We allocate the costs of our property management functions to the Strategic Capital segment through Strategic Capital Expenses and to the Real Estate Operations segment through Rental Expenses based on the square footage of the relative portfolios as compared to our total owned and managed portfolio.
Below are the components of Strategic Capital revenues, expenses and NOI, derived directly from the line items in the Consolidated Financial Statements (in millions):
Below is additional detail of our Strategic Capital revenues, expenses and NOI (in millions):
(1)
This includes compensation and personnel costs for employees who were located in the U.S. but also support other regions.
(2)
Recurring fees include asset and property management fees.
(3)
Non-recurring fees include leasing commission, acquisition and other transactional fees.
(4)
The promote revenues represent the third-party partners’ share based on the venture’s cumulative returns to investors over a certain time-period, generally three years. Approximately 40% of promote revenues are paid to our employees as a combination of cash and stock awards pursuant to the terms of the Prologis Promote Plan and expensed through Strategic Capital Expenses, as vested.
The following real estate investments were held through our unconsolidated co-investment ventures at December 31 (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
We acquired our partner’s interest in NAIF, a consolidated co-investment venture, and contributed 190 operating properties owned by NAIF to USLF in 2017.
(2)
We acquired our partner’s interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil in 2017.
(3)
In 2017, we had the following activity in Europe: (i) sold our investment in ELV to our venture partner and ELV contributed its properties to PTELF; (ii) the assets and related liabilities of PTELF were contributed to PEPF II in exchange for units; and PEPF II was renamed PELF; and (iii) we formed the co-investment venture UKLV.
See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
G&A Expenses
G&A expenses remained relatively flat at $231 million, $222 million and $217 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We capitalize certain costs directly related to our development and leasing activities. Capitalized G&A expenses included salaries and related costs, as well as other G&A costs. The following table summarizes capitalized G&A amounts (in millions):
(1)
Due to a new accounting standard effective January 1, 2019, we expect a change in capitalized leasing activities. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Depreciation and Amortization Expenses
The following table highlights the key changes in depreciation and amortization expenses during these periods (in millions of dollars):
(1)
The increase in depreciation and amortization expense in 2016 from 2015 related to acquisitions was primarily due to the KTR transaction in 2015.
(2)
The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense in 2017 from 2016 was primarily due to the contribution of the NAIF operating properties to USLF in 2017.
Our Owned and Managed Properties
We manage our business on an owned and managed basis, which includes properties wholly owned by us or owned by one of our co-investment ventures. We review our operating fundamentals on an owned and managed basis. We believe reviewing these fundamentals this way allows management to understand the entire impact to the financial statements, as it will affect both the Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital segments, as well as the net earnings we recognize from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures based on our ownership share. We do not control the unconsolidated co-investment ventures for purposes of GAAP and the presentation of the ventures’ operating information does not represent a legal claim to such items.
Our owned and managed operating portfolio does not include value-added properties or properties held for sale to third parties and was as follows at December 31 (square feet in millions):
Operating Activity
Below is information summarizing the leasing activity of our owned and managed operating portfolio over the last three years:
(1)
We retained more than 75% of our customers, based on the total square feet of leases signed, for each year during the three-year period ended December 31, 2017.
(2)
Turnover costs are defined as leasing commissions and tenant improvements and represent the obligations incurred in connection with the signing of a lease.
Same Store Analysis
We evaluate the operating performance of the operating properties we own and manage using a “same store” analysis because the population of properties in this analysis is consistent from period to period, which eliminates the effects of changes in the composition of the portfolio. We have defined the same store portfolio, for the three months ended December 31, 2017, as those owned and managed properties that were in operation at January 1, 2016, and have been in operation throughout the same three-month periods in both 2017 and 2016 (including development properties that have been completed and available for lease). We have removed all properties that were disposed of to a third party or were classified as held for sale to a third party from the population for both periods. We believe the factors that affect rental revenues, rental recoveries, rental expenses and NOI in the same store portfolio are generally the same as for the total operating portfolio. To derive an appropriate measure of period-to-period operating performance, we remove the effects of foreign currency exchange rate movements by using the recent period end exchange rate to translate from local currency into the U.S. dollar, for both periods.
Same store is a commonly used measure in the real estate industry. Our same store measures are non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated beginning with rental revenues, rental recoveries and rental expenses from the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. As our same store measures are non-GAAP financial measures, they have certain limitations as analytical tools and may vary among real estate companies. As a result, we provide a reconciliation from our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP to same store property NOI with explanations of how these metrics are calculated.
We evaluate the results of our same store portfolio on a quarterly basis. The following is a reconciliation of our consolidated rental revenues, rental recoveries, rental expenses and property NOI for each quarter in 2017 and 2016 to the full year, as included in the Consolidated Statements of Income and within Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and to the respective amounts in our same store portfolio analysis for the three months ended December 31 (dollars in millions):
(1)
We include 100% of the same store NOI from the properties in our same store portfolio. During the periods presented, certain properties owned by us were contributed to a co-investment venture and are included in the same store portfolio. Neither our consolidated results nor those of the co-investment ventures, when viewed individually, would be comparable on a same store basis because of the changes in composition of the respective portfolios from period to period (e.g. the results of a contributed property are included in our consolidated results through the contribution date and in the results of the unconsolidated entities subsequent to the contribution date).
(2)
We exclude the net termination and renegotiation fees from our same store rental revenues to allow us to evaluate the growth or decline in each property’s rental revenues without regard to one-time items that are not indicative of the property’s recurring
operating performance. Net termination and renegotiation fees represent the gross fee negotiated to allow a customer to terminate or renegotiate their lease, offset by the write-off of the asset recorded due to the adjustment to straight-line rents over the lease term. The adjustments to remove these items are included in “effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other” in this table.
(3)
Rental expenses include the direct operating expenses of the property such as property taxes, insurance and utilities. In addition, we include an allocation of the property management expenses for our direct-owned properties based on the property management services provided to each property (generally, based on a percentage of revenues). On consolidation, these amounts are eliminated and the actual costs of providing property management services are recognized as part of our consolidated rental expenses. These expenses fluctuate based on the level of properties included in the same store portfolio and any adjustment is included as “effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other” in this table.
Other Components of Income (Expense)
Earnings from Unconsolidated Entities, Net
We recognized net earnings from unconsolidated entities, which are accounted for using the equity method, of $249 million, $206 million and $159 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The earnings we recognize can be impacted by: (i) variances in revenues and expenses of each venture; (ii) the size and occupancy rate of the portfolio of properties owned by each venture; (iii) gains or losses from the dispositions of properties and extinguishment of debt; (iv) our ownership interest in each venture; and (v) fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates used to translate our share of net earnings to U.S. dollars.
See the discussion of our co-investment ventures above in the Strategic Capital segment discussion and in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further breakdown of our share of net earnings recognized.
Interest Expense
The following table details our net interest expense (dollars in millions):
Our overall debt decreased by $1.2 billion from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2017, primarily from USLF assuming secured debt in conjunction with our contribution of real estate properties. Gross interest expense decreased in 2017, compared to the same period in 2016, principally due to decreased secured debt as a result of the USLF contribution and pay downs, and lower interest rates due to the change in the composition of our senior notes. Gross interest expense decreased in 2016, compared with 2015, principally from lower outstanding debt balances from the repayment of the senior term loan related to the KTR acquisition and lower borrowing costs during 2016.
See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further breakdown of gross interest expense, amortization and capitalized amounts included in net interest expense. See the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for further discussion of our debt and borrowing costs.
Gains on Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate and Revaluation of Equity Investments Upon Acquisition of a Controlling Interest, Net
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized gains on dispositions of investments in real estate and revaluation of equity investments upon acquisition of a controlling interest, net of $1.2 billion, $757 million, and $759 million. We utilized the proceeds from both contributions and dispositions to fund our capital investments.
Over the last three years, we contributed properties, generally that we developed, to our co-investment ventures in Europe, Japan and Mexico. In 2017, we also contributed a significant portfolio of operating properties to USLF. We have also sold properties to third parties, primarily from our operating portfolio in the U.S. These dispositions have supported our strategic objective of owning a portfolio of high-quality properties in the most active centers of commerce. We expect to continue to develop and contribute properties to these ventures, depending on market conditions and other factors.
For the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, we recognized a gain in connection with contributions to the extent of the third-party ownership in the venture acquiring the property. Beginning in 2018, we will recognize the entire gain under the new revenue recognition standard, as discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
See Note 4 and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the gains we recognized.
Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net
The following table details our foreign currency and derivative gains (losses), net included in earnings (in millions):
(1)
These gains or losses were primarily related to the remeasurement of assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity, such as short-term intercompany loans between the U.S. parent and certain foreign consolidated subsidiaries, debt and tax receivables and payables.
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our foreign currency and derivative policies and Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our derivative transactions.
Gains (Losses) on Early Extinguishment of Debt, Net
We repurchased and redeemed portions of several series of senior notes, term loans and secured mortgage debt that resulted in the recognition of losses of $68 million and $86 million in 2017 and 2015, respectively, and a gain of $2 million in 2016. As a result of these transactions, we reduced our effective interest rate and lengthened the maturities of our debt. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding our debt repurchases.
Income Tax Expense
We recognize income tax expense related to our taxable REIT subsidiaries and the local, state and foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Our current income tax expense fluctuates from period to period based primarily on the timing of our taxable income. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) is generally a function of the period’s temporary differences and the utilization of net operating losses generated in prior years that had been previously recognized as deferred income tax assets in taxable subsidiaries operating in the U.S. or in foreign jurisdictions.
The following table summarizes our income tax expense (benefit) (in millions):
Our income taxes are discussed in more detail in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
This amount represents the third-party investors’ share of the earnings generated from consolidated entities in which we do not own 100% of the equity, reduced by the third-party share of fees or promotes payable to us and earned during the period.
The following table summarizes net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (in millions):
(1)
The third-party share of the promote earned from USLV is included in 2016.
(2)
We acquired our remaining partner’s interest in NAIF in 2017.
See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our noncontrolling interests.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
We recorded net gains of $63 million in 2017 and net losses of $136 million and $209 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to the foreign currency translation of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars upon consolidation and translation of our derivative and nonderivative net investment hedges. These net gains and losses were primarily due to the strengthening and weakening of the currencies in which we operate to the U.S. dollar.
During 2017, we recorded unrealized gains of $23 million and during 2016 and 2015, we recorded unrealized losses of $1 million and $17 million, respectively, in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, related to the change in fair value of our cash flow hedges and our share of derivatives in our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our foreign currency and derivative policies and Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our derivative transactions and other comprehensive income (loss).
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
See Note 17 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about environmental liabilities.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
We consider our ability to generate cash from operating activities, distributions from our co-investment ventures, contributions and dispositions of properties and available financing sources to be adequate to meet our anticipated future development, acquisition, operating, debt service, dividend and distribution requirements.
Near-Term Principal Cash Sources and Uses
In addition to dividends to the common and preferred stockholders of Prologis, Inc. and distributions to the holders of limited partnership units of Prologis, L.P. and our partner in our consolidated co-investment venture, we expect our primary cash needs will consist of the following:
•
completion of the development and leasing of the properties in our consolidated development portfolio (at December 31, 2017, 85 properties in our development portfolio were 59.8% leased with a current investment of $1.6 billion and a TEI of $2.8 billion when completed and leased, leaving $1.2 billion of additional required funding);
•
development of new properties for long-term investment, including the acquisition of land in certain markets;
•
capital expenditures and leasing costs on properties in our operating portfolio;
•
repayment of debt and scheduled principal payments of $169 million in 2018;
•
additional investments in current unconsolidated entities or new investments in future unconsolidated entities;
•
acquisition of operating properties or portfolios of operating properties (depending on market and other conditions) for direct, long-term investment in our consolidated portfolio (this might include acquisitions from our co-investment ventures); and
•
repurchase of our outstanding debt or equity securities (depending on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity, contractual restrictions and other factors) through cash purchases, open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers or otherwise.
We expect to fund our cash needs principally from the following sources (subject to market conditions):
•
available unrestricted cash balances ($447 million at December 31, 2017);
•
property operations;
•
fees earned for services performed on behalf of the co-investment ventures, including promotes;
•
distributions received from the co-investment ventures;
•
proceeds from the disposition of properties, land parcels or other investments to third parties;
•
proceeds from the contributions of properties to current or future co-investment ventures;
•
proceeds from the sale of a portion of our investments in co-investment ventures;
•
borrowing capacity under our current credit facility arrangements, other facilities or borrowing arrangements ($3.1 billion available at December 31, 2017); and
•
proceeds from the issuance of debt.
We may also generate proceeds from the issuance of equity securities, subject to market conditions.
Debt
The following table summarizes information about our debt at December 31 (dollars in millions):
We had the following significant debt activity for 2017, which resulted in lowering our average borrowing rate and extending our maturities:
Credit Facilities
•In February, we renewed and amended our Japanese yen revolver (“Revolver”) and increased our availability under the Revolver to ¥50.0 billion ($444 million at December 31, 2017).
Senior Notes
•In June, we issued £500 million ($645 million) of senior notes with an effective interest rate of 2.3%, maturing in June 2029. We used the cash proceeds to redeem $618 million of previously issued senior notes with an average coupon rate of 5.4%.
Term Loans
•In March, we entered into an unsecured senior term loan agreement (“March 2017 Yen Term Loan”) under which we can draw up to ¥12.0 billion ($107 million at December 31, 2017). In the first quarter, we borrowed ¥12.0 billion ($107 million), causing the March 2017 Yen Term Loan to be fully drawn at December 31, 2017.
•In May, we renewed and amended our existing senior term loan agreement (“2017 Term Loan”) under which loans can be obtained in British pounds sterling, euro, Japanese yen and U.S. dollars in an aggregate amount not to exceed $500 million. We may increase the borrowings up to $1.0 billion, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments. We paid down $1.2 billion and reborrowed $1.5 billion in 2017. The 2017 Term Loan was fully drawn at December 31, 2017.
•In October, we entered into an unsecured senior term loan agreement (“October 2017 Yen Term Loan”) under which we can draw up to ¥10.0 billion ($89 million at December 31, 2017). In the fourth quarter of 2017, we borrowed ¥10.0 billion ($89 million), causing the October 2017 Yen Term Loan to be fully drawn at December 31, 2017.
Secured Mortgage Debt
•In July, USLF assumed $956 million of secured mortgage debt in conjunction with our contribution of the associated real estate properties, as discussed in Note 4 to the
Consolidated Financial Statements.
At December 31, 2017, we had credit facilities with an aggregate borrowing capacity of $3.5 billion, of which $3.1 billion was available for borrowing.
In January 2018, we issued €400 million ($495 million) senior notes bearing a floating rate of Euribor plus 0.3%, maturing in January 2020 and used the cash proceeds to repay borrowings under our 2017 Term Loan.
Our credit ratings at December 31, 2017, were A3 from Moody’s and A- from S&P, both with stable outlook. These ratings allow us to borrow at an advantageous rate. A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.
At December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants. These covenants include customary financial covenants for total debt, encumbered debt and fixed charge coverage ratios.
See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on our debt.
Equity Commitments Related to Certain Co-Investment Ventures
Certain co-investment ventures have equity commitments from us and our venture partners. Our venture partners fulfill their equity commitment with cash. We may fulfill our equity commitment through contributions of properties or cash. See the Cash Flow Summary below for more information about our investment activity in our co-investment ventures. For more information on equity commitments for our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Cash Flow Summary
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities, exclusive of changes in receivables and payables, was impacted by the following significant activities:
•
Real estate operations. We receive the majority of our operating cash through the net revenues of our Real Estate Operations segment. See the Results of Operations section above for further explanation on our Real Estate Operations segment. The revenues from this segment include noncash adjustments for straight-lined rents and amortization of above and below market leases of $81 million, $94 million and $60 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
•
Strategic capital. We also generate operating cash through our Strategic Capital segment by providing management services to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures. See the Strategic Capital Results of Operations section above for the key drivers of our strategic capital revenues and expenses. Included in Strategic Capital Revenues is the third-party investors’ share of the total promote revenue, which is recognized in operating activities in the period it is received.
•
G&A expenses. We incurred $231 million, $222 million and $217 million of G&A costs in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
•
Equity-based compensation awards. We record equity-based compensation expenses in Rental Expenses in the Real Estate Operations segment, Strategic Capital Expenses in the Strategic Capital segment and G&A expenses. The total amounts expensed were $77 million, $60 million and $54 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
•
Distributions from unconsolidated entities. We received $307 million, $287 million and $285 million of distributions from our unconsolidated entities in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Certain co-investment ventures distribute the total promote (third-party investors’ and our share) and our share is recorded to Investment In and Advances to Unconsolidated Entities, and is recognized in operating activities in the period it is received.
•
Cash paid for interest and income taxes. We paid combined amounts for interest and income taxes of $325 million, $352 million and $370 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 9 and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on this activity.
Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities
Cash provided by investing activities is primarily driven by proceeds from contributions and dispositions of real estate properties. Cash used in investing activities is principally driven by our investments in real estate development, acquisitions and capital expenditures. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on these real estate activities. In addition, the following significant transactions also impacted our cash provided by or used in investing activities:
•
Real estate development. We invested $1.6 billion during both 2017 and 2016 and $1.3 billion during 2015 in real estate development and leasing costs for first generation space. We have 63 properties under development and 22 properties that were completed but not stabilized at December 31, 2017, and we expect to continue to develop new properties as the opportunities arise.
•
Real estate acquisitions. In 2017, we acquired total real estate of $443 million, which included 861 acres of land and four operating properties. In 2016, we acquired total real estate of $459 million, which included 776 acres of land and nine operating properties. In 2015, we acquired total real estate of $890 million, which included 690 acres of land and 52 operating properties, excluding the KTR transaction.
•
KTR transaction. We acquired the real estate assets of KTR for a net cash purchase price of $4.8 billion through our consolidated co-investment venture USLV in 2015. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on the transaction.
•
Investments in and advances to. We invested cash in our unconsolidated co-investment ventures and other ventures, which represented our proportionate share of $250 million, $266 million and $474 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The ventures use the funds for the acquisition of operating properties, development and repayment of debt. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on our unconsolidated co-investment ventures.
•
Acquisition of a controlling interest. We paid net cash of $375 million to acquire a controlling interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil in 2017. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on this transaction.
•
Return of investment. We received distributions from unconsolidated co-investment ventures and other ventures as a return of investment of $209 million, $777 million and $29 million during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Included in this amount for 2017 was $125 million from property dispositions within our unconsolidated co-investment ventures and $84 million from the disposition of our investment in ELV. Included in this amount for 2016 was $611 million from the redemption of a portion of our investments in PTELF and USLF and the remaining amount was from property dispositions within our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, primarily $68 million from Prologis European Logistics Partners Sàrl.
•
Repayment of notes receivable. We received $32 million and $203 million for the payment of notes receivable received in connection with dispositions of real estate to third parties in 2017 and 2016, respectively. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about notes receivable.
•
Settlement of net investment hedges. We received net proceeds of $2 million, $80 million and $128 million from the settlement of net investment hedges during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our derivative activity.
Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities
Cash provided by financing activities is primarily driven by proceeds from the issuance of debt. Cash used in financing activities is primarily driven by dividends paid on common and preferred units, noncontrolling interest distributions and payments of debt and credit facilities. In addition, the following significant transactions also impacted our cash provided by or used in financing activities:
•
Issuance of common stock. In addition to the net proceeds generated from the issuance of common stock under our incentive plans, we also generated net proceeds of $72 million from the issuance of 1.7 million shares of common stock under our at-the-market program in 2015.
•
Noncontrolling interests contributions. Our partner in USLV made contributions of $240 million for the pay down of secured mortgage debt in 2017 and $2.4 billion in 2015 primarily for the KTR transaction.
•
Noncontrolling interests distributions. Our consolidated ventures distributed $208 million, $344 million and $216 million to various noncontrolling interests in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, primarily due to operating results and dispositions of real estate. Included in these amounts were $37 million in both 2017 and 2016, and $16 million in 2015 of distributions to common limited partnership unitholders of Prologis, L.P.
•
Purchase of noncontrolling interests. We paid net cash of $710 million to acquire our partner’s interest in NAIF and $80 million to acquire our partner’s interest in the Brazil Fund in 2017.
•
Net proceeds from (payments on) credit facilities. We generated net proceeds of $283 million and $33 million from our credit facilities in 2017 and 2016, respectively. We made net payments of $8 million on our credit facilities in 2015.
•
Other debt activity. Our repurchase and payments of debt and proceeds from issuance of debt consisted of the following activity (in millions):
See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail on debt.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Unconsolidated Co-Investment Venture Debt
We had investments in and advances to our unconsolidated co-investment ventures, at December 31, 2017, of $5.3 billion. The ventures listed below had total third-party debt of $8.1 billion at December 31, 2017. Certain of our ventures do not have third-party debt and are therefore excluded. This debt is non-recourse to Prologis or the other investors in the co-investment ventures, matures and bears interest as follows (dollars in millions):
At December 31, 2017, we did not guarantee any third-party debt of the unconsolidated co-investment ventures. In our role as the manager or sponsor, we work with the co-investment ventures to maintain sufficient liquidity and refinance their maturing debt. There can be no assurance that the co-investment ventures will be able to refinance any maturing indebtedness on terms as favorable as the maturing debt, or at all. If the ventures are unable to refinance the maturing indebtedness with newly issued debt, they may be able to obtain funds by voluntary capital contributions from us and our partners or by selling assets. Certain of our ventures also have credit facilities, or unencumbered properties, both of which may be used to obtain funds.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Long-Term Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our long-term contractual obligations at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
(1)
We had properties in our consolidated development portfolio (completed and under development) at December 31, 2017, with a TEI of $2.8 billion. The unfunded commitments presented include not only those costs that we are obligated to fund under construction contracts, but all costs necessary to place the property into service, including the estimated costs of tenant improvements, marketing and leasing costs that we expect to incur as the property is leased.
Distribution and Dividend Requirements
Our dividend policy on our common stock is to distribute a percentage of our cash flow to ensure that we will meet the dividend requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, relative to maintaining our REIT status, while still allowing us to retain cash to fund capital improvements and other investment activities.
Under the Internal Revenue Code, REITs may be subject to certain federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income. We do not expect the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted on December 22, 2017, to modify our current distribution policy.
In 2017, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.44 per common share. In 2016, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.42 per common share. Our future common stock dividends, if and as declared, may vary and will be determined by the Board upon the circumstances prevailing at the time, including our financial condition, operating results and REIT distribution requirements, and may be adjusted at the discretion of the Board during the year.
We make distributions on the common limited partnership units outstanding at the same per unit amount as our common stock dividend. The Class A Units in the OP are entitled to a quarterly distribution equal to $0.64665 per unit so long as the common units receive a quarterly distribution of at least $0.40 per unit. We paid a quarterly distribution of $0.64665 per Class A Unit in 2017 and 2016.
At December 31, 2017, we had 1.4 million shares of Series Q preferred stock outstanding with a liquidation preference of $50 per share. The annual dividend rate is 8.54% per share and dividends are payable quarterly in arrears. Pursuant to the terms of our preferred stock, we are restricted from declaring or paying any dividend with respect to our common stock unless and until all cumulative dividends with respect to the preferred stock have been paid and sufficient funds have been set aside for dividends that have been declared for the relevant dividend period with respect to the preferred stock.
Other Commitments
On a continuing basis, we are engaged in various stages of negotiations for the acquisition or disposition of individual properties or portfolios of properties.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
A critical accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of an entity’s financial condition and results of operations and requires judgment on the part of management. Generally, the judgment requires management to make estimates and assumptions about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Estimates are prepared using management’s best judgment, after considering past and current economic conditions and expectations for the future. Changes in estimates could affect our financial position and specific items in our results of operations that are used by stockholders, potential investors, industry analysts and lenders in their evaluation of our performance. Of the accounting policies discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, those presented below have been identified by us as critical accounting policies.
Consolidation
We consolidate all entities that are wholly owned and those in which we own less than 100% of the equity but control, as well as any variable interest entities in which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate our ability to control an entity including whether the entity is a variable interest entity and whether we are the primary beneficiary. We consider the substantive terms of the arrangement to
identify which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impacts the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity. Investments in entities that we do not control but over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Our ability to correctly assess our influence or control over an entity affects the presentation of these investments in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize gains from the contributions and sales of real estate assets, generally at the time the title is transferred, consideration is received and we no longer have substantial continuing involvement with the real estate sold. In many of our transactions, an entity in which we have an equity investment will acquire a real estate asset from us. We make judgments based on the specific terms of each transaction as to the amount of the total profit from the transaction that we recognize given our continuing ownership interest and our level of future involvement with the entity that acquires the assets. In addition, we make judgments regarding recognition in earnings of certain fees and incentives earned for services provided to these entities based on when they are earned, fixed and determinable.
Acquisitions
Upon acquisition of real estate that constitutes a business or an asset, which includes acquiring a controlling interest in an entity previously accounted for using the equity method of accounting, we allocate the purchase price to the various components of the acquisition based on the fair value of each component. The components typically include buildings, land, intangible assets related to the acquired leases, debt, deferred tax liabilities and other assumed assets and liabilities. In an acquisition of multiple properties, we allocate the purchase price among the properties. The allocation of the purchase price is based on our assessment of estimated fair value and often is based on the expected future cash flows of the property and various characteristics of the markets where the property is located. The fair value may also include an enterprise value premium that we estimate a third party would be willing to pay for a portfolio of properties for acquisitions that qualify as a business. In the case of an acquisition of a controlling interest in an entity previously accounted for under the equity method (a step-acquisition under the business combination rules), this allocation may result in a gain or a loss. The initial allocation of the purchase price is based on management’s preliminary assessment, which may differ when final information becomes available. The use of different assumptions in the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired properties and liabilities assumed could affect the timing of recognition of the related revenues and expenses.
Income Taxes
Significant management judgment is required to estimate our income tax liability for each taxable entity, the liability associated with open tax years that are under review, our REIT taxable income and our compliance with REIT requirements. Our estimates are based on interpretation of tax laws. We estimate our actual current income tax due and assess temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for book and tax purposes resulting in the recognition of deferred income tax assets and liabilities. These estimates may have an impact on the income tax expense recognized. Adjustments may be required by a change in assessment of our deferred income tax assets and liabilities; changes in assessments of the recognition of income tax benefits for certain non-routine transactions; changes due to audit adjustments by federal, international and state tax authorities; our inability to qualify as a REIT; the potential for built-in gain recognition; changes in the assessment of properties to be contributed to taxable REIT subsidiaries and changes in tax laws. Adjustments required in any given period are included within income tax expense. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities.
Recoverability of Real Estate Assets
We assess the carrying values of our respective long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be fully recoverable.
Recoverability of real estate assets is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows. To review our real estate assets for recoverability, we consider current market conditions, as well as our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the asset. Our intent with regard to the underlying assets might change as market conditions change. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, applying a capitalization rate to estimated NOI of a property, quoted market values and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. The use of projected future cash flows is based on assumptions that are consistent with our estimates of future expectations and the strategic plan we use to manage our underlying business. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of a property that we expect to hold is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the current estimated fair value of the property. Assumptions and estimates used in the recoverability analyses for future cash flows, including market rents, discount rates and capitalization rates are complex and subjective. Changes in economic and operating conditions or our intent with regard to our investment that occurs subsequent to our impairment analyses could impact these assumptions and result in future impairment.
Capitalization of Costs
During the land development and construction periods (including renovating and rehabilitating), we capitalize interest, insurance, real estate taxes and certain general and administrative costs of the personnel performing development, renovations and rehabilitation if such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to get the asset ready for its intended use. The ability to specifically
identify internal personnel costs associated with development and the determination of when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease, requires a high degree of judgment and failure to accurately assess these costs and timing could result in the misstatement of asset values and expenses. Capitalized costs are included in the investment basis of real estate assets.
NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS/UNITHOLDERS
FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure that is commonly used in the real estate industry. The most directly comparable GAAP measure to FFO is net earnings.
The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) defines FFO as earnings computed under GAAP to exclude historical cost depreciation and gains and losses from the sales, along with impairment charges, of previously depreciated properties. We also exclude the gains on revaluation of equity investments upon acquisition of a controlling interest and the gain recognized from a partial sale of our investment, as these are similar to gains from the sales of previously depreciated properties. We exclude similar adjustments from our unconsolidated entities and the third parties’ share of our consolidated co-investment ventures.
Our FFO Measures
Our FFO measures begin with NAREIT’s definition and we make certain adjustments to reflect our business and the way that management plans and executes our business strategy. While not infrequent or unusual, the additional items we adjust for in calculating FFO, as modified by Prologis, and Core FFO, both as defined below, are subject to significant fluctuations from period to period. Although these items may have a material impact on our operations and are reflected in our financial statements, the removal of the effects of these items allows us to better understand the core operating performance of our properties over the long term. These items have both positive and negative short-term effects on our results of operations in inconsistent and unpredictable directions that are not relevant to our long-term outlook.
We calculate our FFO measures, as defined below, based on our proportionate ownership share of both our unconsolidated and consolidated ventures. We reflect our share of our FFO measures for unconsolidated ventures by applying our average ownership percentage for the period to the applicable reconciling items on an entity by entity basis. We reflect our share for consolidated ventures in which we do not own 100% of the equity by adjusting our FFO measures to remove the noncontrolling interests share of the applicable reconciling items based on our average ownership percentage for the applicable periods.
These FFO measures are used by management as supplemental financial measures of operating performance and we believe that it is important that stockholders, potential investors and financial analysts understand the measures management uses. We do not use our FFO measures as, nor should they be considered to be, alternatives to net earnings computed under GAAP, as indicators of our operating performance, as alternatives to cash from operating activities computed under GAAP or as indicators of our ability to fund our cash needs.
We analyze our operating performance primarily by the rental revenues of our real estate and the revenues from our strategic capital business, net of operating, administrative and financing expenses. This income stream is not directly impacted by fluctuations in the market value of our investments in real estate or debt securities.
FFO, as modified by Prologis attributable to common stockholders and unitholders (“FFO, as modified by Prologis”)
To arrive at FFO, as modified by Prologis, we adjust the NAREIT defined FFO measure to exclude the impact of foreign currency related items and deferred tax, specifically:
•
deferred income tax benefits and deferred income tax expenses recognized by our subsidiaries;
•
current income tax expense related to acquired tax liabilities that were recorded as deferred tax liabilities in an acquisition, to the extent the expense is offset with a deferred income tax benefit in earnings that is excluded from our defined FFO measure;
•
unhedged foreign currency exchange gains and losses resulting from debt transactions between us and our foreign consolidated subsidiaries and our foreign unconsolidated entities;
•
foreign currency exchange gains and losses from the remeasurement (based on current foreign currency exchange rates) of certain third-party debt of our foreign consolidated and unconsolidated entities; and
•
mark-to-market adjustments associated with derivative financial instruments.
We use FFO, as modified by Prologis, so that management, analysts and investors are able to evaluate our performance against other REITs that do not have similar operations or operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S.
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders (“Core FFO”)
In addition to FFO, as modified by Prologis, we also use Core FFO. To arrive at Core FFO, we adjust FFO, as modified by Prologis, to exclude the following recurring and nonrecurring items that we recognized directly in FFO, as modified by Prologis:
•
gains or losses from the disposition of land and development properties that were developed with the intent to contribute or sell;
•
income tax expense related to the sale of investments in real estate and third-party acquisition costs related to the acquisition of real estate;
•
impairment charges recognized related to our investments in real estate generally as a result of our change in intent to contribute or sell these properties;
•
gains or losses from the early extinguishment of debt and redemption and repurchase of preferred stock; and
•
expenses related to natural disasters.
We use Core FFO, including by segment and region, to: (i) assess our operating performance as compared to other real estate companies; (ii) evaluate our performance and the performance of our properties in comparison with expected results and results of previous periods; (iii) evaluate the performance of our management; (iv) budget and forecast future results to assist in the allocation of resources; (v) provide guidance to the financial markets to understand our expected operating performance; and (vi) evaluate how a specific potential investment will impact our future results.
Limitations on the use of our FFO measures
While we believe our modified FFO measures are important supplemental measures, neither NAREIT’s nor our measures of FFO should be used alone because they exclude significant economic components of net earnings computed under GAAP and are, therefore, limited as an analytical tool. Accordingly, these are only a few of the many measures we use when analyzing our business. Some of the limitations are:
•
The current income tax expenses and acquisition costs that are excluded from our modified FFO measures represent the taxes and transaction costs that are payable.
•
Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets are economic costs that are excluded from FFO. FFO is limited, as it does not reflect the cash requirements that may be necessary for future replacements of the real estate assets. Furthermore, the amortization of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of logistics facilities are not reflected in FFO.
•
Gains or losses from non-development property and dispositions or impairment charges related to expected dispositions represent changes in value of the properties. By excluding these gains and losses, FFO does not capture realized changes in the value of disposed properties arising from changes in market conditions.
•
The deferred income tax benefits and expenses that are excluded from our modified FFO measures result from the creation of a deferred income tax asset or liability that may have to be settled at some future point. Our modified FFO measures do not currently reflect any income or expense that may result from such settlement.
•
The foreign currency exchange gains and losses that are excluded from our modified FFO measures are generally recognized based on movements in foreign currency exchange rates through a specific point in time. The ultimate settlement of our foreign currency-denominated net assets is indefinite as to timing and amount. Our FFO measures are limited in that they do not reflect the current period changes in these net assets that result from periodic foreign currency exchange rate movements.
•
The gains and losses on extinguishment of debt that we exclude from our Core FFO, may provide a benefit or cost to us as we may be settling our debt at less or more than our future obligation.
•
The natural disaster expenses that we exclude from Core FFO are costs that we have incurred.
We compensate for these limitations by using our FFO measures only in conjunction with net earnings computed under GAAP when making our decisions. This information should be read with our complete Consolidated Financial Statements prepared under GAAP. To assist investors in compensating for these limitations, we reconcile our modified FFO measures to our net earnings computed under GAAP as follows (in millions).
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are exposed to the impact of foreign exchange-related variability and earnings volatility on our foreign investments and interest rate changes. See our risk factors in Item 1A. Risk Factors, specifically: The depreciation in the value of the foreign currency in countries where we have a significant investment may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position and We may be unable to refinance our debt or our cash flow may be insufficient to make required debt payments. See also Notes 2 and 16 in the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8.
ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The Consolidated Balance Sheets of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. at December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Consolidated Statements of Income of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., the Consolidated Statements of Equity of Prologis, Inc., the Consolidated Statements of Capital of Prologis, L.P. and the Consolidated Statements Cash Flows of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P. for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, together with the reports of KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, are included under Item 15 of this report and are incorporated herein by reference. Selected unaudited quarterly financial data are presented in Note 20 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Controls and Procedures (The Parent)
Prologis, Inc. carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) at December 31, 2017. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, there were no significant changes in the internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2017, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting was conducted at December 31, 2017, based on the criteria described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management determined that, at December 31, 2017, the internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2017, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report which is included herein.
Limitations of the Effectiveness of Controls
Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of the internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Controls and Procedures (The OP)
Prologis, L.P. carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at December 31, 2017. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Subsequent to December 31, 2017, there were no significant changes in the internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2017, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting was conducted at December 31, 2017, based on the criteria described in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management determined that, at December 31, 2017, the internal control over financial reporting was effective.
Limitations of the Effectiveness of Controls
Management’s assessment included an evaluation of the design of the internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting. The internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to, including relevant sections in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance; Executive Officers; Executive Compensation; Director Compensation; Security Ownership; Equity Compensation Plans and Additional Information or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance; Executive Officers; Executive Compensation and Director Compensation or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the captions entitled Security Ownership and Equity Compensation Plans or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the caption entitled Board of Directors and Corporate Governance or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the relevant sections in our 2018 Proxy Statement, under the caption entitled Audit Matters or will be provided in an amendment filed on Form 10-K/A.
PART IV
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Schedules
The following documents are filed as a part of this report:
(a) Financial Statements and Schedules:
1. Financial Statements:
See Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III on page 44 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Financial Statement Schedules:
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
All other schedules have been omitted since the required information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes or is not applicable.
(b) Exhibits: The Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Index to the Exhibits on pages 104 to 110 of this report, which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Financial Statements: See Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule III on page 44 of this report, which is incorporated by reference.
ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not Applicable.
INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE III
Page Number
Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.:
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Prologis, Inc.:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Prologis, L.P.:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Capital
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.:
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Description of the Business
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Note 3. Business Combinations
Note 4. Real Estate
Note 5. Unconsolidated Entities
Note 6. Assets Held for Sale or Contribution
Note 7. Notes Receivable Backed by Real Estate
Note 8. Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Note 9. Debt
Note 10. Stockholders' Equity of Prologis, Inc.
Note 11. Partners' Capital of Prologis, L.P.
Note 12. Noncontrolling Interests
Note 13. Long-Term Compensation
Note 14. Income Taxes
Note 15. Earnings Per Common Share or Unit
Note 16. Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies
Note 18. Business Segments
Note 19. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Note 20. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Prologis, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Prologis, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 15, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Adoption of a New Accounting Pronouncement
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for evaluating whether a transaction qualifies as an acquisition of an asset or a business in 2017 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Denver, Colorado
February 15, 2018
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Partners
Prologis, L.P.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Prologis, L.P. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Adoption of a New Accounting Pronouncement
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for evaluating whether a transaction qualifies as an acquisition of an asset or a business in 2017 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
Denver, Colorado
February 15, 2018
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Prologis, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Prologis, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule III (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 15, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Denver, Colorado
February 15, 2018
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
See Note 19 for information on noncash investing and financing activities and other information.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per unit amounts)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL
(In thousands)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, L.P
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
See Note 19 for information on noncash investing and financing activities and other information.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
Prologis, Inc. (or the “Parent”) commenced operations as a fully integrated real estate company in 1997, elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), and believes the current organization and method of operation will enable it to maintain its status as a REIT. The Parent is the general partner of Prologis, L.P. (or the “Operating Partnership” or “OP”). Through the OP, we are engaged in the ownership, acquisition, development and management of logistics properties in the world’s primary population centers and in those supported by extensive transportation infrastructure. We invest in real estate through wholly owned subsidiaries and other entities through which we co-invest with partners and investors. We maintain a significant level of ownership in these co-investment ventures, which may be consolidated or unconsolidated based on our level of control of the entity. Our current business strategy consists of two operating business segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. Our Real Estate Operations segment represents the ownership and development of logistics properties. Our Strategic Capital segment represents the management of co-investment ventures and other unconsolidated entities. See Note 18 for further discussion of our business segments. Unless otherwise indicated, the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements apply to both the Parent and the OP. The terms “the Company,” “Prologis,” “we,” “our” or “us” means the Parent and OP collectively.
For each share of common stock or preferred stock the Parent issues, the OP issues a corresponding common or preferred partnership unit, as applicable, to the Parent in exchange for the contribution of the proceeds from the stock issuance. At December 31, 2017, the Parent owned an approximate 97.41% common general partnership interest in the OP and 100% of the preferred units in the OP. The remaining approximate 2.59% common limited partnership interests, which include 8.9 million Class A common limited partnership units (“Class A Units”) in the OP, are owned by unaffiliated investors and certain current and former directors and officers of the Parent. Each partner’s percentage interest in the OP is determined based on the number of OP units held, including the number of OP units into which Class A Units are convertible, compared to total OP units outstanding at each period end and is used as the basis for the allocation of net income or loss to each partner. At the end of each reporting period, a capital adjustment is made in the OP to reflect the appropriate ownership interest for each of the common unitholders. These adjustments are reflected in the line items Reallocation of Equity in the Consolidated Statement of Equity of the Parent and Reallocation of Capital in the Consolidated Statement of Capital of the OP.
As the sole general partner of the OP, the Parent has complete responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of the OP and we operate the Parent and the OP as one enterprise. The management of the Parent consists of the same members as the management of the OP. These members are officers of the Parent and employees of the OP or one of its subsidiaries. As general partner with control of the OP, the Parent is the primary beneficiary and therefore consolidates the OP. Because the Parent’s only significant asset is its investment in the OP, the assets and liabilities of the Parent and the OP are the same on their respective financial statements.
Information with respect to the square footage, number of buildings and acres of land is unaudited.
NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and are presented in our reporting currency, the U.S. dollar. All material intercompany transactions with consolidated entities have been eliminated.
We consolidate all entities that are wholly owned and those in which we own less than 100% of the equity but control, as well as any variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which we are the primary beneficiary. We evaluate our ability to control an entity and whether the entity is a VIE and we are the primary beneficiary through consideration of substantive terms of the arrangement to identify which enterprise has the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impacts the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits from the entity.
For entities that are not defined as VIEs, we first consider whether we are the general partner or the limited partner (or the equivalent in such investments that are not structured as partnerships). We consolidate entities in which we are the general partner and the limited partners in such entities do not have rights that would preclude control. For entities in which we are the general partner but do not control the entity as the other partners hold substantive participating or kick-out rights, we apply the equity method of accounting since, as the general partner, we have the ability to influence the venture. For ventures for which we are a limited partner or our investment is in an entity that is not structured similar to a partnership, we consider factors such as ownership interest, voting control, authority to make decisions, and contractual and substantive participating rights of the partners. In instances where the factors indicate that we have a controlling financial interest in the venture, we consolidate the entity.
Reclassifications. Certain amounts included in the Consolidated Financial Statements for 2016 and 2015 have been reclassified to conform to the 2017 financial statement presentation.
Use of Estimates. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the reporting
period. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we made are reasonable and appropriate, as discussed in the applicable sections throughout the Consolidated Financial Statements, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported results.
Foreign Operations. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for our consolidated subsidiaries and unconsolidated entities operating in the U.S. and Mexico and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries that operate as holding companies for foreign investments. The functional currency for our consolidated subsidiaries and unconsolidated entities operating in other countries is the principal currency in which the entity’s assets, liabilities, income and expenses are denominated, which may be different from the local currency of the country of incorporation or where the entity conducts its operations. The functional currencies of entities outside of the U.S. and Mexico generally include the Brazilian real, British pound sterling, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Japanese yen and Singapore dollar. We take part in business transactions denominated in these and other local currencies where we operate.
For our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, we translate their financial statements into the U.S. dollar at the time we consolidate those subsidiaries’ financial statements. Generally, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI/L”) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Certain balance sheet items, primarily equity and capital-related accounts, are reflected at the historical exchange rate. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rate for the period and income statement accounts that represent significant nonrecurring transactions are translated at the rate in effect at the date of the transaction. We translate our share of the net operating income or losses of our unconsolidated entities at the average exchange rate for the period and significant nonrecurring transactions of the unconsolidated entities are translated at the rate in effect at the date of the transaction.
We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries have intercompany and third-party debt that is not denominated in the entity’s functional currency. When the debt is remeasured against the functional currency of the entity, a gain or loss can result. The resulting adjustment is reflected in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income, unless it is intercompany debt that is deemed to be long-term in nature and then the adjustment is reflected as a cumulative translation adjustment in AOCI/L.
Acquisitions. Based on new accounting guidance, beginning January 1, 2017, we apply a screen test to evaluate if substantially all the fair value of the acquired property is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets to determine whether a transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination. As most of our real estate acquisitions are concentrated in either a single or a group of similar identifiable assets, our real estate transactions are generally accounted for as asset acquisitions, which permits the capitalization of transaction costs to the basis of the acquired property. For transactions that qualify as a business combination in 2017 and for all acquisitions in 2016 and 2015, transaction costs are expensed as incurred. Whether a transaction is determined to be an acquisition of a business or asset, we allocate the purchase price to the various components of the acquisition based on the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including an allocation to the individual buildings acquired. The initial allocation of the purchase price is based on management’s preliminary assessment, which may differ when final information becomes available. The transaction costs related to the acquisition of land and the formation of equity method investments are capitalized.
When we obtain control of an unconsolidated entity and the acquisition qualifies as a business, we account for the acquisition in accordance with the guidance for a business combination achieved in stages. We remeasure our previously held interest in the unconsolidated entity at its acquisition-date fair value and recognize the resulting gain or loss, if any, in earnings at the acquisition date.
We allocate the purchase price using primarily Level 2 and Level 3 inputs (further defined in Fair Value Measurements below) as follows:
Investments in Real Estate Properties. We value operating properties as if vacant. We estimate fair value generally by applying an income approach methodology using a discounted cash flow analysis. Key assumptions in the discounted cash flow analysis include market rents, growth rates and discount and capitalization rates. We determine discount and capitalization rates by market based on recent transactions and other market data. The fair value of land is generally based on relevant market data, such as a comparison of the subject site to similar parcels that have recently been sold or are currently being offered on the market for sale.
Lease Intangibles. We determine the portion of the purchase price related to intangible assets and liabilities as follows:
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Above and Below Market Leases. We recognize an asset or liability for acquired in-place leases with favorable or unfavorable rents based on our estimate of current market rents of the applicable markets. The value is recorded in either Other Assets or Other Liabilities, as appropriate, and is amortized over the term of the respective leases, including any bargain renewal options, to rental revenues.
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Foregone Rent. We calculate the value of the revenue and recovery of costs foregone during a reasonable lease-up period, as if the space was vacant, in each of the applicable markets. The values are recorded in Other Assets and amortized over the remaining life of the respective leases to amortization expense.
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Leasing Commissions. We recognize an asset for leasing commissions upon the acquisition of in-place leases based on our estimate of the cost to lease space in the applicable markets. The value is recorded in Other Assets and amortized over the remaining life of the respective leases to amortization expense.
Debt. We estimate the fair value of debt based on contractual future cash flows discounted using borrowing spreads and market interest rates that would be available to us for the issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. In the case of publicly traded debt, we estimate the fair value based on available market data. Any discount or premium to the principal amount is included in the carrying value and amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt using the effective interest method.
Noncontrolling Interests. We estimate the portion of the fair value of the net assets owned by third parties based on the fair value of the consolidated net assets, principally real estate properties and debt.
Working Capital. We estimate the fair value of other acquired assets and assumed liabilities on the best information available.
Fair Value Measurements. The objective of fair value is to determine the price that would be received on the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (the exit price). We estimate fair value using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize on disposition. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels:
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Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.
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Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
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Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis. We estimate the fair value of our financial instruments using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes.
We determine the fair value of our derivative financial instruments using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates, and implied volatilities. We determine the fair values of our interest rate swaps using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts or payments and the discounted expected variable cash payments. We base the variable cash payments on an expectation of future interest rates, or forward curves, derived from observable market interest rate curves. We base the fair values of our net investment hedges on the change in the spot rate at the end of the period as compared with the strike price at inception.
We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk for us and the respective counterparty in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we consider the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.
We have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Although the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, we assess the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives.
Fair Value Measurements on a Nonrecurring Basis. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis generally consist of real estate assets and investments in unconsolidated entities that were subject to impairment charges related to our change of intent to sell the investments and through our recoverability analysis discussed below. We estimate fair value based on expected sales prices in the market (Level 2) or by applying the income approach methodology using a discounted cash flow analysis (Level 3).
Fair Value of Financial Instruments. We estimate the fair value of our senior notes for disclosure purposes based on quoted market prices for the same (Level 1) or similar (Level 2) issues when current quoted market prices are available. We estimate the fair value of our credit facilities, term loans, secured mortgage debt and assessment bonds by discounting the future cash flows using rates and borrowing spreads currently available to us (Level 3).
Real Estate Assets. Real estate assets are carried at depreciated cost. We capitalize costs incurred in developing, renovating, rehabilitating and improving real estate assets as part of the investment basis. We expense costs for repairs and maintenance as incurred.
During the land development and construction periods of qualifying projects, we capitalize interest costs, insurance, real estate taxes and general and administrative costs of the personnel performing the development, renovation, and rehabilitation; if such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to ready the asset for its intended use. We capitalize transaction costs related to the acquisition of land for future development and operating properties that qualify as asset acquisitions. We capitalize costs incurred to successfully originate a lease that result directly from and are essential to acquire that lease, including internal costs that are
incremental and identifiable as leasing activities. Leasing costs that meet the requirements for capitalization are presented as a component of Other Assets.
We charge the depreciable portions of real estate assets to depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the respective estimated useful lives. Depreciation commences when the asset is ready for its intended use, which we define as the earlier of stabilization (90% occupied) or one year after completion of construction. We generally use the following useful lives: 5 to 7 years for capital improvements, 10 years for standard tenant improvements, 25 years for depreciable land improvements, 30 years for operating properties acquired and 40 years for operating properties we develop. We depreciate building improvements on land parcels subject to ground leases over the shorter of the estimated building improvement life or the contractual term of the underlying ground lease. Capitalized leasing costs are amortized over the estimated remaining lease term. Our weighted average lease term on leases signed during 2017, based on square feet for all leases, was 54 months.
We assess the carrying values of our respective real estate assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of these assets may not be fully recoverable. We measure the recoverability of the asset by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the real estate property is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the current estimated fair value of the real estate property.
We estimate the future undiscounted cash flows and fair value based on our intent as follows:
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for real estate properties that we intend to hold long-term; including land held for development, properties currently under development and operating properties; recoverability is assessed based on the estimated undiscounted future net rental income from operating the property and the terminal value, including anticipated costs to develop;
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for real estate properties we intend to sell, including properties currently under development and operating properties; recoverability is assessed based on proceeds from disposition that are estimated based on future net rental income of the property, expected market capitalization rates and anticipated costs to develop;
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for land parcels we intend to sell, recoverability is assessed based on estimated proceeds from disposition; and
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for costs incurred related to the potential acquisition of land, operating properties or development of a real estate property, recoverability is assessed based on the probability that the acquisition or development is likely to occur at the measurement date.
Assets Held for Sale or Contribution. We classify a property as held for sale or contribution when certain criteria are met in accordance with GAAP. Assets classified as held for sale are expected to be sold to a third party and assets classified as held for contribution are newly developed assets we intend to contribute to an unconsolidated co-investment venture or to a third party within twelve months. At such time, the respective assets and liabilities are presented separately in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and depreciation is no longer recognized. Assets held for sale or contribution are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or their estimated fair value less the costs to sell.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities. We present our investments in certain entities under the equity method. We use the equity method when we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the venture but do not have control of the entity. Under the equity method, we initially recognize these investments (including advances) in the balance sheet at our cost, including formation costs and net of deferred gains from the contribution of properties, if applicable. We subsequently adjust the accounts to reflect our proportionate share of net earnings or losses recognized and accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, distributions received, contributions made and certain other adjustments, as appropriate. When circumstances indicate there may have been a reduction in the value of an equity investment, we evaluate whether the loss in value is other than temporary. If we conclude it is other than temporary, we recognize an impairment charge to reflect the equity investment at fair value.
With regard to distributions from unconsolidated entities, we have elected the nature of distribution approach as the information is available to us to determine the nature of the underlying activity that generated the distributions. In accordance with the nature of distribution approach, cash flows generated from the operations of an unconsolidated entity are classified as a return on investment (cash inflow from operating activities) and cash flows that are generated from property sales, debt refinancing or sales of our investments are classified as a return of investment (cash inflow from investing activities).
Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider all cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents are financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk. We invest our cash with high-credit quality institutions. Cash balances may be invested in money market accounts that are not insured. We have not realized any losses in such cash investments or accounts and believe that we are not exposed to any significant credit risk.
Derivative Financial Instruments. We primarily hedge our foreign currency risk by borrowing in the currencies in which we invest. Generally, we borrow in the functional currency of our consolidated subsidiaries but we also borrow in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in the OP. We may use derivative financial instruments, such as foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk related to both our foreign investments and the related earnings. In addition, we occasionally use interest rate swap and forward contracts to manage interest rate risk and limit the impact of future interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows, primarily with variable-rate debt.
We do not use derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Each derivative transaction is customized and not exchange-traded. We recognize all derivatives at fair value within the line items Other Assets or Other Liabilities. We do not net our derivative position by counterparty for purposes of balance sheet presentation and disclosure. Management reviews our derivative positions, overall risk management strategy and hedging program, on a regular basis. We only enter into transactions that we believe will be highly effective at offsetting the underlying risk. Our use of derivatives involves the risk that counterparties may default on a derivative contract; therefore we: (i) establish exposure limits for each counterparty to minimize this risk and provide counterparty diversification; (ii) contract with counterparties that have long-term credit ratings of single-A or better; (iii) enter into master agreements that generally allow for netting of certain exposures; thereby significantly reducing the actual loss that would be incurred should a counterparty fail to perform its contractual obligations; and (iv) set minimum credit standards that become more stringent as the duration of the derivative financial instrument increases. Based on these factors, we consider the risk of counterparty default to be minimal.
Designated Derivatives. We may choose to designate our derivative financial instruments, generally foreign currency forwards as net investment hedges in foreign operations or interest rate swaps or forwards as cash flow hedges. At inception of the transaction, we formally designate and document the derivative financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. We formally assess both at inception and at least quarterly thereafter, the effectiveness of our hedging transactions. Due to the high degree of effectiveness between the hedging instruments and the underlying exposures hedged, fluctuations in the value of the derivative financial instruments will generally be offset by changes in the cash flows or fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as net investment hedges in foreign operations and cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI/L. For net investment hedges, these amounts offset the translation adjustments on the underlying net assets of our foreign investments, which we also record in AOCI/L. The ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument's change in fair value, if any, is immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. For cash flow hedges, we report the effective portion of the gain or loss as a component of AOCI/L and reclassify it to the applicable line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income, generally Interest Expense, over the corresponding period of the underlying hedged item. The ineffective portion of a derivative financial instrument’s change in fair value is recognized in earnings, generally Interest Expense, at the time the ineffectiveness occurred. To the extent the hedged debt related to our interest rate swaps and forwards is paid off early, we write off the remaining balance in AOCI/L and recognize the amount in Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
In addition to the net investment hedges described above, we may issue debt in the OP in a currency that is not the same functional currency of the borrowing entity to hedge our international investments. We designate the debt as a nonderivative financial instrument to offset the translation and economic exposures related to our net investment in international subsidiaries.
Undesignated Derivatives. We also use derivatives, such as foreign currency forwards and option contracts, that are not designated as hedges to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our results of operations. The changes in fair values of these derivatives that were not designated or did not qualify as hedging instruments are immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. These gains or losses are generally offset by lower or higher earnings as a result in exchange rates that were different than our expectations.
In addition, we may choose to not designate our interest rate swap and forward contracts. If a swap or forward contract is not designated as a hedge, the changes in fair value of these instruments is immediately recognized in earnings within the line item Interest Expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Costs of Raising Capital. We treat costs incurred in connection with the issuance of common and preferred stock as a reduction to additional paid-in capital. We capitalize costs incurred in connection with the issuance of debt. Costs related to our credit facilities are included in Other Assets and costs related to all our other debt are recorded as a direct reduction of the liability.
AOCI/L. For the Parent, we include AOCI/L as a separate component of stockholders' equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For the OP, AOCI/L is included in partners’ capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any reference to AOCI/L in this document is referring to the component of stockholders’ equity for the Parent and partners’ capital for the OP.
Noncontrolling Interests. Noncontrolling interests represent the share of consolidated entities owned by third parties. We recognize each noncontrolling holder’s respective share of the estimated fair value of the net assets at the date of formation or acquisition. Noncontrolling interests are subsequently adjusted for the noncontrolling holder’s share of additional contributions, distributions and their share of the net earnings or losses of each respective consolidated entity. We allocate net income to noncontrolling interests based on the weighted average ownership interest during the period. The net income that is not attributable to us is reflected in the line item Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. We do not recognize a gain or loss on transactions with a consolidated entity in which we do not own 100% of the equity, but we reflect the difference in cash received or paid from the noncontrolling interests carrying amount as additional paid-in-capital.
Certain limited partnership interests are exchangeable into our common stock. Common stock issued upon exchange of a holder’s noncontrolling interest is accounted for at the carrying value of the surrendered limited partnership interest and the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the common stock issued is recorded to additional paid-in-capital.
Revenue Recognition.
Rental Revenues. We lease our operating properties to customers under agreements that are classified as operating leases. We recognize the total minimum lease payments provided for under the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Generally, under the terms of our leases, the majority of our rental expenses are recovered from our customers. We reflect amounts recovered from customers as revenues in the period that the applicable expenses are incurred. We make a provision for possible loss if the collection of a receivable balance is considered doubtful.
Strategic Capital Revenues. Strategic capital revenues include revenues we earn from the management services we provide to unconsolidated entities. These fees are determined in accordance with the terms specific to each arrangement and may include property and asset management fees or transactional fees for leasing, acquisition, development, construction, financing, legal and tax services provided. We may also earn incentive returns (called “promotes”) based on third-party investor returns over time, which may be during the duration of the venture or at the time of liquidation. We recognize fees when they are earned, fixed and determinable or on a percentage of completion basis for development fees. We report these fees in Strategic Capital Revenues. The fees we earn to develop properties within these ventures are also recorded on a percentage of completion basis.
We also earn fees from ventures that we consolidate. Upon consolidation, these fees are eliminated from our earnings and the third-party share of these fees are recognized as a reduction of Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.
Gains on Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate and Revaluation of Equity Investments Upon Acquisition of a Controlling Interest, Net. We recognize gains on the disposition of real estate when the recognition criteria have been met, generally at the time the risks and rewards and title have transferred and we no longer have substantial continuing involvement with the real estate sold. We recognize losses from the disposition of real estate when known. We recognize gains or losses on the remeasurement of equity investments to fair value upon acquisition of a controlling interest in any of our previously unconsolidated entities and the transaction is considered the acquisition of a business.
When we contribute a property to an unconsolidated entity in which we have an ownership interest, we do not recognize a portion of the gain realized. The amount of gain not recognized, based on our ownership interest in the entity acquiring the property, is deferred by recognizing a reduction to our investment in the applicable unconsolidated entity. We adjust our proportionate share of net earnings or losses recognized in future periods to reflect the entities’ recorded depreciation expense as if it were computed on our lower basis in the contributed properties rather than on the entity’s basis.
When a property that we originally contributed to an unconsolidated entity is disposed of to a third party, we recognize the amount of the gain we previously deferred, along with our proportionate share of the gain recognized by the unconsolidated entity. If our ownership interest in an unconsolidated entity decreases and the decrease is expected to be permanent, we recognize the amounts relating to previously deferred gains to coincide with our new ownership interest.
Rental Expenses. Rental expenses primarily include the cost of our property management personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, property insurance, real estate taxes and the other costs of managing the properties.
Strategic Capital Expenses. Strategic capital expenses generally include the direct expenses associated with the asset management of the unconsolidated co-investment ventures provided by our employees who are assigned to our Strategic Capital segment and the costs of our Prologis Promote Plan based on earned promotes. In addition, in order to achieve efficiencies and economies of scale, all of our property management functions are provided by property management personnel who are assigned to our Real Estate Operations segment. These individuals perform the property-level management of the properties in our owned and managed portfolio, which include properties we consolidate and those we manage that are owned by the unconsolidated co-investment ventures. We allocate the costs of our property management to the properties we consolidate (included in Rental Expenses) and the properties owned by the unconsolidated co-investment ventures (included in Strategic Capital Expenses) by using the square feet owned by the respective portfolios.
Equity-Based Compensation. We account for equity-based compensation by measuring the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. We recognize the cost of the award on a straight-line basis over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, generally the vesting period.
Income Taxes. Under the Internal Revenue Code, REITs are generally not required to pay federal income taxes if they distribute 100% of their taxable income and meet certain income, asset and stockholder tests. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four subsequent taxable years. Even as a REIT, we may be subject to certain foreign state and local taxes on our own income and property, and to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income.
We have elected taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) status for some of our consolidated subsidiaries. This allows us to provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs. Many of the foreign countries in which we have operations do not recognize REITs or do not accord REIT status under their respective tax laws to our entities that operate in their jurisdiction. In the U.S., we are taxed in certain states in which we operate. Accordingly, we recognize income tax expense for the federal and state income taxes incurred by our TRSs, taxes incurred in certain states and foreign jurisdictions, and interest and penalties associated with our unrecognized tax benefit liabilities.
We evaluate tax positions taken in the Consolidated Financial Statements under the interpretation for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. As a result of this evaluation, we may recognize a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities.
We recognize deferred income taxes in certain taxable entities. For federal income tax purposes, certain acquisitions have been treated as tax-free transactions resulting in a carry-over basis in assets and liabilities. For financial reporting purposes and in accordance with purchase accounting, we record all of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at the estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. For our taxable subsidiaries, including certain international jurisdictions, we recognize the deferred income tax liabilities that represent the tax effect of the difference between the tax basis carried over and the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets at the date of acquisition. Any subsequent increases or decreases to the deferred income tax liability recorded in connection with these acquisitions, are reflected in earnings.
If taxable income is generated in these subsidiaries, we recognize a benefit in earnings as a result of the reversal of the deferred income tax liability previously recorded at the acquisition date and we record current income tax expense representing the entire current income tax liability. If the reversal of the deferred income tax liability results from a sale or contribution of assets, the classification of the reversal to the Consolidated Statement of Income is based on the taxability of the transaction. We record the reversal to deferred income tax benefit as a taxable transaction if we dispose of the asset. We record the reversal as Gains on Dispositions of Investments in Real Estate and Revaluation of Equity Investments Upon Acquisition of a Controlling Interest, Net as a non-taxable transaction if we dispose of the asset along with the entity that owns the asset.
Deferred income tax expense is generally a function of the period’s temporary differences (items that are treated differently for tax purposes than for financial reporting purposes) and the utilization of tax net operating losses (“NOL”) generated in prior years that had been previously recognized as deferred income tax assets. We provide for a valuation allowance for deferred income tax assets if we believe all or some portion of the deferred income tax asset may not be realized. Any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances that causes a change in the estimated ability to realize the related deferred income tax asset is included in deferred tax expense.
Environmental Costs. We incur certain environmental remediation costs, including cleanup costs, consulting fees for environmental studies and investigations, monitoring costs, and legal costs relating to cleanup, litigation defense, and the pursuit of responsible third parties. We expense costs incurred in connection with operating properties and properties previously sold. We capitalize costs related to undeveloped land as development costs and include any expected future environmental liabilities at the time of acquisition. We include costs incurred for properties to be disposed in the cost of the properties upon disposition. We maintain a liability for the estimated costs of environmental remediation expected to be incurred in connection with undeveloped land, operating properties and properties previously sold that we adjust as appropriate as information becomes available.
New Accounting Pronouncements.
New Accounting Standards Adopted
In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standard update (“ASU”) that clarifies the definition of a business. The update added further guidance that assists preparers in evaluating whether a transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of an asset or a business. As discussed above, we adopted this standard on January 1, 2017, on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
New Accounting Standards Issued but not yet Adopted
Revenue Recognition. In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU that requires companies to use a five-step model to determine when to recognize revenue from customer contracts in an effort to increase consistency and comparability throughout global capital markets and across industries. We evaluated each of our revenue streams and their related accounting policies under the standard. Rental revenues and recoveries earned from leasing our operating properties are excluded from this standard and will be assessed with the adoption of the lease ASU discussed below. Our evaluation under the revenue recognition standard includes recurring fees and promotes earned from our co-investment ventures as well as sales to third parties and contributions of properties to unconsolidated co-investment ventures. While we do not expect changes in the recognition of recurring fees earned, we will evaluate promote fees earlier in the incentive period and recognize promote fees to the extent it is probable that a revenue reversal will not occur in a future period.
For dispositions of real estate to third parties, we do not expect the standard to impact the recognition of the sale. In February 2017, the FASB issued an additional ASU that provides the accounting treatment for gains and losses from the derecognition of non-financial assets, including the accounting for partial sales of real estate properties. Upon adoption of this standard, we will recognize, on a prospective basis, the entire gain attributed to contributions of real estate properties to unconsolidated co-investment ventures rather than the third-party share we recognize today. For deferred gains from existing partial sales recorded prior to the adoption of the standard, we will continue to recognize these gains into earnings over the lives of the underlying real estate properties. In addition to the recognition changes discussed above, expanded quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding revenue recognition will be required for contracts that are subject to these standards. We will adopt the practical expedient to only assess the recognition of revenue for open contracts during the transition period and do not anticipate any material retained earnings adjustments upon adoption. We adopted the revenue recognition and derecognition of non-financial assets standards on January 1, 2018, on a modified retrospective basis.
Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that provides the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases.
•
As a lessor. The accounting for lessors will remain largely unchanged from current GAAP; however, the standard requires that lessors expense, on an as-incurred basis, certain initial direct costs that are not incremental in negotiating a lease. Under existing standards, these costs are capitalizable and therefore this new standard will result in certain of these costs being expensed as incurred after adoption. During 2017 and 2016, we capitalized $23.8 million and $23.9 million, respectively, of internal costs related to our leasing activities. This standard may also impact the timing, recognition, presentation and disclosures related to our rental recoveries from tenants earned from leasing our operating properties, although we do not expect a significant impact.
•
As a lessee. Under the standard, lessees apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either operating or finance leases. A lessee is required to record a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months, regardless of their lease classification. We are a lessee of ground leases and office space leases. At December 31, 2017, we had approximately 88 ground and office space leases that will require us to measure and record a ROU asset and a lease liability upon adoption of the standard. We continue to evaluate the key drivers in the measurement of the ROU asset and lease liability including the discount rate and lease term. Details of our future minimum rental payments under these ground and office space leases are disclosed in Note 4.
The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2019. We expect to adopt the practical expedients available for implementation under the standard. By adopting these practical expedients, we will not be required to reassess (i) whether an expired or existing contract meets the definition of a lease; (ii) the lease classification at the adoption date for expired or existing leases; and (iii) whether costs previously capitalized as initial direct costs would continue to be amortized. This allows us to continue to account for our ground and office space leases as operating leases, however, any new or renewed ground leases may be classified as financing leases unless they meet certain conditions to be considered a lease involving facilities owned by a government unit or authority. The standard will also require new disclosures within the accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. While we are well into our analysis of the adoption, we will continue to assess the impact the adoption will have on the Consolidated Financial Statements based on industry practice and potential updates to the ASU.
Derivatives and Hedging. In August 2017, the FASB issued an ASU that simplifies the application of hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP and improves the reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity’s risk management activities in its financial statements. Among the simplification updates, the standard eliminates the requirement in current GAAP to separately recognize periodic hedge ineffectiveness. Mismatches between the changes in value of the hedged item and hedging instrument may still occur but they will no longer be separately reported. The standard requires the presentation of the earnings effect of the hedging instrument in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. The standard is effective for us on January 1, 2019, but early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this standard will have on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTE 3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
KTR Capital Partners and Its Affiliates
In 2015, we acquired high quality real estate assets and the operating platform of KTR Capital Partners and its affiliates (“KTR”) through our consolidated co-investment venture, Prologis U.S. Logistics Venture (“USLV”). The portfolio consisted of 315 operating properties, aggregating 59.0 million square feet, 3.6 million square feet of properties under development and land parcels. The total purchase price was $5.0 billion, net of assumed debt of $735.2 million. The purchase price was funded through cash contributions of $2.6 billion from Prologis and $2.3 billion from our venture partner, and the issuance of 4.5 million common limited partnership units in the OP. We incurred $24.7 million of acquisition costs that are included in Other Expenses during 2015.
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents our results as though the KTR transaction had been completed on January 1, 2015. The pro forma information does not reflect the actual results of operations had the transaction actually been completed on January 1, 2015, and it is not indicative of future operating results. The results for the year ended December 31, 2015, include approximately seven months of actual results for the transaction, the acquisition expenses, and five months of pro forma adjustments. Actual results in 2015 include rental revenues and rental expenses of the properties acquired of $235.7 million and $56.9 million, respectively, representing the period from acquisition through December 31, 2015.
The following amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts:
These results include certain adjustments, primarily: (i) decreased revenues from the amortization of the net assets from the acquired leases with net favorable rents relative to estimated market rents; (ii) increased depreciation and amortization expense resulting from the adjustment of real estate assets to estimated fair value and recognition of intangible assets related to in-place leases; and (iii)
additional interest expense attributable to the debt issued to finance our cash portion of the acquisition offset by lower interest expense due to the accretion of the fair value adjustment of debt.
NOTE 4. REAL ESTATE
Investments in real estate properties consisted of the following at December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
Included in our investments in real estate at December 31, 2017 and 2016, were 5,191 and 5,892 acres of land, respectively.
(2)
Included in other real estate investments were: (i) non-logistics real estate; (ii) land parcels that are ground leased to third parties; (iii) our corporate office buildings; (iv) costs related to future development projects, including purchase options on land; (v) infrastructure costs related to projects we are developing on behalf of others; and (vi) earnest money deposits associated with potential acquisitions.
At December 31, 2017, we owned real estate assets in the U.S. and other Americas (Brazil, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”)) and Asia (China, Japan and Singapore).
Acquisitions
The following table summarizes our real estate acquisition activity for the years ended December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
Value includes the acquisition of 1,392, 776 and 690 acres of land in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(2)
In August 2017, we acquired our partner’s interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil for an aggregate price of R$1.2 billion ($381.7 million). As a result of this transaction, we began consolidating the real estate properties that included twelve operating properties, two prestabilized properties and 531.4 acres of undeveloped land. We accounted for the transaction as a step-acquisition under the business combination rules and recognized a gain. The results of operations for these real estate properties were not significant in 2017. While the preliminary purchase price allocation is substantially complete, the valuation of the real estate properties is still being finalized.
The table above does not include the properties acquired in the KTR transaction in 2015, as this transaction is explained in Note 3.
Dispositions
The following table summarizes our real estate disposition activity for the years ended December 31 (dollars and square feet in thousands):
(1)
In July 2017, we contributed 190 operating properties totaling 37.1 million square feet owned by Prologis North American Industrial Fund (“NAIF”) to Prologis Targeted U.S. Logistics Fund (“USLF”), our unconsolidated co-investment venture. In exchange for the contribution, we received additional units and USLF assumed $956.0 million of secured debt.
(2)
Includes the contribution and disposition of land parcels.
(3)
Includes the sale of our investment in Europe Logistics Venture 1 (“ELV”) in January 2017. See Note 5 for more information on this transaction.
(4)
In 2016, we redeemed a portion of our investment in two co-investment ventures.
Operating Lease Agreements
We lease our operating properties and certain land parcels to customers under agreements that are generally classified as operating leases. Our weighted average lease term remaining, based on square feet for all leases in effect at December 31, 2017, was 48 months.
The following table summarizes our minimum lease payments on leases with lease periods greater than one year for space in our operating properties, pre-stabilized development properties and leases of land subject to ground leases at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
These amounts do not reflect future rental revenues from the renewal or replacement of existing leases and exclude reimbursements of operating expenses.
Lease Commitments
We have entered into operating ground leases as a lessee on certain land parcels, primarily on-tarmac facilities and office space with remaining lease terms of 1 to 65 years. The following table summarizes our future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases in effect at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
NOTE 5. UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
Summary of Investments
We have investments in entities through a variety of ventures. We co-invest in entities that own multiple properties with partners and investors and we provide asset and property management services to these entities, which we refer to as co-investment ventures. These entities may be consolidated or unconsolidated, depending on the structure, our partner’s participation and other rights and our level of control of the entity. This note details our investments in unconsolidated co-investment ventures, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. See Note 12 for more detail regarding our consolidated investments that are not wholly owned.
We also have other ventures, generally with one partner and that we do not manage, which we account for using the equity method. We refer to our investments in all entities accounted for using the equity method, both unconsolidated co-investment ventures and other ventures, collectively, as unconsolidated entities.
The following table summarizes our investments in and advances to our unconsolidated entities at December 31 (in thousands):
Unconsolidated Co-Investment Ventures
The following table summarizes our investments in the individual co-investment ventures at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
In July 2017, we contributed operating properties to USLF. We received cash proceeds and additional units, which increased our ownership interest and USLF assumed secured debt.
(2)
At December 31, 2017, we owned 295.5 million units of FIBRA Prologis that had a closing price of Ps 34.01 ($1.72) per unit on the Mexican Stock Exchange.
(3)
We have granted FIBRA Prologis a right of first refusal with respect to stabilized properties that we plan to sell in Mexico.
(4)
We have one partner in each of these co-investment ventures.
(5)
In October, the assets and related liabilities of PTELF were contributed to Prologis European Properties Fund II (“PEPF II”) in exchange for units, and PEPF II was renamed PELF. In connection with the transaction, we exchanged our units in PTELF for new units in PELF resulting in our ownership interest decreasing to 25.6%, however, our economic investment did not substantially change. As the contribution resulted in the exchange of our investment in PTELF for an equity investment in PELF, we carried over our investment in PTELF to PELF at the historical cost and no gain was recognized.
(6)
In February 2017, we formed UKLV, an unconsolidated co-investment venture in which we have a 15.0% ownership interest. UKLV will acquire land, develop buildings and operate and hold logistics real estate assets in the U.K. Upon formation, we, along with our venture partner, committed £380.0 million ($477.5 million), of which our share was £57.0 million ($71.6 million).
(7)
In January 2017, we sold our investment in ELV to our venture partner for $84.3 million and ELV contributed its properties to PTELF in exchange for equity interests.
(8)
At December 31, 2017, we owned 0.3 million units of NPR that had a closing price of ¥238,300 ($2,117) per share on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had receivables from NPR of $106.2 million and $96.9 million, respectively, related to customer security deposits that originated through a leasing company owned by us that pertain to properties owned by NPR. We have a corresponding payable to NPR’s customers in Other Liabilities. These amounts are repaid to us as the leases turn over.
(9)
For any properties we develop and plan to sell in Japan, we have committed to offer those properties to NPR.
(10)
In March 2017, we acquired all our partner’s interest in the Prologis Brazil Logistics Partners Fund I, L.P. (“Brazil Fund”). In August 2017, we acquired our partner’s interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil. See Note 4 for more information on this acquisition. The remaining investment balance includes nine properties aggregating 2.8 million square feet held with various partners.
The amounts recognized in Strategic Capital Revenues and Earnings from Unconsolidated Entities, Net depend on the size and operations of the unconsolidated co-investment ventures, the timing of revenues earned through promotes, as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and our ownership interest. We recognized Strategic Capital Expenses for direct costs associated with the asset management of these ventures and allocated property-level management costs for the properties owned by the ventures.
The following table summarizes the amounts we recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income related to the unconsolidated co-investment ventures for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
(1)
We earned promote revenue (third-party share) of $127.5 million, $88.5 million and $29.5 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Promote revenue is based on the venture’s cumulative returns to investors over a certain time-period, generally three years.
The following table summarizes the financial position and operating information of our unconsolidated co-investment ventures (not our proportionate share), at December 31 and for the years ended December 31 as presented at our adjusted basis derived from the ventures’ U.S. GAAP information (dollars and square feet in millions):
(1)
The difference between our ownership interest of a venture’s equity and our investment balance at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, results principally from three types of transactions: (i) deferring a portion of the gains we recognize from a contribution of a property to a venture ($667.3 million, $469.9 million and $430.7 million, respectively); (ii) recording additional costs associated with our investment in the venture ($94.2 million, $124.1 million and $122.1 million, respectively); and (iii) advances to a venture ($210.0 million, $166.1 million and $189.7 million, respectively).
(2)
Represents our weighted average ownership interest in all co-investment ventures based on each entity’s contribution of total assets, before depreciation, net of other liabilities.
Equity Commitments Related to Certain Unconsolidated Co-Investment Ventures
Certain co-investment ventures have equity commitments from us and our venture partners. Our venture partners fulfill their equity commitment with cash. We may fulfill our equity commitment through contributions of properties or cash. The equity contributions are generally used for the acquisition or development of properties, but may be used for the repayment of debt or other general uses. The venture may obtain financing for the acquisition of properties and therefore the acquisition price of additional investments that the venture could make may be more than the equity commitment. Depending on market conditions, the investment objectives of the ventures, our liquidity needs and other factors, we may make additional contributions of properties or additional cash investments in these ventures through the remaining commitment period.
The following table summarizes the remaining equity commitments at December 31, 2017 (in millions):
(1)
During 2017, the remaining equity commitments of PTELF were transferred to PELF when the assets and related liabilities of PTELF were contributed to PEPF II, and PEPF II was renamed PELF. Equity commitments are denominated in euro and reported in U.S. dollars based on an exchange rate of $1.20 U.S. dollars to the euro.
(2)
Equity commitments are denominated in British pounds sterling and reported in U.S. dollars based on an exchange rate of $1.35 U.S. dollars to the British pound sterling.
NOTE 6. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE OR CONTRIBUTION
We had investments in certain real estate properties that met the criteria to be classified as held for sale or contribution at December 31, 2017, and 2016. At the time of classification, these properties were expected to be sold to third parties or were recently developed and expected to be contributed to unconsolidated co-investment ventures within twelve months. The amounts included in Assets Held for Sale or Contribution represented real estate investment balances and the related assets and liabilities for each property.
Assets held for sale or contribution consisted of the following (dollars and square feet in thousands):
NOTE 7. NOTES RECEIVABLE BACKED BY REAL ESTATE
The following table summarizes information about our notes receivable backed by real estate (dollars in thousands):
(1)
In 2017, we received a note receivable backed by real estate through a property disposition. Subsequently, this note was assumed through the contribution of operating properties to USLF.
NOTE 8. OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES
The following table summarizes our other assets, net of amortization and depreciation, if applicable, at December 31 (in thousands):
The following table summarizes our other liabilities, net of amortization, if applicable, at December 31 (in thousands):
The following table summarizes the expected future amortization of leasing commissions and forgone rent (included in acquired lease intangibles) into amortization expense and above and below market leases (included in acquired lease intangibles) and rent leveling net assets into rental revenues, all based on the balances at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
NOTE 9. DEBT
All debt is incurred by the OP. The Parent does not have any indebtedness, but guarantees the unsecured debt of the OP.
The following table summarizes our debt at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
The interest rates presented represent the effective interest rates (including amortization of debt issuance costs and the noncash premiums or discounts) at the end of the year for the debt outstanding.
(2)
Included in the outstanding balances were borrowings denominated in non-U.S. dollars, principally: euro ($3.8 billion), Japanese yen ($1.3 billion), British pound sterling ($0.7 billion) and Canadian dollars ($0.5 billion).
(3)
Notes are due October 2020 to June 2029 with effective interest rates ranging from 1.5% to 4.4% at December 31, 2017.
(4)
Debt is due May 2018 to December 2025 with effective interest rates ranging from 2.7% to 7.8% at December 31, 2017. The debt is secured by 144 real estate properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $2.2 billion at December 31, 2017.
(5)
Debt is due April 2019 to December 2027 with effective interest rates ranging from 2.9% to 3.4% at December 31, 2017. The debt is secured by 18 real estate properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $0.3 billion at December 31, 2017.
Credit Facilities
We have a global senior credit facility (the “Global Facility”), under which we may draw in British pounds sterling, Canadian dollars, euro, Japanese yen and U.S. dollars on a revolving basis up to $3.0 billion (subject to currency fluctuations). We have the ability to increase the Global Facility to $3.8 billion, subject to currency fluctuations and obtaining additional lender commitments. Pricing under the Global Facility, including the spread over LIBOR, facility fees and letter of credit fees, varies based on the public debt ratings of the OP. The Global Facility is scheduled to mature in April 2020; however, we may extend the maturity date for six months on two occasions, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and payment of extension fees.
We also have a Japanese yen revolver (the “Revolver”). In February 2017, we renewed and amended the Revolver to increase our availability from ¥45.0 billion to ¥50.0 billion ($444.2 million at December 31, 2017). We have the ability to increase the Revolver to ¥65.0 billion ($577.4 million at December 31, 2017), subject to obtaining additional lender commitments. Pricing under the Revolver, including the spread over LIBOR, facility fees and letter of credit fees, varies based on the public debt ratings of the OP. The Revolver is scheduled to mature in February 2021; however, we may extend the maturity date for one year, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and payment of extension fees.
We refer to the Global Facility and the Revolver, collectively, as our “Credit Facilities.”
The following table summarizes information about our Credit Facilities (dollars in millions):
Senior Notes
The senior notes are unsecured and our obligations are effectively subordinated in certain respects to any of our debt that is secured by a lien on real property, to the extent of the value of such real property. The senior notes require interest payments be made quarterly, semi-annually or annually. All of the senior notes are redeemable at any time at our option, subject to certain prepayment penalties. Such repurchase and other terms are governed by the provisions of indenture agreements, various note purchase agreements or trust deeds.
In June 2017, we issued £500.0 million ($645.3 million) senior notes bearing a coupon rate of 2.25%, maturing in June 2029, at 99.9% par value for an effective rate of 2.30%. The exchange rate used to calculate into U.S. dollar was the spot rate at the date of the transaction. We did not issue senior notes during 2016.
In January 2018, we issued €400.0 million ($495.3 million) senior notes bearing a floating rate of Euribor plus 0.25%, maturing in January 2020. The exchange rate used to calculate into U.S. dollar was the spot rate at the date of the transaction.
Term Loans
The following table summarizes our outstanding term loans at December 31 (dollars and borrowing currency in thousands):
(1)
In May 2017, we renewed and amended our existing senior term loan agreement (the “2017 Term Loan”). We may increase the borrowings up to $1.0 billion, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments. We may pay down and reborrow on this term loan. We may extend the maturity date twice, by one year each, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions and the payment of an extension fee.
(2)
We paid down $1.2 billion and $1.2 billion and reborrowed $1.5 billion and $0.8 billion in 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Secured Mortgage Debt
In July 2017, USLF assumed $956.0 million of secured mortgage debt in conjunction with our contribution of the associated real estate properties, as discussed in Note 4.
TMK bonds are a financing vehicle in Japan for special purpose companies known as TMKs. In June 2017, we issued ¥4.5 billion ($40.2 million) of new TMK bonds. We subsequently paid off or transferred all of our outstanding TMK bonds and there were no TMK bonds outstanding at December 31, 2017. During 2016, we issued new TMK bonds totaling ¥25.7 billion ($244.6 million).
Long-Term Debt Maturities
Principal payments due on our debt, for each year through the period ended December 31, 2022, and thereafter were as follows at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
(1)
We expect to repay the amounts maturing in 2018 with cash generated from operations, proceeds from dispositions of real estate properties, or as necessary, with borrowings on our Credit Facilities.
(2)
Included in the 2020 maturities was the 2017 Term Loan that can be extended until 2022, as discussed above.
(3)
Included in the 2020 and 2021 maturities were the Credit Facilities that can be extended until 2021 and 2022, respectively, as discussed above.
Interest Expense
The following table summarizes the components of interest expense for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Early Extinguishment of Debt
In 2017 and 2015, we repurchased or repaid certain debt before the maturity date in an effort to reduce our borrowing costs and extend our debt maturities. As a result, we recognized gains or losses represented by the difference between the recorded debt (including premiums and discounts and related debt issuance costs) and the consideration we paid to retire the debt, including fees. Fees associated with the restructuring of debt that meets the modification criteria, along with existing unamortized premium or discount and debt issuance costs, are amortized over the term of the new debt.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the repurchase of debt and net loss on early extinguishment of debt for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
During 2016, we repaid certain debt at the earliest available payment date with no prepayment costs. We recorded a gain of $2.5 million that related to unamortized premiums associated with the extinguished debt and were net of unamortized debt issuance costs.
Financial Debt Covenants
We have $6.1 billion of senior notes and $2.0 billion of term loans outstanding at December 31, 2017 under two separate indentures, as supplemented, and were subject to certain financial covenants. We are also subject to financial covenants under our Credit Facilities and certain secured mortgage debt. At December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with all of our financial debt covenants.
NOTE 10. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY OF PROLOGIS, INC.
Shares Authorized
At December 31, 2017, 1.1 billion shares were authorized to be issued by the Parent, of which 1.0 billion shares represent common stock. Our board of directors (the “Board”) may, without stockholder approval, classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our stock from time to time by setting or changing the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption of such shares.
Common Stock
We issued 1.7 million shares of common stock under our at-the-market program during 2015, which generated $71.5 million in net proceeds. We have an equity distribution agreement that allows us to sell up to $750.0 million aggregate gross sales proceeds of shares of common stock, of which $535.2 million remains available for sale, through six designated agents, who earn a fee of up to 2% of the gross proceeds, as agreed to on a transaction-by-transaction basis.
Under the 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan, certain of our employees and outside directors are able to participate in equity-based compensation plans. We received gross proceeds for the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options of $32.9 million, $39.5 million and $18.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectfully. See Note 13 for additional information on equity-based compensation plans.
Preferred Stock
At December 31, 2017 and 2016 our Series Q preferred stock outstanding had a dividend rate of 8.54%, and will be redeemable at our option on or after November 13, 2026. Holders have, subject to certain conditions, limited voting rights and all holders are entitled to receive cumulative preferential dividends based on liquidation preference. The dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on the last day of each quarter. Dividends are payable when, and if, they have been declared by the Board, out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends.
During 2017, we repurchased 0.2 million shares of Series Q preferred stock and recognized a loss of $3.9 million, which primarily represented the difference between the repurchase price and the carrying value of the preferred stock, net of original issuance costs.
Ownership Restrictions
For us to qualify as a REIT, five or fewer individuals may not own more than 50% of the value of our outstanding stock at any time during the last half of our taxable year. Therefore, our charter restricts beneficial ownership (or ownership generally attributed to a person under the REIT rules), by a person, or persons acting as a group, of issued and outstanding common and preferred stock that would cause that person to own or be deemed to own more than 9.8% (by value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our issued and outstanding capital stock. Furthermore, subject to certain exceptions, no person shall at any time directly or indirectly acquire ownership of more than 25% of any of the preferred stock. These provisions assist us in protecting and preserving our REIT status and protect the interests of stockholders in takeover transactions by preventing the acquisition of a substantial block of outstanding shares of stock.
Shares of stock owned by a person or group of people in excess of these limits are subject to redemption by us. The provision does not apply where a majority of the Board, in its sole and absolute discretion, waives such limit after determining that our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes will not be jeopardized.
Dividends
To comply with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, we are generally required to make common and preferred stock dividends (other than capital gain distributions) to our stockholders in amounts that together at least equal (i) the sum of (a) 90% of our “REIT taxable income” computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and net capital gains and (b) 90% of the net income (after tax), if any, from foreclosure property, minus (ii) certain excess non-cash income. Our common stock distribution policy is to distribute a percentage of our cash flow that ensures that we will meet the distribution requirements of the Internal Revenue Code and that allows us to also retain cash to meet other needs, such as capital improvements and other investment activities.
Our tax return for the year ended December 31, 2017 has not been filed. The taxability information presented for our dividends paid in 2017 is based on management’s estimate. Our tax returns for open tax years have not been examined by the Internal Revenue Service, other than those discussed in Note 14. Consequently, the taxability of dividends is subject to change.
In 2017, 2016 and 2015, we paid all of our dividends in cash. The following summarizes the taxability of our common and preferred stock dividends for the years ended December 31:
(1)
Taxability for 2017 is estimated.
Common stock dividends are characterized for federal income tax purposes as ordinary income, qualified dividend, capital gains, non-taxable return of capital or a combination of the four. Common stock dividends that exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits (calculated for tax purposes) constitute a return of capital rather than a dividend and generally reduce the stockholder’s basis in the common stock. To the extent that a dividend exceeds both current and accumulated earnings and profits and the stockholder’s
basis in the common stock, it will generally be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of that stockholder’s common stock. At the beginning of each year, we notify our stockholders of the taxability of the common stock dividends paid during the preceding year.
Pursuant to the terms of our preferred stock, we are restricted from declaring or paying any dividend with respect to our common stock unless and until all cumulative dividends with respect to the preferred stock have been paid and sufficient funds have been set aside for dividends that have been declared for the relevant dividend period with respect to the preferred stock.
NOTE 11. PARTNERS’ CAPITAL OF PROLOGIS, L.P.
Distributions paid on the common limited partnership units, and the taxability of those distributions, are similar to dividends paid on the Parent’s common stock disclosed above.
In connection with the acquisition of a portfolio of properties in October 2015, we issued 0.2 million common limited partnership units and 8.9 million Class A Units in the OP. The number of units issued was based upon an agreed upon price and had a per unit weighted average fair value at the date of issuance of $41.06. The Class A Units generally have the same rights as the existing common limited partnership units of the OP, except that the Class A Units are entitled to a quarterly distribution equal to $0.64665 per unit so long as the common limited partnership units receive a quarterly distribution of at least $0.40 per unit (in the event the common limited partnership units receive a quarterly distribution of less than $0.40 per unit, the Class A Unit distribution would be reduced by a proportionate amount). Class A Units are convertible into common limited partnership units at an initial conversion rate of one-for-one. The conversion rate will be increased or decreased to the extent that, at the time of conversion, the net present value of the distributions paid with respect to the Class A Units are less or more than the distributions paid on common limited partnership units from the time of issuance of the Class A Units until the time of conversion. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Class A Units were convertible into 8.5 million and 8.7 million common limited partnership units. The OP may redeem the Class A Units at any time after October 7, 2025, for an amount in cash equal to the then-current number of the common limited partnership units into which the Class A Units are convertible, multiplied by $43.11, subject to the holders’ right to convert the Class A Units into common limited partnership units.
In May 2015, we issued 4.5 million common limited partnership units in the OP in connection with the KTR transaction. See Note 3 for more details on the transaction.
NOTE 12. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Prologis, L.P.
We report noncontrolling interests related to several entities we consolidate but of which we do not own 100% of the equity. These entities include two real estate partnerships that have issued limited partnership units to third parties. Depending on the specific partnership agreements, these limited partnership units are redeemable for cash or, at our option into shares of the Parent’s common stock, generally at a rate of one share of common stock to one unit. We also consolidate several entities in which we do not own 100% of the equity but the equity of these entities are not exchangeable into our common stock.
As discussed in Note 1, the Parent has complete responsibility, power and discretion in the day-to-day management of the OP. The Parent, through its majority interest, has the right to receive benefits from and incur losses of the OP. In addition, the OP does not have either substantive liquidation rights or substantive kick-out rights without cause or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of noncontrolling interests. The absence of such rights renders the OP as a VIE. Accordingly, the Parent is the primary beneficiary and therefore consolidates the OP.
Prologis, Inc.
The noncontrolling interests of the Parent include the noncontrolling interests presented above for the OP, as well as the limited partnership units in the OP that are not owned by the Parent.
The following table summarizes our ownership percentages and noncontrolling interests and the consolidated entities’ total assets and total liabilities at December 31 (dollars in thousands):
(1)
In March 2017, we acquired all our partner’s interest for $710.2 million. The difference between the amount we paid and the noncontrolling interest balance was recorded to Additional Paid-in Capital with no gain or loss recognized. In July 2017, we contributed substantially all the assets formerly owned by NAIF to our unconsolidated co-investment venture, USLF.
(2)
In March 2017, we acquired all our partner’s interest for $79.8 million. The difference between the amount we paid and the noncontrolling interest balance was recorded to Additional Paid-in Capital with no gain or loss recognized. At December 31, 2016, the assets of the Prologis Brazil Logistics Partners Fund I were primarily investments in unconsolidated entities of $113.1 million, most of which we gained control of and began consolidating in August 2017. See Note 4 for more information on the acquisition of our partner’s interest in certain joint ventures in Brazil.
(3)
This line item includes our two partnerships that have issued limited partnership units to third parties, as discussed above, along with various other consolidated entities. The limited partnership units outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were exchangeable into cash or, at our option, 1.0 million and 1.8 million shares of the Parent’s common stock with a fair value of $64.3 million and $96.9 million, respectively, based on the closing stock price of the Parent’s common stock. In 2017, limited partnership units were exchanged for 0.8 million shares of the Parent’s common stock. All of these outstanding limited partnership units receive quarterly cash distributions equal to the quarterly dividends paid on our common stock pursuant to the terms of the applicable partnership agreements.
(4)
We had 8.9 million Class A Units that were convertible into 8.5 million and 8.7 million limited partnership units of the OP at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. See Note 11 for further discussion of our Class A Units.
(5)
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, excluding the Class A Units, there were limited partnership units in the OP that were exchangeable into cash or, at our option, 4.1 million and 4.6 million shares of the Parent’s common stock with a fair value of $266.1 million and $241.8 million, respectively, based on the closing stock price of the Parent’s common stock. In 2017 and 2016 unitholders exchanged 0.7 million and 1.9 million limited partnership units into an equal number of shares of the Parent’s common stock.
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were 3.4 million and 2.2 million LTIP Units (as defined in Note 13) outstanding, respectively, associated with our long-term compensation plan that were exchangeable into limited partnership units of the OP and redeemable into the Parent’s common stock after they vest and other applicable conditions have been met. All of these outstanding limited partnership units receive quarterly cash distributions equal to the quarterly distributions paid on our common stock pursuant to the terms of the partnership agreement.
NOTE 13. LONG-TERM COMPENSATION
The 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2012 LTIP”) provides for grants of awards to officers, directors, employees and consultants of the Parent or its subsidiaries. Awards can be in the form of: full value awards, stock appreciation rights, stock options (non-qualified options and incentive stock options) and cash incentive awards. Full value awards generally consist of: (i) common stock; (ii) restricted stock units (“RSUs”); (iii) OP LTIP units (“LTIP Units”) and (iv) Prologis Outperformance Plan (“POP”) OP LTIP units (“POP LTIP Units”).
The awards under the 2012 LTIP have been issued under the following components of our equity-based compensation plans and programs at December 31, 2017: (i) POP; (ii) Prologis Promote Plan (“PPP”); (iii) annual long-term incentive (“LTI”) equity award program (“Annual LTI Award”); and (iv) annual bonus exchange program. Under all of these components, certain employees may elect to receive their equity award payout either in the form of RSUs or other equity of the Parent or LTIP Units of the OP. No participant can be granted more than 1.5 million shares of common stock under the 2012 LTIP in any one calendar year. Awards may be made under the 2012 LTIP until it is terminated by the Board or until the ten-year anniversary of the effective date of the plan.
We have 27.2 million shares reserved for issuance, of which 17.2 million shares of common stock were available for future issuance at December 31, 2017. Each LTIP Unit counts as one share of common stock for purposes of calculating the limit on shares that may be issued.
Equity-Based Compensation Plans and Programs
Prologis Outperformance Plan (“POP”)
We allocate participation points to participants under our POP corresponding to three-year performance periods beginning January 1. The fair value of the awards is measured at the grant date and amortized over the period from the grant date to the date at which the awards would become vested. POP awards are earned to the extent our total stockholder return (“TSR”) for the performance period exceeds the TSR for the Morgan Stanley Capital International (“MSCI”) US REIT Index for the same period plus 100 basis points (“Index”). If this outperformance hurdle is met, the compensation pool is equal to 3.0% of the excess value created, subject to a maximum of the greater of $75.0 million or 0.5% of our equity market capitalization at the start of the performance period (“Capitalizations Cap”). Each participant is eligible to receive a percentage of the total compensation pool based on the number of participation points allocated to the participant. If the performance criteria are met, the participants’ points will generally be paid in the form of common stock or POP LTIP Units, as elected by the participant. Annually, a participant may exchange their participation points for POP LTIP Units. If the performance criteria are not met, the participants’ points and POP LTIP Units will be forfeited. If we
outperform the Index, but the absolute TSR is not positive, payment will be delayed until our absolute TSR becomes positive. If after seven years our absolute TSR has not become positive, the awards will be forfeited.
Beginning with 2016 - 2018 performance period, the plan requires an additional performance hurdle. The Index performance must be met or exceeded for an additional three years after the initial three-year performance period (“Initial Award”) to earn any amounts above $75.0 million up to the Capitalization Cap (“Excess Award”). One-third of this Excess Award can be earned at the end of each of the three years after the Initial Award is earned, if our performance meets or exceeds the Index in each of such three years. In addition, participants will not be able to sell or transfer any equity they receive as Initial or Excess Awards until three years after the end of the initial performance period.
At December 31, 2017, all awards were equity classified. We use a Monte Carlo valuation model to value the participation points allocated under the POP.
The following table details the assumptions used for each grant based on the year it was granted (dollars in thousands):
Total remaining compensation cost related to the POP at December 31, 2017, was $22.9 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development and leasing activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2022, with a weighted average period of 1.1 years.
The performance criteria were met for the 2015 - 2017 and 2014 - 2016 performance periods, which resulted in the pool being awarded in January 2018 and 2017, respectively, in the form of common stock and vested POP LTIP Units. See below for details on these performance periods (dollars and units in thousands):
The POP performance criteria were not met for 2013 - 2015 performance period, therefore, no awards were earned and the participants’ points and POP LTIP Units were forfeited. As the POP has market-based performance criteria, there is no adjustment to the expense previously recognized at the completion of the performance period regardless of the outcome.
Other Equity-Based Compensation Plans and Programs
Awards may be issued in the form of RSUs or LTIP Units at the participants’ elections under the following equity-based compensation plans and programs. RSUs and LTIP Units are valued based on the market price of the Parent’s common stock on the date the award is granted and is charged to compensation expense over the service period, which is generally three years. Dividends and distributions are paid with respect to both RSUs and LTIP Units during the vesting period, and therefore they are considered participating securities. The value of the dividend is charged to retained earnings for RSUs and the distribution is charged to Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests in the OP for LTIP Units.
Prologis Promote Plan (“PPP”)
Under the PPP, we establish a compensation pool for certain employees that is equal to 40% of the promotes earned by Prologis from the co-investment ventures representing the third-party portion of the promotes. The awards may be settled in some combination of cash and full value awards, at our election.
Annual LTI Equity Award Program (“Annual LTI Award”)
The Annual LTI Award provides for grants to certain employees subject to our performance against benchmark indices that relate to the most recent year’s performance.
Annual Bonus Exchange Program
Under our bonus exchange program, generally all our employees may elect to receive all or a portion of their annual cash bonus in equity. Equity awards granted through the bonus exchange are generally valued at a premium to the cash bonus exchanged.
Summary of Award Activity
RSUs
Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock of the Parent. The following table summarizes the activity for RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2017 (units in thousands):
The fair value of stock awards granted and vested was $32.5 million and $33.7 million for 2016 and $30.9 million and $39.3 million for 2015, respectively, based on the weighted average grant date fair value per unit.
Total remaining compensation cost related to RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2017, was $31.6 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development and leasing activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2021, with a weighted average period of 0.9 years.
LTIP Units
An LTIP Unit represents a partnership interest in the OP. After vesting and the satisfaction of certain conditions, an LTIP Unit may be exchangeable for a common limited partnership unit in the OP and then redeemable for a share of common stock (or cash at our option).
The following table summarizes the activity for LTIP Units for the year ended December 31, 2017 (units in thousands):
(1)
Vested units were based on the POP performance criteria being met for the 2014 - 2016 performance period and represented the earned award amount. Vested units are included in POP award table above. Unvested POP LTIP Units for the 2014 - 2016 performance period were forfeited to the extent not earned.
The fair value of stock awards granted and vested was $38.0 million and $18.8 million for 2016 and $27.3 million and $11.7 million for 2015, respectively, based on the weighted average grant date fair value per unit.
Total remaining compensation cost related to LTIP Units at December 31, 2017, was $50.6 million, prior to adjustments for capitalized amounts due to our development and leasing activities. The remaining compensation cost will be recognized through 2020, with a weighted average period of 1.0 year.
Stock Options
We have 0.7 million stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017, with a weighted average exercise price of $24.68 and a weighted average life of 2.0 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options was $28.6 million, $45.6 million, and $13.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. No stock options were granted in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017.
Other Plans
The Prologis 401(k) Plan (the “401(k) Plan”) provides for matching employer contributions of $0.50 for every dollar contributed by an employee, up to 6% of the employee’s annual compensation (within the statutory compensation limit). In the 401(k) Plan, vesting in the matching employer contributions is based on the employee’s years of service, with 100% vesting at the completion of one year of service. Our contributions under the matching provisions were $2.8 million, $2.7 million and $2.5 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We have a non-qualified savings plan that allows highly compensated employees the opportunity to defer the receipt and income taxation of a certain portion of their compensation in excess of the amount permitted under the 401(k) Plan. There has been no employer matching in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017.
NOTE 14. INCOME TAXES
Components of Earnings Before Income Taxes
The following table summarizes the components of earnings before income taxes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Summary of Current and Deferred Income Taxes
The following table summarizes the components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Current Income Taxes
Current income tax expense recognized during 2017 and 2016 was partially due to tax triggered upon the contribution of assets to our Europe, Mexico and Japan co-investment ventures and third-party sales. Current income tax expense recognized during 2015 was not materially impacted by contributions to our co-investment ventures and was netted against a current benefit as a result of the operating losses generated by our U.S. TRS.
For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we recognized a net expense of $0.3 million and $3.0 million for uncertain tax positions, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we did not recognize any expense for uncertain tax positions.
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, was $46.7 million, $29.3 million and $24.1 million, respectively.
Deferred Income Taxes
The deferred income tax benefits recognized in 2017, 2016 and 2015 were principally due to the reversal of deferred tax liabilities from the contribution and dispositions of properties. The deferred tax liabilities were originally recorded at the time of acquisition.
The following table summarizes the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31 (in thousands):
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted on December 22, 2017, reduced the corporate federal tax rate in the U.S. to 21.0%, effective upon enactment. As such, deferred tax assets and liabilities were remeasured using the lower corporate federal tax rate at December 31, 2017. While we do not expect other material impacts, the new rules are complex and lack developed administrative guidance; thus, the impact of certain aspects of these provisions on us is currently unclear.
At December 31, 2017, we had NOL carryforwards as follows (in thousands):
The deferred tax asset valuation allowance at December 31, 2017, was adequate to reduce the total deferred tax asset to an amount that we estimate will more likely than not be realized.
Liability for Uncertain Tax Positions
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we believe that we have complied with the REIT requirements of the Internal Revenue Code. The statute of limitations for our tax returns is generally three years. As such, our tax returns that remain subject to examination would be primarily from 2014 and thereafter.
The liability for uncertain tax positions was $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, and $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, and primarily consisted of estimated income tax liabilities in Mexico and included accrued interest and penalties.
NOTE 15. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE OR UNIT
We determine basic earnings per share or unit based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock or units outstanding during the period. We compute diluted earnings per share or unit based on the weighted average number of shares or units outstanding combined with the incremental weighted average effect from all outstanding potentially dilutive instruments.
The computation of our basic and diluted earnings per share and unit for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share and unit amounts) was as follows:
(1)
Earnings allocated to the exchangeable OP units not held by the Parent have been included in the numerator and exchangeable common units have been included in the denominator for the purpose of computing diluted earnings per share for all periods as the per share and unit amount is the same.
(2)
In March 2015, the exchangeable debt was settled primarily through the issuance of common stock. The adjustment in 2015 assumes the exchange occurred on January 1, 2015.
(3)
Our total potentially dilutive shares and units outstanding for the years ended December 31 consisted of the following:
NOTE 16. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the fair value and classification of our derivative financial instruments at December 31 (in thousands):
(1)
As discussed in Note 2, these foreign currency contracts are not designated as hedges.
Foreign Currency Contracts
The following tables summarize the activity in our foreign currency contracts for the years ended December 31 (in millions, except for weighted average forward rates and number of active contracts):
(1)
During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we exercised 44, 49 and 32 option contracts and realized gains of $12.6 million, $3.0 million and $14.6 million, respectively, in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net.
We recognized an unrealized loss of $50.7 million and unrealized gains of $19.1 million and $22.1 million in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net from the change in value of our outstanding foreign currency option contracts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
We had no ineffectiveness on our foreign currency derivative contracts during 2017, 2016 or 2015.
Interest Rate Swaps
There was no activity on our interest rate swaps during 2017. We had three contracts with a notional amount of CAD $371.9 million ($271.2 million) outstanding at December 31, 2017.
The following table summarizes the activity in our interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
In 2016, we entered into the 2016 Yen Term Loan and repaid our 2014, 2015 and 2016 Japanese yen term loans. At that time, we settled the outstanding contracts related to the previously outstanding term loans for $26.3 million. The fair value of the contracts that qualified for hedge accounting at the date of repayment was recorded to AOCI/L and will be amortized to Interest Expense over the life of the original term loans. We had $10.7 million remaining in AOCI/L at December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a loss of $9.9 million related to the change in fair value on the unhedged portion of the contracts. See Note 9 for further discussion of the 2016 Yen Term Loan.
During 2015, we entered into two contracts with a notional amount of $526.3 million (¥65.0 billion) to effectively fix the interest rate on the 2015 Japanese Yen term loan (see above for discussion on the settlement of these contracts) and three contracts with a notional amount of CAD $371.9 million ($271.2 million) to effectively fix the interest rate on the Canadian term loan. In the third quarter of 2015,
we entered into two contracts with a notional amount of $360.0 million to effectively fix the interest rate at the three-month LIBOR rate of 2.3% on expected future debt issuances. These contracts were settled in the fourth quarter of 2015 when we entered into $750.0 million of senior notes. We recorded a loss of $11.0 million associated with these derivatives that will be amortized to Interest Expense, in accordance with our policy.
See Note 9 for more information on our term loans.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The change in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income during the periods presented is due to the translation into U.S. dollars on consolidation of the financial statements of our consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. We recorded net gains of $554.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, and net losses of $304.0 million and $594.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These gains and losses recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) during the periods were offset by net losses on the translation of our derivative and nonderivative net investment hedges discussed below. This includes the change in fair value for the effective portion of our derivative and nonderivative instruments that have been designated as hedges.
The following table presents the gains and (losses) associated with the change in fair value for the effective portion of our derivative and nonderivative hedging instruments included in Other Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
(1)
We received $2.5 million, $79.8 million and $128.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, on the settlement of net investment hedges.
(2)
The amount reclassified to interest expense was $5.4 million for 2017 and $5.5 million for 2016. The amount for 2015 was not considered significant. For the next 12 months from December 31, 2017, we estimate an additional expense of $3.1 million will be reclassified to Interest Expense.
(3)
At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we had €3.1 billion ($3.6 billion), €3.2 billion ($3.4 billion) and €3.2 billion ($3.5 billion) of debt, net of accrued interest, respectively, designated as nonderivative financial instrument hedges of our net investment in international subsidiaries. We recognized unrealized losses of $17.9 million and unrealized gains of $10.0 million in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net on the undesignated portion of our debt for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2015, respectively. There were no unrealized gains or losses recognized for the year ended December 31, 2016.
(4)
In June 2017, we issued £500.0 million ($645.3 million) of debt, as discussed in Note 9, and £323.7 million ($436.0 million) of the debt was designated as a nonderivative financial instrument hedge of our net investment in international subsidiaries at December 31, 2017. We recognized unrealized losses of $5.4 million in Foreign Currency and Derivative Gains (Losses), Net on the undesignated portion of our debt for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Fair Value Measurements
We have estimated the fair value of our financial instruments using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize on disposition. See Note 2 for more information on our fair value measurements policy.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, other than the derivatives discussed previously, we did not have any significant financial assets or financial liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the Consolidated Financial Statements. All of our derivatives held at December 31, 2017 and 2016, were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Fair Value Measurements on Nonrecurring Basis
Acquired properties and assets we expect to sell or contribute met the criteria to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2017 and 2016, as discussed in Notes 3, 4 and 6.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts and notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses were representative of their fair values.
The differences in the fair value of our debt from the carrying value in the table below were the result of differences in interest rates or borrowing spreads that were available to us at December 31, 2017 and 2016, as compared with those in effect when the debt was issued or assumed, including reduced borrowing spreads due to our improved credit ratings. The senior notes and many of the issuances of secured mortgage debt contain pre-payment penalties or yield maintenance provisions that could make the cost of refinancing the debt at lower rates exceed the benefit that would be derived from doing so.
The following table reflects the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our debt at December 31 (in thousands):
NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Environmental Matters
A majority of the properties we acquire, including land, are subjected to environmental reviews either by us or the previous owners. In addition, we may incur environmental remediation costs associated with certain land parcels we acquire in connection with the development of the land. We have acquired certain properties that may have been leased to or previously owned by companies that discharged hazardous materials. We establish a liability at the time of acquisition to cover such costs and adjust the liabilities as appropriate when additional information becomes available. We record our environmental liabilities in Other Liabilities. We purchase various environmental insurance policies to mitigate our exposure to environmental liabilities. We are not aware of any environmental liabilities that would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Indemnification Agreements
We may enter into agreements whereby we indemnify certain co-investment ventures, or our venture partners, outside of the U.S. for taxes that may be assessed with respect to certain properties we contributed to these ventures. Our contributions to these ventures are generally structured as contributions of shares of companies that own the real estate assets. Accordingly, the capital gains associated with the step up in the value of the underlying real estate assets, for tax purposes, are deferred and transferred at contribution. We have generally indemnified these ventures to the extent that the ventures: (i) incur capital gains or withholding tax as a result of a direct sale of the real estate asset, as opposed to a transaction in which the shares of the company owning the real estate asset are transferred or sold or (ii) are required to grant a discount to the buyer of shares under a share transfer transaction as a result of the ventures transferring the embedded capital gain tax liability to the buyer of the shares in the transaction. The agreements limit the amount that is subject to our indemnification with respect to each property to 100% of the actual tax liabilities related to the capital gains that are deferred and transferred by us to the ventures at the time of the initial contribution less any deferred tax assets transferred with the property.
The outcome under these agreements is uncertain as it depends on the method and timing of dissolution of the related venture or disposition of any properties by the venture. We record liabilities related to the indemnification agreements in Other Liabilities. We continue to monitor these agreements and the likelihood of the sale of assets that would result in recognition and will adjust the potential liability in the future as facts and circumstances dictate.
Off-Balance Sheet Liabilities
We have issued performance and surety bonds and standby letters of credit in connection with certain development projects. Performance and surety bonds are commonly required by public agencies from real estate developers. Performance and surety bonds are renewable and expire on the completion of the improvements and infrastructure. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had approximately $178.4 million and $123.5 million, respectively, outstanding under such arrangements.
We may be required under capital commitments or we may choose to make additional capital contributions to certain of our unconsolidated entities, representing our proportionate ownership interest, should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund development or acquisition costs, repayment of debt or operation shortfalls. See Note 5 for further discussion related to equity commitments to our unconsolidated entities.
Litigation
From time to time, we are party to a variety of legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that, with respect to any such matters that we are currently a party to, the ultimate disposition of any such matter will not have material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.
NOTE 18. BUSINESS SEGMENTS
Our current business strategy includes two operating segments: Real Estate Operations and Strategic Capital. We generate revenues, earnings, net operating income and cash flows through our segments, as follows:
•
Real Estate Operations. This operating segment represents the ownership and development of operating properties and is the largest component of our revenues and earnings. We collect rent from our customers through operating leases, including reimbursements for the majority of our property operating costs. Each operating property is considered to be an individual operating segment with similar economic characteristics; these properties are combined within the reportable business segment based on geographic location. Our Real Estate Operations segment also includes development activities that lead to rental operations, including land held for development and properties currently under development. Within this line of business, we utilize the following: (i) our land bank; (ii) the development expertise of our local teams; and (iii) our customer relationships. Land we own and lease to customers under ground leases is also included in this segment.
•
Strategic Capital. This operating segment represents the management of unconsolidated co-investment ventures. We generate strategic capital revenues primarily from our unconsolidated co-investment ventures through asset management and property management services and we earn additional revenues by providing leasing, acquisition, construction, development, financing and disposition services. Depending on the structure of the venture and the returns provided to our partners, we also earn revenues through promotes periodically during the life of a venture or upon liquidation. Each unconsolidated co-investment venture we manage is considered to be an individual operating segment with similar economic characteristics; these ventures are combined within the reportable business segment based on geographic location.
Reconciliations are presented below for: (i) each reportable business segment’s revenues from external customers to Total Revenues; (ii) each reportable business segment’s net operating income from external customers to Operating Income and Earnings Before Income Taxes; and (iii) each reportable business segment’s assets to Total Assets. Our chief operating decision makers rely primarily on net operating income and similar measures to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing segment performance. The applicable components of Total Revenues, Operating Income, Earnings Before Income Taxes and Total Assets are allocated to each reportable business segment’s revenues, net operating income and assets. Items that are not directly assignable to a segment, such as certain corporate income and expenses, are not allocated but reflected as reconciling items. The following reconciliations are presented in thousands:
(1)
This includes compensation and personnel costs for employees who were located in the U.S. but also support other regions.
(2)
Represents management contracts and goodwill recorded in connection with business combinations associated with the Strategic Capital segment. Goodwill was $25.3 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016.
NOTE 19. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Our significant noncash investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 included the following:
•
We contributed operating properties owned by NAIF to USLF in 2017. See Notes 4, 5 and 12 for more information on this transaction. As a result, we received $1.1 billion of units or ownership interest in USLF as a portion of our proceeds from this contribution. In addition, USLF assumed the $19.5 million note receivable backed by real estate we received in 2017 and $956.0 million of secured mortgage debt.
•
We received $153.3 million, $135.3 million and $65.3 million of ownership interests in certain unconsolidated co-investment ventures as a portion of our proceeds from the contribution of properties to these entities during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as disclosed in Note 5.
•
We capitalized $28.8 million, $25.8 million and $22.7 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, of equity-based compensation expense resulting from our development and leasing activities.
•
We issued 1.5 million shares and 1.9 million shares in 2017 and 2016, respectively, of the Parent’s common stock upon redemption of an equal number of common limited partnership units in the OP, as disclosed in Note 12.
•
We received $53.8 million and $235.1 million of notes receivable backed by real estate in exchange for the disposition of real estate in 2017 and 2015. See Note 7 for more information on our notes receivable backed by real estate.
•
During 2015, we assumed $290.7 million of secured mortgage debt in connection with the acquisition of real estate properties. Also, as partial consideration for the disposition of some properties acquired during 2015, the buyer assumed debt of $170.1 million.
•
In 2015, exchangeable senior notes of $459.8 million, that were issued by the OP, were exchanged into 11.9 million shares of common stock of the Parent.
•
In 2015, common limited partnership units were issued as partial consideration for the acquisition of properties as disclosed in Note 11.
•
See Note 3 for information related to the KTR transaction in 2015.
NOTE 20. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
The following table details our selected quarterly financial data (in thousands, except per share and unit data):
(1)
Quarterly earnings per common share or unit amounts may not total to the annual amounts due to rounding and the changes in the number of weighted average common shares or units outstanding included in the calculation of basic and diluted shares or units.
(2)
Income allocated to the exchangeable OP units not held by the Parent has been included in the numerator and exchangeable OP units have been included in the denominator for the purpose of computing diluted earnings per share for all periods since the per share and unit is the same.
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
PROLOGIS, INC. AND PROLOGIS, L.P.
SCHEDULE III - REAL ESTATE AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
DECEMBER 31, 2017
(In thousands of U.S. dollars, as applicable)
Schedule III - Footnotes
(a)
The following table reconciles real estate assets per Schedule III to the Consolidated Balance Sheet in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
(b)
The aggregate cost for federal tax purposes at December 31, 2017, of our real estate assets was approximately $20.0 billion (unaudited).
(c)
Real estate assets (excluding land balances) are depreciated over their estimated useful lives. These useful lives are generally 5 to 7 years for capital improvements, 10 years for standard tenant improvements, 25 years for depreciable land improvements, 30 years for operating properties acquired and 40 years for operating properties we develop.
The following table reconciles accumulated depreciation per Schedule III to the Consolidated Balance Sheet in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
(d)
Properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $2.5 billion secure $967.5 million of mortgage notes. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for more information related to our secured mortgage debt.
(e)
Assessment bonds of $13.5 million are secured by assessments (similar to property taxes) on various underlying real estate properties with an aggregate undepreciated cost of $741.5 million. The assessment bonds are included in unsecured other debt in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(f)
The following table summarizes our real estate assets and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):
Certain of the following documents are filed herewith. Certain other of the following documents that have been previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and, pursuant to Rule 12b-32, are incorporated herein by reference.
1.1
Equity Distribution Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2015, among Prologis, Inc. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Goldman, Sachs & Co., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 5, 2015).
3.1
Articles of Incorporation of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-35915) filed September 18, 1997).
3.2
Articles Supplementary establishing and fixing the rights and preferences of the Series Q Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed June 2, 2011).
3.3
Articles of Merger of New Pumpkin Inc., a Maryland corporation, with and into Prologis, Inc., a Maryland corporation, changing the name of “AMB Property Corporation” to “Prologis, Inc.”, as filed with the Stated Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland on June 2, 2011, and effective June 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.4
Articles of Amendment (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
3.5
Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.6
First Amendment to Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Prologis, L.P., dated February 27, 2014, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2014).
3.7
Second Amendment to the Thirteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of the Limited Partnership of Prologis, L.P., dated October 7, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 13, 2015).
3.8
Amended and Restated Certificate of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
3.9
Articles Supplementary dated April 3, 2014, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 3, 2014).
3.10
Eighth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Prologis, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 23, 2016).
4.1
Form of Certificate for Common Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-4/A (No. 333-172741) filed April 12, 2011).
4.2
Form of Certificate for the Series Q Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock of Prologis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-4/A (No. 333-172741) filed April 28, 2011).
4.3
Indenture, dated as of June 8, 2011, by and among the Operating Partnership, as issuer, Prologis, as guarantor, and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-177112) filed September 30, 2011).
4.4
Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 15, 2013, among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.5
Form of Sixth Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., Elavon Financial Services Limited, UK Branch, Elavon Financial Services Limited and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 2, 2013).
4.6
Form of Seventh Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., Elavon Financial Services Limited, UK Branch, Elavon Financial Services Limited and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.7
Form of Eighth Supplemental Indenture among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., U.S. Bank National Association and Elavon Financial Services DAC, UK Branch (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.8
Indenture, dated as of June 30, 1998, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 10, 2006 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 10, 2006).
4.9
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 30, 1998, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-49163) filed April 2, 1998).
4.10
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 30, 1998, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-49163) filed April 2, 1998).
4.11
Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 30, 1998, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Registration Statement on Form S-11 (No. 333-49163) filed April 2, 1998).
4.12
Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 10, 2006, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 10, 2006 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 10, 2006).
4.13
Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2009, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 20, 2009).
4.14
Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2009, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 20, 2009).
4.15
Tenth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 9, 2010, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 9, 2010).
4.16
Eleventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 12, 2010, by and among the Operating Partnership, Prologis and U.S. Bank National Association, as successor-in-interest to State Street Bank and Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 10, 2010).
4.17
4.00% Notes due 2018 and Related Guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 10, 2010).
4.18
Form of 2.750% Notes due 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.19
Form of 4.250% Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.20
3.350% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 1, 2013).
4.21
Form of 3.000% Notes due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 2, 2013).
4.22
Form of 3.375% Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.23
Form of 3.00% Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2014).
4.24
Form of 1.375% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 6, 2014).
4.25
Form of 1.375% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2015).
4.26
Form of 3.750% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 30, 2015).
4.27
Form of Floating Rate Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018).
4.28
Form of 2.250% Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.29
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 2.750% Notes due 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.30
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 4.250% Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 15, 2013).
4.31
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 3.350% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 1, 2013).
4.32
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 3.375% Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 18, 2014).
4.33
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 3.00% Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 28, 2014).
4.34
Form of Officer’s Certificate related to 1.375% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-k filed on October 6, 2014).
4.35
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 1.375% Notes due 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2015).
4.36
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to the 3.750% Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2015).
4.37
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to 2.250% Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2017).
4.38
Form of Officers’ Certificate related to Floating Rate Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2018).
Other debt instruments are omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Registration S-K. Copies of such instruments will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
10.1
Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of ProLogis Fraser, L.P., dated as of August 4, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004).
10.2
Fifteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Prologis 2, L.P., (f/k/a AMB Property II, L.P.) dated February 19, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.3*
The Third Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of AMB Property Corporation and AMB Property, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
10.4*
Amendment No. 1 to the Third Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of AMB Property Corporation and AMB Property, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Operating Partnership’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
10.5*
Amendment No. 2 to the Third Amended and Restated 1997 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of AMB Property Corporation and AMB Property, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Operating Partnership’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004).
10.6*
Amended and Restated 2002 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 4, 2006 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 4, 2006).
10.7*
The Amended and Restated 2002 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of AMB Property Corporation and AMB Property, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 15, 2007 and also incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Operating Partnership’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 15, 2007).
10.8*
Prologis Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 22, 2011).
10.9*
Prologis, Inc. 2016 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2016).
10.10
Prologis, Inc. 2018 Outperformance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 18, 2018).
10.11*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2016 Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2016).
10.12*
Form of Participation Points and LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 27, 2014).
10.13*
Second Amended and Restated Prologis Promote Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 1, 2014).
10.14*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Second Amended and Restated Prologis Promote Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 18, 2014).
10.15*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.16*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (LTIP Unit election) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.17*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.18*
Form of Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Bonus exchange) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014).
10.19*
ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Trust’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 2, 2006).
10.20*
First Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010).
10.21*
Second Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 19, 2010).
10.22*
Third Amendment of the ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Trust’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010).
10.23*
Form of Non-Qualified Share Option Award Terms; The Trust 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.24*
Form of Restricted Share Award Terms; ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.25*
Form of Performance Share Award Terms; ProLogis 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Trust’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.26*
ProLogis 2000 Share Option Plan for Outside Trustees (as Amended and Restated Effective as of December 31, 2008) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.13 to ProLogis’ Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008).
10.27*
ProLogis Trust 1997 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as Amended and Restated Effective as of September 26, 2002) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 to ProLogis’ Form 8-K dated February 19, 2003).
10.28*
First Amendment of ProLogis 1997 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 to ProLogis’ Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2010).
10.29*
ProLogis Deferred Fee Plan for Trustees (As Amended and Restated Effective as of May 14, 2010) (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.3 to ProLogis’ Form 8-K filed on May 19, 2010).
10.30*
Form of Indemnification Agreement between ProLogis and certain directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 8, 2011).
10.31*
Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement; Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012).
10.32*
Prologis, Inc. 2012 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
10.33*
Form of Director Deferred Stock Unit Award terms (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 8, 2012).
10.34*
Form of Change of Control and Noncompetition Agreement by and between Prologis, Inc. and its executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2013).
10.35*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General form 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.57 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.36*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (Bonus exchange) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015).
10.37*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan LTIP Unit Award Agreement (General form 2016) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.38*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Outperformance Plan LTIP Unit Exchange Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.58 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.39*
Form of Prologis, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan Equity Exchange Offer LTIP Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.59 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.40*
Amended and Restated Prologis, Inc. 2011 Notional Account Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.41*
Amended and Restated Prologis, Inc. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.61 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.42*
Second Amended and Restated Prologis 2005 Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.43
Time-Sharing Agreement, dated January 21, 2015, by and between ProLogis Logistics Services Incorporated and Hamid R. Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014).
10.44
Amended and Restated Time-Sharing Agreement, dated January 11, 2016, by and between ProLogis Logistics Services Incorporated and Hamid R. Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.55 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.45
Global Senior Credit Agreement dated as of July 11, 2013, among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and agents, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 15, 2013).
10.46
First Amendment to the Global Senior Credit Agreement dated as of June 26, 2014 among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014).
10.47
Second Amendment to the Global Senior Credit Agreement dated as of January 22, 2015 among Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A. as global administrative agent. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 10-Q filed on May 4, 2015).
10.48
Fourth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of August 14, 2013 among Prologis Japan Finance Y.K., as initial borrower, Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, the banks listed on the signature pages thereof, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2013).
10.49
Guaranty of Payment, dated as of August 14, 2013, among Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the banks that are from time to time parties to the Fourth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated at August 14, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 16, 2013).
10.50
Senior Term Loan Agreement dated as of June 19, 2014 among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2014).
10.51
Senior Term Loan Agreement dated as of May 28, 2015 among Prologis, L.P., as Borrower, Prologis, Inc., as Guarantor, various lenders and Bank of America N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 1, 2015).
10.52
First Amendment, dated January 22, 2015, to the Senior Term Loan Agreement dated as of June 19, 2014, among Prologis, L.P., various affiliates thereof, various lenders and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 to Prologis’ Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015).
10.53
Term Loan Agreement dated as of August 18, 2016 among Prologis GK Holdings Y.K., as borrower, Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, the banks listed on the signature pages thereof, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2016).
10.54
Guaranty of Payment dated as of August 18, 2016 among Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the banks that are from time to time parties to the Term Loan Agreement dated as of August 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2016).
10.55
Amended and Restated Global Senior Credit Agreement dated as of April 14, 2016 among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and agents, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 18, 2016).
10.56
Letter Agreement dated February 3, 2017 by and between Prologis, Inc. and Hamid R. Moghadam (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2017).
10.57
Fifth Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2017, among Prologis Marunouchi Finance Investment Limited Partnership, as initial borrower, Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, the lenders listed on the signature pages thereof, and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2017).
10.58
Guaranty of Payment, date as of February 16, 2017, among Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P., as guarantors, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as Administrative Agent, for the banks that are from time to time parties to the Fifth Amend and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of February 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K filed on February 22, 2017).
10.59
Amended and Restated Senior Term Loan Agreement dated as of May 4, 2017 among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K on May 8, 2017).
10.60
First Amendment, dated as of May 4, 2017, to the Amended and Restated Global Senior Credit Agreement by and among Prologis, Inc., Prologis, L.P., various affiliates of Prologis, L.P., various lenders and Bank of America, N.A., as Global Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Prologis’ Current Report Form 8-K on May 8, 2017).
12.1†
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.
12.2†
Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock/Unit Dividends of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.
21.1†
Subsidiaries of Prologis, Inc. and Prologis, L.P.
23.1†
Consent of KPMG LLP with respect to Prologis, Inc.
23.2†
Consent of KPMG LLP with respect to Prologis, L.P.
24.1†
Power of Attorney for Prologis, Inc. (included in signature page of this annual report).
24.2†
Power of Attorney for Prologis, L.P. (included in signature page of this annual report).
31.1†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Prologis, Inc.
31.2†
Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Prologis, Inc.
31.3†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer for Prologis, L.P.
31.4†
Certification of Chief Financial Officer for Prologis, L.P.
32.1†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Prologis, Inc., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2†
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer for Prologis, L.P., pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1
Supplemental United States Federal Income Tax Considerations (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Prologis’ Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 20, 2016).
101. INS†
XBRL Instance Document
101. SCH†
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101. CAL†
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101. DEF†
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101. LAB†
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101. PRE†
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
*
Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
†
Filed herewith
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 15, 2018
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned officers and directors of Prologis, Inc., hereby severally constitute Hamid R. Moghadam, Thomas S. Olinger and Edward S. Nekritz, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the Form 10-K filed herewith and any and all amendments to said Form 10-K, and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Prologis, Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
February 15, 2018
Hamid R. Moghadam
/s/ Thomas S. Olinger
Chief Financial Officer
February 15, 2018
Thomas S. Olinger
/s/ Lori A. Palazzolo
Managing Director and Chief Accounting Officer
February 15, 2018
Lori A. Palazzolo
/s/ George L. Fotiades
Director
February 15, 2018
George L. Fotiades
/s/ Lydia H. Kennard
Director
February 15, 2018
Lydia H. Kennard
/s/ J. Michael Losh
Director
February 15, 2018
J. Michael Losh
/s/ Irving F. Lyons III
Director
February 15, 2018
Irving F. Lyons III
/s/ David P. O’Connor
Director
February 15, 2018
David P. O’Connor
/s/ Olivier Piani
Director
February 15, 2018
Olivier Piani
/s/ Jeffrey L. Skelton
Director
February 15, 2018
Jeffrey L. Skelton
/s/ Carl B. Webb
Director
February 15, 2018
Carl B. Webb
/s/ William D. Zollars
Director
February 15, 2018
William D. Zollars
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 15, 2018
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that we, the undersigned officers and directors of Prologis, L.P., hereby severally constitute Hamid R. Moghadam, Thomas S. Olinger and Edward S. Nekritz, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys with full power to them, and each of them singly, to sign for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, the Form 10-K filed herewith and any and all amendments to said Form 10-K, and generally to do all such things in our names and in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Prologis, L.P. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and all requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said attorneys, or any of them, to said Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Hamid R. Moghadam
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
February 15, 2018
Hamid R. Moghadam
/s/ Thomas S. Olinger
Chief Financial Officer
February 15, 2018
Thomas S. Olinger
/s/ Lori A. Palazzolo
Managing Director and Chief Accounting Officer
February 15, 2018
Lori A. Palazzolo
/s/ George L. Fotiades
Director
February 15, 2018
George L. Fotiades
/s/ Lydia H. Kennard
Director
February 15, 2018
Lydia H. Kennard
/s/ J. Michael Losh
Director
February 15, 2018
J. Michael Losh
/s/ Irving F. Lyons III
Director
February 15, 2018
Irving F. Lyons III
/s/ David P. O’Connor
Director
February 15, 2018
David P. O’Connor
/s/ Olivier Piani
Director
February 15, 2018
Olivier Piani
/s/ Jeffrey L. Skelton
Director
February 15, 2018
Jeffrey L. Skelton
/s/ Carl B. Webb
Director
February 15, 2018
Carl B. Webb
/s/ William D. Zollars
Director
February 15, 2018
William D. Zollars