Item 1. Business
General
People’s United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United Financial” or the “Company”) is a savings and loan holding company incorporated under the state laws of Delaware and the holding company for People’s United Bank, a federally-chartered stock savings bank headquartered in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
The principal business of People’s United Financial is to provide, through People’s United Bank and its subsidiaries, commercial banking, retail and business banking, and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers. Traditional banking activities are conducted primarily within New England and southeastern New York, and include extending secured and unsecured commercial and consumer loans, originating mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial properties, and accepting consumer, commercial and municipal deposits.
In addition to traditional banking activities, People’s United Bank provides specialized financial services tailored to specific markets including: personal, institutional and employee benefit trust; cash management; and municipal banking and finance. Through its non-banking subsidiaries, People’s United Bank offers: brokerage, financial advisory services, investment management services and life insurance through People’s Securities, Inc. (“PSI”); equipment financing through People’s Capital and Leasing Corp. (“PCLC”) and People’s United Equipment Finance Corp. (“PUEFC”); and other insurance services through People’s United Insurance Agency, Inc. (“PUIA”).
This full range of financial services is delivered through a network of 410 branches located in Connecticut, southeastern New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, including 85 full-service Stop & Shop supermarket branches throughout Connecticut and 58 in southeastern New York that provide customers with seven-day-a-week banking. People’s United Bank’s distribution network includes investment and brokerage offices, commercial banking offices, online banking and investment trading, a 24-hour telephone banking service and participation in a worldwide ATM network. PCLC and PUEFC maintain a sales presence in 14 states to support equipment financing operations throughout the United States. People’s United Bank maintains a mortgage warehouse lending group located in Kentucky and a national credits group, which has participations in commercial loans and commercial real estate loans to borrowers in various industries on a national scale.
On June 22, 2012, People’s United Bank acquired 57 branches from RBS Citizens, N.A. (“Citizens”) and assumed approximately $324 million in deposits associated with these branches. After the close of business on June 30, 2011, People’s United Financial acquired Danvers Bancorp, Inc. (“Danvers”) based in Danvers, Massachusetts. The transaction was effective July 1, 2011. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
On November 30, 2010, People’s United Financial completed its acquisitions of Smithtown Bancorp, Inc. (“Smithtown”) based in Hauppauge, New York and LSB Corporation (“LSB”) based in North Andover, Massachusetts. On April 16, 2010, People’s United Bank entered into a definitive purchase and assumption agreement with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) pursuant to which People’s United Bank assumed all of the deposits, certain assets and the banking operations of Butler Bank, located in Lowell, Massachusetts. On February 19, 2010, People’s United Financial completed its acquisition of Financial Federal Corporation (“Financial Federal”), a financial services company providing collateralized lending, financing and leasing services nationwide to small and medium sized businesses. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed in these transactions were recorded at their estimated fair values as of their respective closing dates and People’s United Financial’s results of operations include the results of the acquired entities beginning with their respective closing dates.
People’s United Financial’s operations are divided into three primary operating segments that represent its core businesses: Commercial Banking; Retail and Business Banking; and Wealth Management. In addition, the Treasury area manages People’s United Financial’s securities portfolio, short-term investments and wholesale borrowings.
The Company’s operating segments have been aggregated into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking; and Retail and Business Banking. Commercial Banking consists principally of commercial real estate lending, commercial and industrial lending, and commercial deposit gathering activities. This segment also includes the equipment financing operations of PCLC and PUEFC, as well as cash management, correspondent banking and municipal banking. In addition, Commercial Banking consists of institutional trust services, corporate trust, insurance services provided through PUIA and private banking. Retail and Business Banking includes, as its principal business lines, business lending, consumer and business deposit gathering activities, consumer lending (including residential mortgage and home equity lending), and merchant services. In addition, Retail and Business Banking includes brokerage, financial advisory services, investment management services and life insurance provided by PSI and non-institutional trust services.
Further discussion of People’s United Financial’s business and operations appears on pages 23 through 84.
Supervision and Regulation-People’s United Financial
Federal Holding Company Regulation
People’s United Financial is a savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”). The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”) has responsibility for the supervision, examination and regulation of savings and loan holding companies and their non-depository subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings bank.
Although savings and loan holding companies are currently not subject to consolidated regulatory leverage or risk-based capital requirements (see Capital Requirements), FRB guidance indicates that a savings and loan holding company should have sufficient capital and an effective capital planning process, consistent with its overall risk profile and considering the size, scope, and complexity of its operations, to ensure its safe and sound operation. The FRB has also indicated that it will evaluate a savings and loan holding company’s capital planning and capital distribution processes, and its capital sufficiency in light of relevant supervisory guidance applicable to bank holding companies. The FRB also announced that in light of the requirements of the HOLA and any unique characteristics of savings and loan holding companies, it intends to assess the condition, performance and activities of savings and loan holding companies in a manner consistent with the FRB’s established risk-based approach for bank holding companies.
Activities Restrictions Applicable to Savings and Loan Holding Companies. The activities of all savings and loan holding companies formed after May 4, 1999, including People’s United Financial, must be financially related activities permissible for bank holding companies, unless the savings and loan holding company has elected to be treated as a financial holding company. A savings and loan holding company that has made a financial holding company election may also engage in activities permissible under section 4(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act. As of December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial had not made an election to be treated as a financial holding company.
Restrictions Applicable to All Savings and Loan Holding Companies. Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company directly or indirectly, from acquiring:
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control (as defined under the HOLA) of another savings bank (or a holding company parent) without prior FRB approval;
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through merger, consolidation or purchase of assets, another savings bank or a holding company thereof, or acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of such institution or holding company without prior approval by the FRB or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”); or
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control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC (except through a merger with and into the holding company’s savings bank subsidiary that is approved by the OCC).
The HOLA prohibits a savings and loan holding company (directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries) from acquiring another savings bank or holding company thereof without prior written approval of the FRB; acquiring or retaining, with certain exceptions, more than 5% of a non-subsidiary savings bank, a non-subsidiary holding company or a non-subsidiary company engaged in activities other than those permitted by the HOLA; or acquiring or retaining control of a depository institution that is not federally insured. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings banks, the FRB must consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”), the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.
Federal Securities Law
People’s United Financial’s common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as amended. People’s United Financial is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading, and other requirements and restrictions of the Exchange Act.
Delaware Corporation Law
People’s United Financial is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and is, therefore, subject to regulation by the state of Delaware. The rights of People’s United Financial’s stockholders are governed by the Delaware General Corporation Law.
Supervision and Regulation-People’s United Bank
General
People’s United Bank is a federally-chartered savings bank. Its deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC under the DIF. People’s United Bank is subject to regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements by the OCC as its primary regulator, by the FDIC as the deposit insurer and by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) with respect to compliance with designated consumer financial laws.
People’s United Bank files reports with the OCC concerning its activities and financial condition, and must obtain regulatory approval from the OCC prior to entering into certain transactions, such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other depository institutions. The OCC conducts periodic examinations to assess compliance with various regulatory requirements. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federally chartered savings banks with more than $10 billion in total assets and has substantial discretion to impose enforcement action on a federally-chartered savings bank that fails to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, particularly with respect to capital requirements imposed on savings banks. In addition, the FDIC has the authority to recommend to the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federally chartered savings bank and, if action is not taken by the OCC, the FDIC has authority to take such action under certain circumstances.
This regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which a federal savings bank can engage and is intended primarily for the protection of the DIF, depositors and consumers. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. Any change in such laws and regulations or interpretations thereof, whether by the OCC, the FDIC, and the CFPB or through legislation, could have a material adverse impact on People’s United Bank and its operations.
People’s United Bank’s brokerage subsidiary, PSI, is regulated by the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and state securities regulators. PUIA is subject to regulation by applicable state insurance regulators.
Federally Chartered Savings Bank Regulation
Activity Powers. Federal savings banks derive their lending, investment and other activity powers primarily from the HOLA, as amended, and the regulations of the OCC thereunder. Under these laws and regulations, federal savings banks generally may invest in:
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real estate mortgages;
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consumer and commercial loans;
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certain types of debt securities; and
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certain other assets.
Federal savings banks may also establish service corporations that may, subject to applicable limitations, engage in activities not otherwise permissible for federal savings banks, including certain real estate equity investments and securities and insurance brokerage activities. People’s United Bank’s investment powers are subject to various limitations, including (1) a prohibition against the acquisition of corporate debt securities not meeting established standards of credit-worthiness; (2) a limit of 400% of a savings bank’s capital on the aggregate amount of loans secured by non-residential real estate property; (3) a limit of 20% of a savings bank’s assets on commercial loans, with the amount of commercial loans in excess of 10% of assets being limited to small business loans; (4) a limit of 35% of a savings bank’s assets on the aggregate amount of consumer loans and acquisitions of certain debt securities, with amounts in excess of 30% of assets being limited to loans made directly to the original obligor and where no third-party finder or referral fees were paid; (5) a limit of 5% of assets on non-conforming loans (residential and farm loans in excess of the specific limitations of the HOLA); and (6) a limit of the greater of 5% of assets or a savings bank’s capital on certain construction loans made for the purpose of financing what is or is expected to become residential property.
Capital Requirements. OCC capital regulations require federally chartered savings banks to meet three minimum capital ratios:
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Tangible Capital Ratio - A 1.5% tangible capital ratio, calculated as tangible capital to adjusted total assets.
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Leverage (Core) Capital Ratio - A 4% leverage (core) capital ratio, calculated as core capital to adjusted total assets. The minimum leverage (core) capital ratio is reduced to 3% if the savings bank received the highest rating on its most recent safety and soundness examination.
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Risk-Based Capital Ratio - An 8% Total risk-based capital ratio, calculated as total risk-based capital to total risk-weighted assets. For purposes of this calculation, total risk-based capital includes core and supplementary capital, provided that supplementary capital may not exceed 100% of core capital.
In assessing an institution’s capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors but also qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where necessary. People’s United Bank, as a matter of prudent management, targets as its goal the maintenance of capital ratios which exceed these minimum requirements and that are consistent with People’s United Bank’s risk profile. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank exceeded each of its applicable capital requirements. See Management’s Discussion & Analysis-Regulatory Capital Requirements beginning on page 77 for a further discussion regarding People’s United Bank’s capital requirements.
In December 2010, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision released its final framework for capital requirements (the “Basel framework” or “Basel III”). In July 2013, the U.S. banking agencies published final rules to address implementation of the Basel III framework for U.S. financial institutions which, when fully phased-in, will: (i) set forth changes in the calculation of risk-weighted assets; (ii) introduce limitations on what is permissible for inclusion in Tier 1 capital; and (iii) require savings and loan holding companies and their savings bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially more capital, with a greater emphasis on common equity. The implementation of the Basel III final framework is scheduled to commence on January 1, 2015 for both the Company and People’s United Bank.
Safety and Soundness Standards. Each federal banking agency, including the OCC, has adopted guidelines establishing general standards relating to internal controls, information and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risks and exposures specified in the guidelines.
In addition, the OCC adopted regulations to require a savings bank that is given notice by the OCC that it is not satisfying any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan to the OCC. If, after being so notified, a savings bank fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan or fails in any material respect to implement an accepted compliance plan, the OCC may issue an order directing corrective and other actions of the types to which a significantly undercapitalized institution is subject under the “prompt corrective action” provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act. If a savings bank fails to comply with such an order, the OCC may seek to enforce the order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil monetary penalties.
Prompt Corrective Action. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act also established a system of prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of undercapitalized institutions. Under this system, federal bank regulators, including the OCC, are required to take certain, and authorized to take other, supervisory actions against undercapitalized institutions, based upon five categories of capitalization which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act created: “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.”
The severity of the action authorized or required to be taken under the prompt corrective action regulations increases as a bank’s capital decreases within the three undercapitalized categories. All banks are prohibited from paying dividends or other capital distributions or paying management fees to any controlling person if, following such distribution, the bank would be undercapitalized. The OCC is required to monitor closely the condition of an undercapitalized savings bank and to restrict the growth of its assets. An undercapitalized bank is required to file a capital restoration plan within 45 days of the date the bank receives notice or is deemed to have notice that it is within any of the three undercapitalized categories, and the plan must be guaranteed by any parent holding company.
The aggregate liability of a parent holding company is limited to the lesser of:
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an amount equal to 5% of the bank’s total assets at the time it became “undercapitalized”; and
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the amount that is necessary (or would have been necessary) to bring the bank into compliance with all capital standards applicable with respect to such bank as of the time it fails to comply with a capital restoration plan.
If a bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it were “significantly undercapitalized.” Banks that are significantly or critically undercapitalized are subject to a wider range of regulatory requirements and restrictions. Under OCC regulations, generally, a federal savings bank is treated as “well-capitalized” if its Total risk-based capital ratio is 10% or greater, its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is 6% or greater, and its leverage ratio is 5% or greater, and it is not subject to any order or directive by the OCC to meet a specific capital level. As of December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s regulatory capital ratios exceeded the OCC’s numeric criteria for classification as a “well-capitalized” institution. Basel III would also revise the prompt corrective action framework by incorporating new regulatory capital minimums, including a requirement for tangible common equity.
Insurance Activities. Federal savings banks are generally permitted to engage in certain insurance and annuity activities through subsidiaries. However, federal banking laws prohibit depository institutions from conditioning the extension of credit to individuals upon either the purchase of an insurance product or annuity from an entity affiliated with the depository institution or an agreement by the consumer not to purchase an insurance product or annuity from an entity that is not affiliated with the depository institution. Applicable regulations also require prior disclosure of this prohibition to potential insurance product or annuity customers.
Federal banking agencies, including the OCC, also require depository institutions that offer non-deposit investment products, such as certain annuity and related insurance products, to disclose to the consumer that the products are not federally insured, are not guaranteed by the institution and are subject to investment risk including possible loss of principal. These disclosure requirements apply if the institution offers the non-deposit investment products directly or through affiliates or subsidiaries.
Deposit Insurance. People’s United Bank is a member of, and pays its deposit insurance assessments to, the DIF.
The FDIC has established a system for setting deposit insurance premiums based upon the risks a particular bank or savings association poses to the DIF. In February 2011, the FDIC approved a final rule that: (i) changed the assessment base from adjusted domestic deposits to a bank’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity (defined as Tier 1 capital); (ii) adopted a new large-bank pricing assessment scheme; and (iii) set a target size for the DIF at 2% of insured deposits. The rule, which was effective beginning with the quarterly assessment period ended June 30, 2011, also (i) implemented a lower assessment rate schedule when the DIF reaches 1.15% and, in lieu of dividends, provides for a lower rate schedule when the reserve ratio reaches 2% and 2.5% and (ii) created a scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, including People’s United Bank.
One of the financial ratios used in the scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets is the ratio of “higher-risk” assets to Tier 1 capital and reserves. In October 2012, the FDIC adopted a final rule, which became effective April 1, 2013, that revised the definitions of higher-risk commercial and industrial loans, securities and consumer loans, and clarified when an asset must be classified as higher-risk.
In addition, all FDIC-insured institutions are required to pay assessments to the FDIC at an annual rate of approximately 0.0062% of insured deposits to fund interest payments on bonds issued by the Financing Corporation, an agency of the federal government established to recapitalize the predecessor to the Savings Association Insurance Fund. These assessments will continue until the Financing Corporation bonds mature between 2017 and 2019.
Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC may terminate the insurance of an institution’s deposits upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.
Transactions with Affiliates. Federal savings banks are subject to the affiliate and insider transaction rules set forth in Sections 23A, 23B, 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, and their implementing regulations, Regulation W and Regulation O, issued by the FRB. Affiliated transaction provisions, among other things, prohibit or limit a federal savings bank from extending credit to, or entering into certain transactions with, its affiliates and principal stockholders, directors and executive officers.
In addition, Section 11 of the HOLA prohibits a savings bank from making a loan to an affiliate that is engaged in non-bank holding company activities and prohibits a savings bank from purchasing or investing in securities issued by an affiliate that is not a subsidiary. The FRB and the OCC require each depository institution that is subject to the affiliate transaction restrictions of Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act to implement policies and procedures to ensure compliance with Regulation W.
In addition to the insider transaction limitations of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 prohibits the extension of personal loans to directors and executive officers of issuers (as defined in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act). The prohibition, however, does not apply to mortgage loans advanced by an insured depository institution, such as People’s United Bank, that are subject to the insider lending restrictions of Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act.
Privacy Standards. People’s United Bank is subject to OCC regulations implementing statutorily-mandated privacy protection. These regulations require People’s United Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, People’s United Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having People’s United Bank share their non-public personal information with unaffiliated third parties before the bank can disclose such information, subject to certain exceptions.
In addition to certain state laws governing protection of customer information, People’s United Bank is subject to federal regulatory guidelines establishing standards for safeguarding customer information. The guidelines describe the agencies’ expectations for the creation, implementation and maintenance of an information security program, which would include administrative, technical and physical safeguards appropriate to the size and complexity of the institution and the nature and scope of its activities. The standards set forth in the guidelines are intended to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. Federal guidelines also impose certain customer disclosures and other actions in the event of unauthorized access to customer information.
Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act, as implemented by the OCC regulations, any federally chartered savings bank, including People’s United Bank, has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with its safe and sound operation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The Community Reinvestment Act does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. The Community Reinvestment Act requires the OCC, in connection with its examination of a federally chartered savings bank, to assess the depository institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such institution.
Current Community Reinvestment Act regulations rate an institution based on its actual performance in meeting community needs. In particular, the evaluation system focuses on three tests:
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a lending test, to evaluate the institution’s record of making loans in its service areas;
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an investment test, to evaluate the institution’s record of investing in community development projects, affordable housing and programs benefiting low or moderate income individuals and businesses; and
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a service test, to evaluate the institution’s delivery of services through its branches, ATMs and other offices.
The Community Reinvestment Act also requires all institutions to make public disclosure of their Community Reinvestment Act ratings. People’s United Bank received an “outstanding” rating in its most recent Community Reinvestment Act examination performed in 2009. The federal banking agencies adopted regulations implementing the requirements under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act that insured depository institutions publicly disclose certain agreements that are in fulfillment of the Community Reinvestment Act. People’s United Bank has no such agreements in place at this time.
Loans to One Borrower. Under the HOLA, savings banks are generally subject to the national bank limits on loans to one borrower. Generally, savings banks may not make a loan or extend credit, including credit associated with derivatives and securities financing transactions, to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of the institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Additional amounts may be loaned, not in excess of 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if such loans or extensions of credit are secured by readily-marketable collateral. People’s United Bank is in compliance with applicable loans to one borrower limitations.
Nontraditional Mortgage Products. The federal banking agencies have issued guidance for institutions that originate or service nontraditional or alternative mortgage products, defined to include all residential mortgage loan products that allow borrowers to defer repayment on principal or interest, such as interest-only mortgages and payment option adjustable-rate mortgages. A portion of People’s United Bank’s adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans represent interest-only residential mortgage loans. None of these loans permit negative amortization or optional payment amounts.
Recognizing that alternative mortgage products expose institutions to increased risks as compared to traditional loans where payments amortize or reduce the principal amount, the guidance requires increased scrutiny for alternative mortgage products. Institutions that originate or service alternative mortgages should have: (i) strong risk management practices that include maintenance of capital levels and allowance for loan losses commensurate with the risk; (ii) prudent lending policies and underwriting standards that address a borrower’s repayment capacity; and (iii) programs and practices designed to ensure that consumers receive clear and balanced information to assist in making informed decisions about mortgage products. The guidance also recommends heightened controls and safeguards when an institution combines an alternative mortgage product with features that compound risk, such as a simultaneous second-lien or the use of reduced documentation to evaluate a loan application. People’s United Bank complies with the guidance on non-traditional mortgage products as it is interpreted and applied by the OCC.
Qualified Thrift Lender Test. The HOLA requires federal savings banks to meet a Qualified Thrift Lender (“QTL”) test. Under the QTL test, a savings bank is required to maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” (total assets less: (i) specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets; (ii) intangibles, including goodwill; and (iii) the value of property used to conduct business) in certain “qualified thrift investments” (primarily residential mortgages and related investments, including certain mortgage-backed securities, credit card loans, student loans and small business loans) on a monthly basis during at least 9 out of every 12 months.
A savings bank that fails the QTL test will be deemed to have violated Section 5 of the HOLA and be subject to enforcement action under Section 5(d) of the HOLA. In addition, a savings bank that fails the QTL test generally will be prohibited from: (i) engaging in any new activity not permissible for a national bank; (ii) paying dividends without prior approval from the OCC and the FRB (the payment of such dividend must also be permissible under national bank regulations); and (iii) establishing any new branch office in a location not permissible for a national bank in the institution’s home state. In addition, the institution may have to repay any outstanding advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”) as promptly as possible. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank was in compliance with the QTL test.
Limitation on Capital Distributions. The OCC regulates capital distributions by People’s United Bank directly or indirectly to People’s United Financial, including cash dividend payments. OCC regulations impose limitations upon capital distributions by federal savings banks, such as certain cash dividends, payments to repurchase or otherwise acquire its shares, payments to stockholders of another institution in a cash-out merger and other distributions charged against capital. OCC regulations require People's United Bank to submit an application to the OCC prior to making a capital distribution, including the payment of cash dividends to People’s United Financial. In addition, a federal savings bank that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company must notify the FRB at least 30 days prior to making any cash dividend payment to its parent. An informational copy of this notice is also provided to the federal savings bank’s primary federal regulator, which in the case of People’s United Bank is the OCC. The FRB will consult with the institution’s primary federal regulator in determining whether to disapprove the proposed dividend.
FRB and OCC regulations state that the FRB or OCC may disapprove the proposed dividend if: (i) the federal savings bank will be less than adequately capitalized following payment of the proposed dividend; (ii) the proposed dividend raises safety or soundness concerns; or (iii) the proposed dividend would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation, enforcement action, or agreement among or between the savings bank, its parent and a federal banking agency; a condition imposed on the savings association or its parent in an application or notice approved by an appropriate federal banking agency; or any formal or informal enforcement action involving the federal savings bank or its parent.
OCC regulations provide that a federal savings bank must file an application with the OCC if the total amount of all its capital distributions (including the proposed capital distribution) for the applicable calendar year exceeds the federal savings bank’s net income for that year plus its retained net income for the preceding two years. People’s United Bank may not pay dividends to People’s United Financial if, after paying those dividends, it would fail to meet the required minimum levels under risk-based capital guidelines and the minimum leverage and tangible capital ratio requirements or if the OCC notified People’s United Bank that it was in need of more than normal supervision. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, an insured depository institution, such as People’s United Bank, is prohibited from making capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, if, after making such distribution, the institution would become “undercapitalized” (as such term is used in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act). Payment of dividends by People’s United Bank also may be restricted at any time at the discretion of the appropriate regulator if it deems the payment to constitute an unsafe and unsound banking practice. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion on capital distributions.
Liquidity. People’s United Bank maintains sufficient liquidity to ensure its safe and sound operation, in accordance with applicable OCC regulations.
Assessments. The OCC charges assessments to recover the cost of examining federal savings banks and their affiliates. These assessments are based on three components: (i) the size of the institution on which the basic assessment is based; (ii) the institution’s supervisory condition, which results in an additional assessment based on a percentage of the basic assessment for any savings institution with a composite rating of 3, 4 or 5 in its most recent safety and soundness examination; and (iii) the complexity of the institution’s operations, which results in an additional assessment based on a percentage of the basic assessment for any savings institution that managed over $1 billion in trust assets, serviced for others loans aggregating more than $1 billion, or had certain off-balance sheet assets aggregating more than $1 billion.
Branching. Under OCC branching regulations, People’s United Bank is generally authorized to open branches nationwide. People’s United Bank is required to submit an application to the OCC and publish a public notice prior to establishing a new branch or relocating an existing branch. OCC authority preempts any state law purporting to regulate branching by federal savings banks.
Anti-Money Laundering and Customer Identification. People’s United Bank is subject to OCC and Financial Crimes Enforcement Network regulations implementing the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act. The USA PATRIOT Act gives the federal government powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act takes measures intended to encourage information sharing among banks, regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of Title III impose affirmative reporting obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including savings banks like People’s United Bank.
Federal Home Loan Bank System. People’s United Bank is a member of the FHLB system, which consists of twelve regional Federal Home Loan Banks, each subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. The FHLB system provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions as well as other entities involved in home mortgage lending. It is funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the Federal Home Loan Banks. It makes loans or advances to members in accordance with policies and procedures, including collateral requirements, established by the respective boards of directors of the Federal Home Loan Banks. These policies and procedures are subject to the regulation and oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which has also established standards of community or investment service that members must meet to maintain access to long-term advances.
People’s United Bank, as a member of the FHLB of Boston, is currently required to purchase and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB of Boston in an amount equal to 0.35% of People’s United Bank’s Membership Stock Investment Base plus an Activity Based Stock Investment Requirement. The Activity Based Stock Investment Requirement is equal to 3.0% of any outstanding principal for overnight advances, 4.0% of any outstanding principal for term advances with an original term of two days to three months and 4.5% of any outstanding principal for term advances with an original term greater than three months. People’s United Bank is in compliance with these requirements. As a result of its acquisition of the Bank of Smithtown in 2010, People’s United Bank also holds shares of capital stock in the FHLB of New York.
Federal Reserve System. FRB regulations require federally chartered savings banks to maintain non-interest-earning cash reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily negotiable order of withdrawal and demand deposit accounts). Institutions must maintain a reserve of 3% against aggregate transaction account balances between $13.3 million and $89.0 million (subject to adjustment by the FRB) plus a reserve of 10% (subject to adjustment by the FRB within specific limits) against that portion of total transaction account balances in excess of $89.0 million. The first $13.3 million of otherwise reservable balances is exempt from the reserve requirements. People’s United Bank is in compliance with the foregoing requirements. The required reserves must be maintained in the form of vault cash, or an interest-bearing account at a Federal Reserve Bank, or a pass-through account as defined by the Federal Reserve Board.
Market Area and Competition
People’s United Financial’s primary market areas are New England and southeastern New York, with Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont having the largest concentration of its loans, deposits and branches. At December 31, 2013, approximately 28%, 18%, 18% and 7% of the Company’s loans by outstanding principal amount were to customers located within Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Vermont, respectively. Loans to customers located in the New England states as a group represented approximately 63% of total loans at December 31, 2013. However, substantially all of the equipment financing portfolio (approximately 97% at December 31, 2013) was to customers located outside of New England. At December 31, 2013, approximately 31% of the equipment financing portfolio was to customers located in Texas, California and New York and no other state exposure was greater than 6%.
As of June 30, 2013, People’s United Financial had: (i) the largest market share of deposits in Fairfield County, Connecticut; (ii) the third largest market share of deposits in the state of Connecticut; and (iii) the largest market share of deposits in the state of Vermont. People’s United Financial competes for deposits, loans and financial services with commercial banks, savings institutions, commercial and consumer finance companies, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, credit unions and a variety of other institutional lenders and securities firms.
As People’s United Financial’s predominant market, Connecticut is one of the most attractive banking markets in the United States. With a total population of approximately 3.6 million and a median household income of $65,549, Connecticut ranks third in the United States, well above the U.S. median household income of $50,157, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial. Fairfield County, where People’s United Financial is headquartered, has the highest median household income in Connecticut of $80,342 according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial. The median household income in New York, which has the Company’s second highest number of branches, was $53,826, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial. The median household income in Massachusetts and Vermont, which have the Company’s third and fourth highest number of branches, was $62,403 and $50,435, respectively, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial.
The principal basis of competition for deposits is the interest rate paid for those deposits and related fees, the convenience of access to services through traditional and non-traditional delivery alternatives, and the quality of services to customers. The principal basis of competition for loans is through the interest rates and loan fees charged and the development of relationships based on the efficiency, convenience and quality of services provided to borrowers. Further competition has been created through the rapid acceleration of commerce conducted over the Internet. This has enabled institutions, including People’s United Financial, to compete in markets outside their traditional geographic boundaries.
Personnel
As of December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial had 4,842 full-time and 587 part-time employees.
Access to Information
As a public company, People’s United Financial is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, as amended and, in accordance therewith, files reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports, proxy and information statements and other information can be inspected and copied at prescribed rates at the public reference room maintained by the SEC at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and are available on the SEC’s EDGAR database on the internet at www.sec.gov. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. People’s United Financial’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “PBCT”.
Copies of many of these reports are also available through People’s United Financial’s website at www.peoples.com.
People’s United Financial currently provides website access to the following reports:
Form 10-K (most recent filing and any related amendments)
Form 10-Q (four most recent filings and any related amendments)
Form 8-K (all filings in most recent 12 months and any related amendments)
Annual Report to Shareholders (two most recent years)
Proxy Statement for Annual Meeting of Shareholders (two most recent years)
XBRL Interactive Data (most recent 12 months)
Item 1A.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Changes in Interest Rates Could Adversely Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
People’s United Financial makes most of its earnings based on the difference between interest it earns compared to interest it pays. This difference is called the “interest spread.” People’s United Financial earns interest on loans and to a much lesser extent on securities and short-term investments. These are called “interest-earning assets.” People’s United Financial pays interest on some forms of deposits and on funds it borrows from other sources. These are called “interest-bearing liabilities.”
People’s United Financial’s interest spread can change depending on when interest rates earned on interest-earning assets change, compared to when interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities change. Some rate changes occur while these assets or liabilities are still on People’s United Financial’s books. Other rate changes occur when these assets or liabilities mature and are replaced by new interest-earning assets or interest-bearing liabilities at different rates. It may be difficult to replace interest-earning assets quickly, since customers may not want to borrow money when interest rates are high, or People’s United Financial may not be able to make loans that meet its lending standards. People’s United Financial interest spread may also change based on the mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
People’s United Financial’s interest spread may be lower if the timing of interest rate changes is different for its interest-earning assets compared to its interest-bearing liabilities. For example, if interest rates go down, People’s United Financial could earn less on some of its interest-earning assets while it is still obligated to pay higher rates on some of its interest-bearing liabilities. On the other hand, if interest rates go up, People’s United Financial might have to pay more on some of its interest-bearing liabilities while it continues to receive lower rates on some of its interest-earning assets.
People’s United Financial manages this risk using many different techniques. If it is not successful in managing this risk, People’s United Financial may be less profitable.
Changes in Our Asset Quality Could Adversely Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Asset quality measures the performance of a borrower in repaying a loan, with interest, on time. In recent years, we have benefited from relatively stable asset quality. Still, there are elements of our loan portfolio that inherently present greater credit risk, such as interest-only and stated income residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and lines with incomplete first lien data and commercial real estate loans. Each of these portfolio risk elements, where potentially material in the context of our overall loan portfolio, are discussed in greater detail within Management’s Discussion & Analysis-Asset Quality beginning on page 58. While the Company believes that it manages asset quality through prudent underwriting practices and collection operations, it is possible that our asset quality could deteriorate, depending upon economic conditions and other factors.
The Success of Our Stop & Shop Branches Depends on the Success of the Stop & Shop Brand
One element of our strategy is to focus on increasing deposits by providing a wide range of convenient services to our customers. An integral component of this strategy is People’s United Bank’s supermarket banking initiative, pursuant to which, as of December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank has established 143 full-service Stop & Shop branches throughout Connecticut and southeastern New York, most in close proximity to our traditional branches, which provide customers with the convenience of seven-day-a-week banking. At December 31, 2013, 35% of People’s United Bank branches were located in Stop & Shop supermarkets and 15% of our total deposits at that date were held in Stop & Shop branches.
People’s United Bank currently has exclusive branching rights in Stop & Shop supermarkets in the state of Connecticut and certain counties in the state of New York, in the form of licensing agreements between The Stop & Shop Supermarket Company and People’s United Bank, which provides for the leasing of space to People’s United Bank within Stop & Shop supermarkets for branch use. People’s United Bank has the exclusive right to branch in these supermarkets until 2027, provided that People’s United Bank does not default on its obligations under the licensing agreement.
Under the terms of the license agreements, People’s United Bank has the obligation to open branches in new Stop & Shop locations, even if Stop & Shop’s market share declines or the value of the Stop & Shop brand is diminished. The license agreements do not stipulate the number of branch openings per year but, rather, apply only to those new Stop & Shop locations that meet or exceed specified thresholds as to size (square footage) and/or customer traffic. Based on our experience, we would expect the application of these thresholds to result in the opening of approximately 4-6 new branches per year in Stop & Shop locations.
Stop & Shop is currently the leading grocery store in Connecticut. The success of People’s United Bank supermarket branches is dependent, in part, on the success of the Stop & Shop supermarkets in which they are located. A drop in Stop & Shop’s market share, a decrease in the number of Stop & Shop locations or customers, or a decline in the overall quality of Stop & Shop supermarkets could result in decreased business for the Stop & Shop branches, in the form of fewer loan originations, lower deposit generation and fewer overall branch transactions, and could influence market perception of People’s United Bank Stop & Shop supermarket branches as convenient banking locations.
We Depend on Our Executive Officers and Key Personnel to Continue the Implementation of Our Long-Term Business Strategy and Could Be Harmed by the Loss of Their Services
We believe that our continued growth and future success will depend in large part upon the skills of our management team. The competition for qualified personnel in the financial services industry can be intense, and the loss of our key personnel or an inability to continue to attract, retain and motivate key personnel could adversely affect our business.
Our Business Is Affected by the International, National, Regional and Local Economies in Which We Operate
Changes in international, national, regional and local economic conditions affect our business. If economic conditions change significantly or quickly, our business operations could suffer, and we could become weaker financially as a result.
Since 2008, the housing and real estate markets, as well as the broader economy, have experienced declines, both nationally and locally. Housing market conditions in the New England region, where much of our lending activity occurs, have deteriorated as evidenced by reduced levels of sales, increasing inventories of houses on the market, declining house prices and an increase in the length of time houses remain on the market. No assurance can be given that these conditions will improve or will not worsen or that such conditions will not result in a decrease in our interest income, an increase in our non-performing loans, an increase in our provision for loan losses or an adverse impact on our loan losses.
The past several years have been marked by significant volatility in the financial and capital markets initially brought about by the fallout associated with the subprime mortgage market. This disruption led to significant credit and liquidity concerns, which resulted in government intervention within the banking sector and a substantial decline in activity within the secondary mortgage market. All of these issues have been further exacerbated by an accelerated softening of the real estate market, a worsening recessionary economic environment and, in turn, weakness within the commercial sector.
Our loan portfolio is not immune to potential negative consequences arising as a result of general economic weakness and, in particular, a prolonged downturn in the housing market on a national scale. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for loans. In addition, adverse changes in the economy could have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make scheduled loan payments, which would likely have an adverse impact on earnings. Further, an increase in loan delinquencies may serve to decrease net interest income and adversely impact loan loss experience, resulting in an increased provision and allowance for loan losses.
International economic uncertainty continues to have an impact on the U.S. financial markets, potentially suppressing stock prices and adding to volatility. Our foreign country exposure, which is defined as the aggregation of exposure maintained with financial institutions, companies or individuals in a given country outside of the United States, is minimal and indirect, with the majority of such exposure comprised of corporate debt securities. Our sovereign credit exposure is comprised of an immaterial amount of government bonds issued by a single non-European sovereign.
The Geographic Concentration of Our Loan Portfolio Could Make Us Vulnerable to a Downturn in the Economies in Which We Operate
At December 31, 2013, approximately 28%, 18% and 18% of the Company’s loans by outstanding principal amount were to people and businesses located within Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York, respectively. Loans to people and businesses located in the New England states as a group represented approximately 63% of total loans at that date. How well our business performs depends very much on the health of these regional and local economies. We could experience losses in our real estate-related loan portfolios if the prices for housing and other kinds of real estate decreased significantly in New England or southeastern New York.
If the economic environment deteriorates, or negative trends emerge with respect to the financial markets, the New England and southeastern New York economies could suffer more than the national economy. This would be especially likely in Fairfield County, Connecticut (where the Company is headquartered) as well as the suburban communities of New York City and Boston as a result of the significant number of people living in these areas who also work in the financial services industry.
In addition, our ability to continue to originate real estate loans may be impaired by adverse changes in the local and regional economic conditions in these real estate markets. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for our loans. Adverse changes in the economy may also have a negative effect on the ability of our borrowers to make timely repayments of their loans, which would have an adverse impact on our earnings. In addition, if poor economic conditions result in decreased demand for real estate loans, our profits may decrease because our alternative investments may earn less income for us than real estate loans.
Our equipment financing business, which operates nationally, could be negatively affected by adverse changes in the national economy, even if those changes have no significant effect on the local and regional economies in which our other businesses operate.
No assurance can be given that such conditions will not occur or that such conditions will not result in a decrease in our interest income, an increase in our non-performing loans, an increase in our provision for loan losses or an adverse impact on our loan losses.
In Response to Competitive Pressures, Our Costs Could Increase if We Were Required to Increase Our Service and Convenience Levels or Our Margins Could Decrease if We Were Required to Increase Deposit Rates or Lower Interest Rates on Loans
People’s United Financial faces significant competition for deposits and loans. In deciding where to deposit their money, many people look first at the interest rate they will earn. They also might consider whether a bank offers other kinds of services they might need and, if they have been a customer of a bank before, what their experience was like. People also like convenience, so the number of offices and banking hours may be important. Some people also prefer the availability of on-line services.
People’s United Financial competes with other banks, credit unions, brokerage firms and money market funds for deposits. Some people may decide to buy bonds or similar kinds of investments issued by companies or by federal, state and local governments and agencies, instead of opening a deposit account.
In making decisions about loans, many people consider the interest rate they will have to pay. They also consider any extra fees they might have to pay in order to get the loan. Many business loans are more complicated because there may not be a standard type of loan that meets all of the customer’s needs. Business borrowers consider many different factors that are not all financial in nature, including the type and amount of security the lender wants and other terms of the loan that do not involve the interest rate.
People’s United Financial competes with other banks, credit unions, credit card issuers, finance companies, mortgage lenders and mortgage brokers for loans. Insurance companies also compete with People’s United Financial for some types of commercial loans.
Many of People’s United Financial’s competitors have branches in the same market area as it does, some of which are much larger than it is. The New England region, including Connecticut, which is People’s United Financial’s predominant market, and specifically Fairfield County, where People’s United Financial is headquartered, is an attractive banking market. Many locally-based banks have been acquired by large regional and national companies in the last several years. We expect this trend to continue. Therefore, there are not as many bank competitors in our market as there used to be, but the ones that are left are usually bigger and have more resources than the ones they acquired.
People’s United Financial also has competition from outside its own market area. A bank that does not have any branches in our primary markets can still have customers there by providing banking services on-line. It costs money to set up and maintain a branch system. Banks that do not spend as much money as People’s United Financial does on branches might be more profitable than it is, even if they pay higher interest on deposits and charge lower interest on loans.
Changes in Federal and State Regulation Could Adversely Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
The banking business is heavily regulated by the federal and state governments. Banking laws and rules are for the most part intended to protect depositors, not stockholders.
Banking laws and rules can change at any time. The government agencies responsible for supervising People’s United Financial’s businesses can also change the way they interpret these laws and rules, even if the rules themselves do not change. We need to make sure that our business activities comply with any changes in these rules or the interpretation of the rules. We might be less profitable if we have to change the way we conduct business in order to comply. Our business might suffer in other ways as well.
Changes in state and federal tax laws or the accounting standards we are required to follow can make our business less profitable. Changes in the government’s economic and monetary policies may hurt our ability to compete for deposits and loans. Changes in these policies can also make it more expensive for us to do business.
The government agencies responsible for supervising our business can take drastic action if they think we are not conducting business safely or are too weak financially. They can force People’s United Financial to hold additional capital, pay higher deposit insurance premiums, stop paying dividends, stop making certain kinds of loans or stop offering certain kinds of deposits. If the agencies took any of these steps or other similar steps, it would probably make our business less profitable. People’s United Bank is subject to the QTL test and commercial loan limits imposed under the HOLA.
Enactment of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “DFA”) has resulted in significant changes in the financial regulatory landscape, many of which affect us. Among the more significant provisions of the DFA, as well as their actual or anticipated impact, if quantifiable, are:
•
Changes to the regulatory landscape, including:
(i) change in both People's United Financial's and People's United Bank's primary regulator;
(ii) creation of the CFPB, which is empowered to promulgate new consumer protection regulations and revise existing regulations in many areas of consumer protection, and exercise exclusive authority over our consumer compliance examinations; and
(iii) restrictions on the ability of federal bank regulatory authorities to preempt the application of state consumer protection laws and regulations.
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Limitations on the amount of interchange fees that an issuer of debit cards may charge or receive:
•
The DFA limits the amount of interchange fee that an issuer of debit cards may charge or receive to an amount that is “reasonable and proportional” to the cost of the transaction. The DFA further provides that a debit card issuer may not restrict the number of payment card networks on which a debit card transaction may be processed to a single network or limit the ability of a merchant to direct the routing of debit card payments for processing. The interchange fee provisions, which became effective in the fourth quarter of 2011, have resulted in a decline in bank service charges of approximately $20 million on an annualized basis (see Recent Market Developments).
•
Changes impacting the financial products and services we offer to our customers:
•
All federal prohibitions on the ability of financial institutions to pay interest on demand deposit accounts were repealed as part of the DFA. As of December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s non-interest bearing deposits totaled $5.3 billion, or 24% of total deposits. The Company’s interest expense may increase and net interest margin may decrease if it begins to offer higher rates of interest than are currently offered on demand deposits.
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Stricter capital requirements for bank holding companies:
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The DFA imposes stringent capital requirements on bank holding companies by, among other things, imposing leverage ratios on holding companies and prohibiting the inclusion of new trust preferred issuances in Tier I capital. The DFA also increases regulation of derivatives and hedging transactions, which could limit the ability of People’s United Financial to enter into, or increase the costs associated with, interest rate and other hedging transactions.
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Mortgage rules promulgated by the CFPB:
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The CFPB has issued a series of final rules to implement provisions in the DFA related to mortgage origination and mortgage servicing. These rules, which went into effect in January 2014 and which may increase the cost of originating and servicing residential mortgage loans, include:
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A rule to implement the requirement that creditors make a reasonable, good faith determination of a consumer’s ability to repay any consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling and establish certain protections from liability under this requirement for “qualified mortgages”; and
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A rule addressing mortgage servicers’ obligations to: correct errors asserted by mortgage loan borrowers; provide certain information requested by such borrowers; and provide protections to such borrowers in connection with force-placed insurance. Additionally, this final rule addresses servicers’ obligations to: provide information about mortgage loss mitigation options to delinquent borrowers; establish policies and procedures for providing delinquent borrowers with continuity of contact with servicer personnel capable of performing certain functions; and evaluate borrowers’ applications for available loss mitigation options.
While it is difficult to fully quantify the anticipated increase in our regulatory compliance burden, we do expect that costs associated with regulatory compliance, including the need to hire additional compliance personnel, will continue to increase as a result of the DFA. Certain other provisions of the DFA still require subsequent regulatory rulemaking. As a result, it is not clear at this time how those new regulations will affect People’s United Financial.
If People’s United Financial’s Allowance for Loan Losses Is Not Sufficient to Cover Actual Loan Losses, Our Earnings Would Decrease
People’s United Financial is exposed to the risk that customers will not be able to repay their loans. This risk is inherent in the lending business. There is also the risk that the customer’s collateral will not be sufficient to cover the balance of their loan, as underlying collateral values fluctuate with market changes. People’s United Financial records an allowance for loan losses to cover probable losses inherent in the existing loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged to income. Losses on loans, including impaired loans, are charged to the allowance for loan losses when all or a portion of a loan is deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries of loans previously charged off are credited to the allowance for loan losses when realized.
People’s United Financial maintains the allowance for loan losses at a level that is deemed to be appropriate to absorb probable losses inherent in the respective loan portfolios, based on a quarterly evaluation of a variety of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to: People’s United Financial’s historical loan loss experience and recent trends in that experience; risk ratings assigned by lending personnel to commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and equipment financing loans, and the results of ongoing reviews of those ratings by People’s United Financial’s independent loan review function; an evaluation of delinquent and non-performing loans and related collateral values; the probability of loss in view of geographic and industry concentrations and other portfolio risk characteristics; the present financial condition of borrowers; and current economic conditions.
While People’s United Financial seeks to use the best available information to make these evaluations, and at December 31, 2013, management believed that the allowance for loan losses was appropriate to cover probable losses inherent in the existing loan portfolio, it is possible that borrower defaults could exceed the current estimates for loan losses, which would reduce earnings. In addition, future increases to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, results of regulatory examinations, further information obtained regarding known problem loans, increasing charge-offs of existing problem loans, or the identification of additional problem loans and other factors, which would also reduce earnings.
Our Goodwill May be Determined to be Impaired at a Future Date Depending on the Results of Periodic Impairment Evaluations
People’s United Financial evaluates goodwill for impairment on an annual basis (or more frequently, if necessary). According to applicable accounting requirements, acceptable valuation methods include present-value measurements based on multiples of earnings or revenues, or similar performance measures. If the quoted market price for People’s United Financial common stock were to decline significantly, or if it was determined that the carrying amount of our goodwill exceeded its implied fair value, we would be required to write down the asset recorded for goodwill as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. This, in turn, would result in a charge to earnings and, thus, a reduction in stockholders’ equity. See Notes 1 and 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning People’s United Financial’s goodwill and the required impairment test.
People’s United Financial May Fail To Successfully Integrate Acquired Companies and Realize All of the Anticipated Benefits of an Acquisition
The ultimate success of an acquisition will depend, in part, on the ability of People’s United Financial to realize the anticipated benefits from combining the businesses of People’s United Financial with those of an acquired company. If People’s United Financial is not able to successfully combine the businesses, the anticipated benefits of a merger may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected.
A Failure In or Breach Of Our Operational or Security Systems or Infrastructure, or Those of Our Third Party Vendors and Other Service Providers, Including as a Result of Cyber Attacks, Could Disrupt Our Business, Result in the Disclosure or Misuse of Confidential or Proprietary Information, Damage Our Reputation, Increase Our Costs and Cause Losses
We depend upon our ability to process, record and monitor a large number of customer transactions on a continuous basis. As customer, public and regulatory expectations regarding operational and information security have increased, our operational systems and infrastructure must continue to be safeguarded and monitored for potential failures, disruptions and breakdowns.
Information security risks for financial institutions, such as ours, have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists and other external parties. As noted above, our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks.
Our business operations rely on our digital technologies, computer and email systems, software and networks to conduct their operations. In addition, to access our products and services, our customers may use electronic devices that are beyond our control systems. Although we have information security procedures and controls in place, our technologies, systems, networks and our customers’ devices may become the target of cyber attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information, or otherwise disrupt our or our customers’ or other third parties’ business operations.
Third parties with whom we do business or that facilitate our business activities, including exchanges, clearing houses, financial intermediaries or vendors that provide services or security solutions for our operations, could also be sources of operational and information security risk to us, including from breakdowns or failures of their own systems or capacity constraints.
Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyber attacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such losses in the future. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, the size and scale of People’s United Financial, our plans to continue to implement our internet banking and mobile banking channel strategies and develop additional remote connectivity solutions to serve our customers when and how they want to be served, our expanded geographic footprint, the outsourcing of some of our business operations and the continued uncertain global economic environment. As a result, cybersecurity and the continued development and enhancement of our controls, processes and practices designed to protect our systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a focus for us. As threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate information security vulnerabilities.
Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and customers, or cyber attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our customers use to access our products and services could result in customer attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Availability of First Lien Data With Respect to Our Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit Could Delay Our Response to Any Deterioration in the Borrower’s Credit
We do not currently have statistics for our entire portfolio of home equity loans and lines of credit with respect to first liens serviced by third parties that have priority over our junior liens, as we did not historically capture that data on our loan servicing systems. As a result, we may therefore be unaware that the loan secured by the first lien is not performing, which could delay our response to an apparent deterioration in the borrower’s creditworthiness. As of December 31, 2013, full and complete first lien position data was not readily available for approximately 59% of the home equity portfolio which, in turn, represented approximately 3% of our overall loan portfolio at that date.
We are actively working with a third-party vendor to obtain the missing first lien information and have, in certain cases, obtained the data through information reported to credit bureaus when the borrower defaults. This data collection effort, however, can be more difficult in cases where more than one mortgage is reported in a borrower’s credit report and/or there is not a corresponding property address associated with a reported mortgage, in which case we are often unable to associate a specific first lien with our junior lien. Please see the discussion in Management’s Discussion and Analysis-Asset Quality-Portfolio Risk Elements-Home Equity Lending beginning on page 61 for more detail, including steps we are taking to otherwise address this issue.
Item 1B.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties
People’s United Financial’s corporate headquarters is located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The headquarters building had a net book value of $62 million at December 31, 2013 and People’s United Financial occupies approximately 87% of the building; all other available office space is leased to an unrelated party. People’s United Financial delivers its financial services through a network of 410 branches located throughout Connecticut, southeastern New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. People’s United Financial’s branch network is primarily concentrated in Connecticut, where it has 163 offices (including 85 located in Stop & Shop supermarkets). People’s United Financial also has 97 branches in southeastern New York (including 58 located in Stop & Shop supermarkets), 54 branches in Massachusetts, 42 branches in Vermont, 28 branches in New Hampshire and 26 branches in Maine. People’s United Financial owns 115 of its branches, which had an aggregate net book value of $62 million at December 31, 2013. People’s United Financial’s remaining banking operations are conducted in leased offices. Information regarding People’s United Financial’s operating leases for office space and related rent expense appears in Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The information required by this item appears in Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 4.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Part II
Item 5.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The common stock of People’s United Financial, Inc. is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “PBCT”. On February 14, 2014, the closing price of People’s United Financial, Inc. common stock was $14.16. As of that date, there were approximately 19,700 record holders of People’s United Financial, Inc. common stock.
Five-Year Performance Comparison
The following graph compares total shareholder return on People’s United Financial common stock over the last five fiscal years with: (i) the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (the “S & P 500 Stock Index”); (ii) the Russell Midcap Index; and (iii) the SNL Mid Cap U.S. Bank & Thrift Index (the “SNL Mid Cap Index”). Index values are as of December 31 of the indicated year.
The graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2008 in each of People’s United Financial’s common stock, the S & P 500 Stock Index, the Russell Midcap Index and the SNL Mid Cap Index. The graph also assumes reinvestment of all dividends.
The Russell Midcap Index is a market-capitalization weighted index comprised of 800 publicly-traded companies which are among the 1,000 largest U.S. companies (by market capitalization) but not among the 200 largest such companies. People’s United Financial is included as a component of the Russell Midcap Index. The SNL Mid Cap Index is an index prepared by SNL Securities comprised of 74 financial institutions (including People’s United Financial) located throughout the United States.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information with respect to purchases made by People’s United Financial of its common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2013:
(1) All shares listed were tendered by employees of People’s United Financial in satisfaction of their related minimum tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock awards granted in prior periods and/or in payment of the exercise price and satisfaction of their related minimum tax withholding obligations upon the exercise of stock options granted in prior periods. The average price paid per share is equal to the average of the high and low trading price of People’s United Financial’s common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on the vesting or exercise date or, if no trades took place on that date, the most recent day for which trading data was available. There is no limit on the number of shares that may be tendered by employees of People’s United Financial in the future for these purposes. Shares acquired in payment of the option exercise price or in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations are not eligible for reissuance in connection with any subsequent grants made pursuant to equity compensation plans maintained by People’s United Financial. All shares acquired in this manner are retired by People’s United Financial, resuming the status of authorized but unissued shares of People’s United Financial’s common stock.
(2) In November 2012, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 10% of People’s United Financial’s outstanding common stock, or 33.6 million shares. Such shares may be repurchased, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. In December 2013, People’s United Financial completed this repurchase authorization. Shares acquired in this manner have not been retired by People’s United Financial and, as a result, remain available for issuance in the future.
Additional information required by this item is included in Part III, Item 12 of this report, and Notes 12 and 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
(1) Includes a total of $12.7 million, $12.7 million, $56.8 million, $58.9 million and $4.5 million of one-time charges, merger-related expenses and core system conversion costs in 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Also includes an FDIC special assessment charge of $8.4 million in 2009.
(2) See Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation to GAAP.
(3) Includes securities purchased under agreements to resell.
(4) Excludes acquired loans. See Asset Quality.
(5) Total risk-based capital ratios presented are for People’s United Bank. See Regulatory Capital.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements
Periodic and other filings made by People’s United Financial with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act may, from time to time, contain information and statements that are forward-looking in nature. Such filings include the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K, and may include other forms such as proxy statements. Other written or oral statements made by People’s United Financial or its representatives from time to time may also contain forward-looking statements.
In general, forward-looking statements usually use words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “should,” and similar expressions, and include all statements about People’s United Financial’s operating results or financial position for future periods. Forward-looking statements represent management’s beliefs, based upon information available at the time the statements are made, with regard to the matters addressed; they are not guarantees of future performance.
All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause People’s United Financial’s actual results or financial condition to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by such statements. Factors of particular importance to People’s United Financial include, but are not limited to: (1) changes in general, international, national or regional economic conditions; (2) changes in interest rates; (3) changes in loan default and charge-off rates; (4) changes in deposit levels; (5) changes in levels of income and expense in non-interest income and expense related activities; (6) residential mortgage and secondary market activity; (7) changes in accounting and regulatory guidance applicable to banks; (8) price levels and conditions in the public securities markets generally; (9) competition and its effect on pricing, spending, third-party relationships and revenues; (10) the successful integration of acquisitions; and (11) changes in regulation resulting from or relating to financial reform legislation.
All forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. People’s United Financial does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Recent Market Developments
FDIC Insurance Coverage / Assessments
The FDIC insures deposits at FDIC insured financial institutions up to certain limits (up to $250,000 per depositor), charging premiums to maintain the DIF at specified levels. The FDIC has established a system for setting deposit insurance premiums based upon the risks a particular bank or savings association poses to the DIF.
In February 2011, the FDIC approved a final rule that: (i) changed the assessment base from adjusted domestic deposits to a bank’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity (defined as Tier 1 capital); (ii) adopted a new large-bank pricing assessment scheme; and (iii) set a target size for the DIF at 2% of insured deposits. The rule, which was effective beginning with the quarterly assessment period ended June 30, 2011, also (i) implemented a lower assessment rate schedule when the DIF reaches 1.15% and, in lieu of dividends, provides for a lower rate schedule when the reserve ratio reaches 2% and 2.5% and (ii) created a scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, including People’s United Bank.
One of the financial ratios used in the scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets is the ratio of “higher-risk” assets to Tier 1 capital and reserves. In October 2012, the FDIC adopted a final rule, which became effective April 1, 2013, that revised the definitions of higher-risk commercial and industrial loans, securities and consumer loans, and clarified when an asset must be classified as higher-risk.
The actual amount of future regulatory assessments will be dependent on several factors, including: (i) People’s United Bank’s average total assets and average tangible equity; (ii) People’s United Bank’s risk profile; and (iii) whether additional special assessments are imposed in future periods and the manner in which such assessments are determined.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
The Company's business is subject to risk as a result of changes in federal and state regulation. The DFA, which was signed into law on July 21, 2010, imposes significant changes in the financial regulatory landscape and will continue to impact all financial institutions and their holding companies, including People’s United Bank and People’s United Financial.
Among the more significant provisions of the DFA, the responsibility for all supervisory functions, including ongoing supervision, examination and regulation, for savings and loan holding companies and their non-depository subsidiaries was transferred to the FRB and the OCC assumed responsibility for the supervision, examination and regulation of all federally-chartered savings banks. The DFA created a new federal consumer protection agency, the CFPB, which is empowered to promulgate new consumer protection regulations and revise existing regulations in many areas of consumer protection. The CFPB has exclusive authority to issue regulations, orders and guidance to administer and implement the objectives of federal consumer protection laws and also has supervision over our consumer compliance examinations. Moreover, the DFA permits states to adopt stricter consumer protection laws and authorizes state attorneys general to enforce consumer protection rules issued by the CFPB. The DFA restricts the authority of the federal banking regulators to preempt state consumer protection laws applicable to banks and limits the preemption of state laws as they affect subsidiaries and agents of federally-chartered banks.
The DFA limits the amount of interchange fee that an issuer of debit cards may charge or receive to an amount that is “reasonable and proportional” to the cost of the transaction. The DFA further provides that a debit card issuer may not restrict the number of payment card networks on which a debit card transaction may be processed to a single network or limit the ability of a merchant to direct the routing of debit card payments for processing. The interchange fee provisions became effective in the fourth quarter of 2011 (see Non-Interest Income).
On July 31, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia issued an Order vacating portions of the FRB’s Debit Card Interchange Fee and Routing regulations related to the calculation of interchange transaction fees and network non-exclusivity. The Order would require the FRB to revise its Debit Card Interchange Fee regulations, which serve to limit the fees that issuers can charge for debit card interchange transactions, as well as its regulations relating to routing of debit card interchange transactions. The FRB has appealed the District Court’s ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which has agreed to an expedited schedule for briefing and consideration of the appeal. The Order vacating the FRB’s debit card regulations has been stayed pending resolution of the appeal. If the District Court's ruling is upheld, bank service charge revenue derived from interchange transaction fees could be reduced further.
All federal prohibitions on the ability of financial institutions to pay interest on demand deposit accounts were repealed as part of the DFA. As of December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s non-interest-bearing deposits totaled $5.3 billion, or 24% of total deposits. The Company’s interest expense may increase and its net interest margin may decrease if we begin to offer higher rates of interest than we currently offer on demand deposits.
The DFA also imposes stringent capital requirements on bank holding companies by, among other things, imposing leverage ratios on holding companies and prohibiting new trust preferred issuances from counting as Tier 1 capital. The DFA also increases regulation of derivatives and hedging transactions, which could limit the ability of People’s United Financial to enter into, or increase the costs associated with, interest rate and other hedging transactions.
In January 2014, a series of final rules issued by the CFPB to implement provisions in the DFA related to mortgage origination and mortgage servicing went into effect and may increase the cost of originating and servicing residential mortgage loans.
Enactment of the DFA has resulted in significant increases in the Company’s regulatory compliance burden and costs and may restrict the financial products and services People’s United Financial offers to its customers.
General
People’s United Financial is a savings and loan holding company incorporated under the state laws of Delaware and the holding company for People’s United Bank. The principal business of People’s United Financial is to provide, through People’s United Bank and its subsidiaries, commercial banking, retail and business banking, and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers.
People’s United Bank is a federally-chartered stock savings bank headquartered in Bridgeport, Connecticut with $33.2 billion in total assets as of December 31, 2013. People’s United Bank was organized in 1842 as a mutual savings bank, converted to stock form in 1988, and in 2006 converted from a Connecticut-chartered stock savings bank to a federally-chartered stock savings bank. Its deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC under the DIF. People’s United Bank is subject to regulation, examination, supervision and reporting requirements by the OCC, as its primary regulator, and by the FDIC as the deposit insurer. In addition, the CFPB has responsibility for supervising People's United Bank's compliance with designated consumer financial laws.
People’s United Financial’s results of operations are largely dependent upon revenues generated through net interest income and fee-based revenues and, to a much lesser extent, other forms of non-interest income such as gains on asset sales. Sources for these revenues are diversified across People’s United Financial’s three primary operating segments that represent its core businesses: Commercial Banking; Retail and Business Banking; and Wealth Management. People’s United Financial’s results of operations are also significantly affected by the provision for loan losses and the level of non-interest expense. In addition, People’s United Financial’s results of operations may also be affected by general and local economic conditions, changes in market interest rates, government policies and actions of regulatory authorities.
Acquisitions
On June 22, 2012, People’s United Bank acquired 57 branches from Citizens and assumed approximately $324 million in deposits associated with these branches. After the close of business on June 30, 2011, People’s United Financial acquired Danvers based in Danvers, Massachusetts. The transaction was effective July 1, 2011. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
On November 30, 2010, People’s United Financial completed its acquisitions of Smithtown based in Hauppauge, New York and LSB based in North Andover, Massachusetts. On April 16, 2010, People’s United Bank entered into a definitive purchase and assumption agreement with the FDIC pursuant to which People’s United Bank assumed all of the deposits, certain assets and the banking operations of Butler Bank, located in Lowell, Massachusetts. On February 19, 2010, People’s United Financial completed its acquisition of Financial Federal, a financial services company providing collateralized lending, financing and leasing services nationwide to small and medium sized businesses.
People’s United Financial’s results of operations include the results of the acquired entities beginning with their respective closing dates. Financial data for prior periods has not been restated to include Danvers, Smithtown, LSB, Butler Bank and Financial Federal and therefore, are not directly comparable to subsequent periods.
Critical Accounting Policies
In preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, People’s United Financial is required to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from People’s United Financial’s current estimates, as a result of changing conditions and future events. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in these significant estimates.
Several accounting estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near-term change, including the allowance for loan losses and asset impairment judgments, such as the recoverability of goodwill and other intangible assets, and other-than-temporary declines in the value of securities.
The judgments used by People’s United Financial in applying these critical accounting policies may be affected by a further and prolonged deterioration in the economic environment, which may result in changes to future financial results. For example, subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for loan losses in future periods, and the inability to collect outstanding principal may result in increased loan losses. People’s United Financial’s significant accounting policies and critical estimates are summarized in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation to GAAP
In addition to evaluating People’s United Financial’s results of operations in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), management routinely supplements their evaluation with an analysis of certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as the efficiency and tangible equity ratios, tangible book value per share and operating earnings metrics. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding People’s United Financial’s underlying operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of other banks and thrifts. Further, the efficiency ratio and operating earnings metrics are used by management in its assessment of financial performance, including non-interest expense control, while the tangible equity ratio and tangible book value per share are used to analyze the relative strength of People’s United Financial’s capital position.
The efficiency ratio, which represents an approximate measure of the cost required by People’s United Financial to generate a dollar of revenue, is the ratio of (i) total non-interest expense (excluding goodwill impairment charges, amortization of other acquisition-related intangible assets, losses on real estate assets and non-recurring expenses) (the numerator) to (ii) net interest income on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis plus total non-interest income (including the FTE adjustment on bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) income, and excluding gains and losses on sales of assets other than residential mortgage loans and acquired loans, and non-recurring income) (the denominator). People’s United Financial generally considers an item of income or expense to be non-recurring if it is not similar to an item of income or expense of a type incurred within the last two years and is not similar to an item of income or expense of a type reasonably expected to be incurred within the following two years.
Operating earnings exclude from net income those items that management considers to be of such a non-recurring or infrequent nature that, by excluding such items (net of income taxes), People’s United Financial’s results can be measured and assessed on a more consistent basis from period to period. Items excluded from operating earnings, which include, but are not limited to:(i) merger-related expenses, including acquisition integration and other costs; (ii) charges related to executive-level management separation costs; (iii) severance-related costs; and (iv) writedowns of banking house assets, are generally also excluded when calculating the efficiency ratio. Operating earnings per share is derived by determining the per share impact of the respective adjustments to arrive at operating earnings and adding (subtracting) such amounts to (from) GAAP earnings per share. Operating return on average assets is calculated by dividing operating earnings by average total assets. Operating return on average tangible stockholders’ equity is calculated by dividing operating earnings by average tangible stockholders’ equity. The operating dividend payout ratio is calculated by dividing dividends paid by operating earnings for the respective period.
Operating net interest margin excludes from the net interest margin those items that management considers to be of such a discrete nature that, by excluding such items, People’s United Financial’s net interest margin can be measured and assessed on a more consistent basis from period to period. Items excluded from operating net interest margin include cost recovery income on acquired loans and changes in the accretable yield on acquired loans stemming from periodic cash flow reassessments. Operating net interest margin is calculated by dividing operating net interest income by average total earning assets.
The tangible equity ratio is the ratio of (i) tangible stockholders’ equity (total stockholders’ equity less goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets) (the numerator) to (ii) tangible assets (total assets less goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets) (the denominator). Tangible book value per share is calculated by dividing tangible stockholders’ equity by common shares (total common shares issued, less common shares classified as treasury shares and unallocated Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) common shares).
In light of diversity in presentation among financial institutions, the methodologies used by People’s United Financial for determining the non-GAAP financial measures discussed above may differ from those used by other financial institutions.
The following table summarizes People’s United Financial’s operating non-interest expense and efficiency ratio, as derived from amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
(1) Items classified as “other” and deducted from non-interest expense for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio include, as applicable, certain franchise taxes, real estate owned expenses, contract termination costs and non-recurring expenses.
(2) Items classified as “other” and added to (deducted from) total revenues for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio include, as applicable, asset write-offs and gains associated with the sale of branch locations.
The following table summarizes People’s United Financial’s operating earnings, operating earnings per share and operating return on average assets:
The following table summarizes People’s United Financial’s operating net interest income and margin:
The following tables summarize People’s United Financial's operating return on average tangible stockholders’ equity and operating dividend payout ratio:
The following tables summarize People’s United Financial’s tangible equity ratio and tangible book value per share derived from amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Condition:
Economic Environment
People’s United Financial’s results are subject to fluctuations based on economic conditions. In response to the significant disruptions in the capital markets brought about by the sub-prime mortgage crisis and its after-effects, turmoil in the financial sector, and the contracting U.S. economy, the Federal Reserve Board has maintained its targeted range for the federal funds rate of 0% to 0.25% since December 16, 2008. Throughout 2013, the United States economy experienced a moderate expansion. Real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 3.2% in the fourth quarter of 2013, after increasing 4.1% in the third quarter. The national unemployment rate was 6.7% as of December 31, 2013, down from 7.8% at the end of 2012.
The New England region and southeastern New York comprise People’s United Financial’s primary market area, with Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts and Vermont having the largest concentration of People’s United Financial’s loans, deposits and branches. Connecticut is one of the most attractive banking markets in the United States. With a total population of approximately 3.6 million and a median household income of $65,549, Connecticut ranks third in the United States, well above the U.S. median household income of $50,157, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial. Fairfield County, where People’s United Financial is headquartered, has the highest median household income in Connecticut of $80,342 according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial. The state’s unemployment rate decreased to 6.8% as of December 31, 2013 compared to 7.8% at the end of 2012, which is in-line with the national rate. The Connecticut economy experienced a slight decrease in jobs in 2013, with total seasonally adjusted employment decreasing by approximately 4,000 jobs, or 0.2%, from December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2013, compared to a decrease of approximately 18,000 jobs, or 1.0%, from December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2012.
The median household income in New York was $53,826, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial, and the state’s unemployment rate was 6.6% at December 31, 2013, down from 8.2% at the end of 2012. The median household income in Massachusetts was $62,403, according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial, and the state’s unemployment rate was 6.7% at December 31, 2013, up from 6.6% at the end of 2012. The median household income in Vermont was $50,435 according to the 2010 Census and SNL Financial, and the state’s unemployment rate was 3.8% at December 31, 2013, down from 4.7% at the end of 2012.
While the New England and New York economies experienced less severe contraction during the recent recession than the United States as a whole, they also exhibited milder recoveries. As a consequence, real GDP for 2012 (the most recent period for which regional data is available) was 5.1% higher in New England and 6.6% higher in New York compared to 2009, whereas U.S. GDP was 6.7% higher over the same period. The overall outlook for the economies of New England and southeastern New York in 2014 is improving, with the expectation that these regions may continue the recovery along with the rest of the United States.
Financial Overview
Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2013 and 2012. Total assets at December 31, 2013 were $33.2 billion, a $2.9 billion increase from December 31, 2012, reflecting increases of $2.7 billion in total loans and $364 million in total securities. The increase in total loans from December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2013 primarily reflects increases of $2.1 billion in commercial banking loans and $531 million in residential mortgage loans. Originated loans increased $3.4 billion from December 31, 2012 to $22.9 billion (commercial banking loans increased $2.7 billion and retail loans increased $633 million) and acquired loans decreased $713 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying amount of the acquired loan portfolio totaled $1.5 billion. The increase in total securities primarily reflects purchases of agency-backed collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and FHLB stock.
Non-performing assets (excluding acquired non-performing loans) totaled $247.8 million at December 31, 2013, a $41.8 million decrease from year-end 2012, primarily reflecting decreases of $28.6 million in non-performing commercial banking loans and $7.5 million in non-performing retail loans. The allowance for loan losses was $187.8 million ($177.5 million on originated loans and $10.3 million on acquired loans) at December 31, 2013 compared to $188.0 million ($177.5 million on originated loans and $10.5 million on acquired loans) at December 31, 2012. At December 31, 2013, the originated allowance for loan losses as a percentage of originated loans was 0.78% and as a percentage of originated non-performing loans was 81.9%, compared to 0.91% and 70.3%, respectively, at December 31, 2012.
At December 31, 2013, total liabilities were $28.6 billion, a $3.4 billion increase from December 31, 2012, reflecting increases of $2.7 billion in total borrowings and $807 million in total deposits ($189 million in retail deposits and $618 million in commercial deposits). The increase in total borrowings primarily reflects the additional funding used to support loan growth and securities purchases.
People’s United Financial’s total stockholders’ equity was $4.6 billion at December 31, 2013, a $470 million decrease from December 31, 2012. This decrease primarily reflects open market repurchases of 33.4 million shares of common stock at a total cost of $458.9 million, dividends paid of $204.8 million and a $58.2 million increase in accumulated other comprehensive loss ("AOCL") since December 31, 2012, partially offset by net income of $232.4 million. As a percentage of total assets, stockholders’ equity was 13.8% at December 31, 2013 compared to 16.6% at December 31, 2012. Tangible stockholders’ equity as a percentage of tangible assets was 7.9% at December 31, 2013 compared to 10.2% at December 31, 2012.
People’s United Financial’s (consolidated) Tier 1 common equity, and Tier 1 and Total risk-based capital ratios were 10.2%, 10.2% and 11.3%, respectively, at December 31, 2013, compared to 13.1%, 13.2% and 14.7%, respectively, at December 31, 2012. People’s United Bank’s leverage (core) capital ratio, and Tier 1 and Total risk-based capital ratios were 9.1%, 11.1% and 12.4%, respectively, at December 31, 2013, compared to 9.8%, 12.2% and 13.1%, respectively, at December 31, 2012.
Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. People’s United Financial reported net income of $232.4 million, or $0.74 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $245.3 million, or $0.72 per diluted share, for the year-ago period. Included in the 2013 and 2012 results are $8.7 million and $8.6 million (after-tax), respectively, of non-operating expenses. Operating earnings were $241.1 million, or $0.77 per share, and $253.9 million, or $0.75 per share, for the respective periods. The results for 2013 reflect continued loan and deposit growth, strength in fee income business, meaningful cost control and the negative impact of the historically low interest rate environment. People’s United Financial’s operating return on average assets was 0.78% for 2013 compared to 0.90% for 2012. Operating return on average tangible stockholders’ equity was 9.2% for 2013 compared to 8.5% for the year-ago period.
FTE net interest income totaled $905.8 million in 2013, a $34.6 million decrease from the year-ago period, and the net interest margin declined 55 basis points from 2012 to 3.31%. The decrease in the net interest margin primarily reflects the effects of new loan volume at lower rates, less interest income on acquired loans and higher borrowing costs, partially offset by lower deposit costs. Average total earning assets increased $3.0 billion compared to 2012, reflecting increases of $1.9 billion in average total loans and $1.2 million in average securities, partially offset by a $176 million decrease in average short-term investments. Average total funding liabilities increased $3.3 billion compared to 2012, reflecting increases of $2.1 billion in average total borrowings, $721 million in average total deposits and $452 million in notes and debentures.
Compared to 2012, total non-interest income increased $19.4 million and total non-interest expense increased $8.4 million. The efficiency ratio was 63.7% for 2013 compared to 62.3% for the year-ago period. The provision for loan losses in 2013 totaled $43.7 million compared to $49.2 million in the year-ago period. Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans were 0.19% in 2013 compared to 0.21% in 2012.
Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2012 and 2011. Total assets at December 31, 2012 were $30.3 billion, a $2.7 billion increase from December 31, 2011, reflecting increases of $1.7 billion in total securities and $1.3 billion in total loans, partially offset by a $280 million decrease in short-term investments.
The increase in total loans from December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2012 reflects increases of $1.2 billion in commercial banking loans and $258 million in residential mortgage loans. Originated loans increased $2.7 billion from December 31, 2011 to $19.5 billion (commercial banking loans increased $2.4 billion and retail loans increased $361 million) and acquired loans decreased $1.4 billion. At December 31, 2012, the carrying amount of the acquired loan portfolio totaled $2.2 billion. The increase in total securities primarily reflects purchases of agency-issued CMOs backed by collateral that is expected to exhibit lower prepayment risk.
Non-performing assets (excluding acquired non-performing loans) totaled $289.6 million at December 31, 2012, a $47.1 million decrease from year-end 2011, primarily reflecting a $42.4 million decrease in non-performing commercial banking loans. The allowance for loan losses on originated loans was $177.5 million at December 31, 2012, reflecting a $2.0 million increase from December 31, 2011 in response to growth in the commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios. The allowance for loan losses on acquired loans was $10.5 million at December 31, 2012 ($7.4 million at December 31, 2011). At December 31, 2012, the originated allowance for loan losses as a percentage of originated loans was 0.91% and as a percentage of originated non-performing loans was 70.3%, compared to 1.05% and 59.7%, respectively, at December 31, 2011.
At December 31, 2012, total liabilities were $25.3 billion, a $3.0 billion increase from December 31, 2011, reflecting increases of $1.5 billion in total borrowings, $935 million in total deposits and $499 million in notes and debentures. The increase in total borrowings primarily reflects the additional funding used to support loan growth and securities purchases. The increase in deposits reflects, in part, the assumption of approximately $324 million in deposits associated with People’s United Bank’s acquisition of 57 branches in June 2012. The increase in notes and debentures reflects the Company’s issuance of $500 million of senior notes in December 2012.
People’s United Financial’s total stockholders’ equity was $5.0 billion at December 31, 2012, a $177 million decrease from December 31, 2011. This decrease primarily reflects open market repurchases of 18.2 million shares of common stock at a total cost of $220.0 million and dividends paid of $217.9 million, partially offset by net income of $245.3 million. As a percentage of total assets, stockholders’ equity was 16.6% at December 31, 2012 compared to 18.9% at December 31, 2011. Tangible stockholders’ equity as a percentage of tangible assets was 10.2% at December 31, 2012 compared to 12.0% at December 31, 2011.
People’s United Financial’s (consolidated) Tier 1 common equity, and Tier 1 and Total risk-based capital ratios were 13.1%, 13.2% and 14.7%, respectively, at December 31, 2012, compared to 14.3%, 14.8% and 16.2%, respectively, at December 31, 2011. People’s United Bank’s leverage (core) capital ratio, and Tier 1 and Total risk-based capital ratios were 9.8%, 12.2% and 13.1%, respectively, at December 31, 2012, compared to 11.1%, 13.1% and 14.0%, respectively, at December 31, 2011.
Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. People’s United Financial reported net income of $245.3 million, or $0.72 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $192.4 million, or $0.55 per diluted share, for the year-ago period. Included in the 2012 and 2011 results are $8.6 million and $38.3 million (after-tax), respectively, of merger-related expenses and one-time charges. Operating earnings were $253.9 million, or $0.75 per share, and $230.7 million, or $0.66 per share, for the respective periods. Earnings in 2012 continue to reflect loan and deposit growth, continued positive results in fee-related businesses and ongoing expense control. People’s United Financial’s operating return on average assets was 0.90% for 2012 compared to 0.89% for 2011. Operating return on average tangible stockholders’ equity was 8.5% for 2012 compared to 7.2% for the year-ago period.
FTE net interest income increased $19.2 million from the year-ago period while the net interest margin declined 24 basis points to 3.86%. The lower net interest margin primarily reflects the effects of new loan volume at lower rates and lower interest income on acquired loans, partially offset by lower deposit rates. Compared to 2011, average total earning assets increased $1.9 billion, reflecting increases of $1.9 billion in average total loans and $367 million in average securities, partially offset by a $438 million decrease in average short-term investments. Average total funding liabilities increased $2.1 billion compared to 2011, reflecting a $2.0 billion increase in average total deposits.
Total non-interest income increased $6.2 million and total non-interest expense decreased $41.3 million compared to the year-ago period. The efficiency ratio was 62.4% for 2012 compared to 64.0% for the year-ago period. The provision for loan losses in 2012 totaled $49.2 million compared to $63.7 million in the year-ago period. Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans were 0.21% in 2012 compared to 0.28% in 2011.
Segment Results
People’s United Financial’s operations are divided into three primary operating segments that represent its core businesses: Commercial Banking; Retail and Business Banking; and Wealth Management. In addition, the Treasury area manages People’s United Financial’s securities portfolio, short-term investments, wholesale borrowings and the funding center.
The Company’s operating segments have been aggregated into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking; and Retail and Business Banking. These reportable segments have been identified and organized based on the nature of the underlying products and services applicable to each segment, the type of customers to whom those products and services are offered and the distribution channel through which those products and services are made available. With respect to Wealth Management, this presentation results in the Company’s insurance business and certain trust activities being allocated to the Commercial Banking segment, while the Company’s brokerage business and certain other trust activities are allocated to the Retail and Business Banking segment.
Segment Performance Summary
People’s United Financial uses an internal profitability reporting system to generate information by operating segment, which is based on a series of management estimates and allocations regarding funds transfer pricing (“FTP”), the provision for loan losses, non-interest expense and income taxes. These estimates and allocations, some of which can be subjective in nature, are continually being reviewed and refined. Any changes in estimates and allocations that may affect the reported results of any segment will not affect the consolidated financial position or results of operations of People’s United Financial as a whole.
FTP is used in the calculation of each operating segment’s net interest income, and measures the value of funds used in and provided by an operating segment. The difference between the interest income on earning assets and the interest expense on funding liabilities, and the corresponding FTP charge for interest income or credit for interest expense, results in net spread income (see Treasury). Beginning in the third quarter of 2011, the Company modified its FTP methodology relating to certain deposit products, which resulted in the allocation of a larger credit to net interest income within Commercial Banking and Retail and Business Banking, with the offset allocated to Treasury. Segment results for 2011 reflect the modified FTP methodology for the third and fourth quarters of 2011 and the previous FTP methodology for the first and second quarters of 2011.
A five-year rolling average net charge-off rate is used as the basis for the provision for loan losses for the respective operating segment in order to present a level of portfolio credit cost that is representative of the Company’s historical experience, without presenting the potential volatility from year-to-year changes in credit conditions. While this method of allocation allows management to more effectively assess the longer-term profitability of a segment, it may result in a measure of segment provision for loan losses that does not reflect actual incurred losses for the periods presented.
People’s United Financial allocates a majority of non-interest expenses to each operating segment using a full-absorption costing process (i.e. all expenses are fully-allocated to the segments). Direct and indirect costs are analyzed and pooled by process and assigned to the appropriate operating segment and corporate overhead costs are allocated to the operating segments. Income tax expense is allocated to each operating segment using a constant rate, based on an estimate of the consolidated effective income tax rate for the year. Average total assets and average total liabilities are presented for each reportable segment due to management’s reliance, in part, on such average balances for purposes of assessing segment performance.
For a more detailed description of the estimates and allocations used to measure segment performance, see Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Commercial Banking consists principally of commercial real estate lending, commercial and industrial lending, and commercial deposit gathering activities. This segment also includes the equipment financing operations of PCLC and PUEFC, as well as cash management, correspondent banking and municipal banking. In addition, Commercial Banking consists of institutional trust services, corporate trust, insurance services provided through PUIA and private banking.
Commercial Banking net income increased $13.1 million in 2013 compared to 2012. The $14.7 million increase in net interest income primarily reflects continued loan growth and lower FTP funding charges, partially offset by continued repricing pressure within the loan portfolio, including the pay-off of higher-yielding loans, new loan originations at lower yields and lower interest income on acquired loans. The $11.3 million increase in non-interest income in 2013 reflects increases in commercial banking fees and operating lease income resulting from a higher level of equipment leased to PCLC customers. Included in non-interest income in 2013 and 2012 are net gains on sales of acquired loans totaling $5.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively. The $7.0 million increase in non-interest expense in 2013 reflects a higher level of direct expenses primarily due to increased operating lease expense, partially offset by a decrease in allocated expenses in 2013 compared to 2012. Average total assets increased $1.7 billion and average total liabilities increased $367 million compared to 2012, reflecting loan and deposit growth.
Commercial Banking net income increased $28.2 million in 2012 compared to 2011. The $27.1 million increase in net interest income primarily reflects continued loan growth, improved spreads on commercial loans and certain commercial deposits, and the benefit from the change in FTP methodology discussed previously, partially offset by the continued negative impact of the low interest rate environment. The $7.3 million increase in non-interest income in 2012 reflects increases in commercial banking fees and operating lease income resulting from a higher level of equipment leased to PCLC customers. Included in non-interest income in 2012 and 2011 are net gains on sales of acquired loans totaling $1.0 million and $7.5 million, respectively. The $9.2 million decrease in non-interest expense reflects a lower level of allocated expenses in 2012 compared to 2011, partially offset by an increase in direct expenses. Average total assets increased $1.3 billion and average total liabilities increased $322 million in 2012 compared to 2011, reflecting loan and deposit growth, as well as loans acquired and deposits assumed in the Danvers acquisition (effective July 1, 2011).
Retail and Business Banking includes, as its principal business lines, business lending, consumer and business deposit gathering activities, consumer lending (including residential mortgage and home equity lending) and merchant services. In addition, Retail and Business Banking consists of brokerage, financial advisory services, investment management services and life insurance provided by PSI and non-institutional trust services.
Retail and Business Banking net income decreased $33.3 million in 2013 compared to 2012. The $44.4 million decrease in net interest income primarily reflects continued repricing pressure within the loan portfolio, including the pay-off of higher yielding loans and new loan originations at lower yields, lower FTP funding credits and the run-off of fair value amortization on acquired deposits, partially offset by continued loan growth. The increase in non-interest income primarily reflects increases in investment management fees and brokerage commissions, partially offset by a decrease in gains on sales of residential mortgages. The increase in non-interest expense reflects a higher level of direct expenses primarily as a result of the acquisition of 57 branches late in the second quarter of 2012, partially offset by a decrease in allocated expenses. Average total assets increased $212 million and average total liabilities increased $395 million in 2013 compared to 2012, reflecting loan and deposit growth as well as the assumption of approximately $324 million in deposits in connection with the branch acquisition noted above.
Retail and Business Banking net income increased $24.5 million in 2012 compared to 2011. The $34.3 million increase in net interest income primarily reflects deposit growth and the benefit from the change in FTP methodology previously discussed, partially offset by narrower spreads on certain deposit products resulting from the continued negative impact of a reduced interest rate environment. The decrease in non-interest income primarily reflects lower retail bank service charges (reflecting the impact of certain provisions of the DFA relating to interchange fees that became effective October 1, 2011), partially offset by an increase in gains on sales of residential mortgages. The decrease in non-interest expense reflects primarily reflects a lower level of allocated expenses in 2012 compared to 2011. Average total assets increased $1.1 billion and average total liabilities increased $1.4 billion in 2012 compared to 2011, reflecting loan and deposit growth, the assumption of approximately $324 million in deposits in connection with the branch acquisition noted above, and loans acquired and deposits assumed in the Danvers acquisition (effective July 1, 2011).
Treasury encompasses the securities portfolio, short-term investments, wholesale borrowings, and the funding center, which includes the impact of derivative financial instruments used for risk management purposes.
The income or loss for the funding center represents the interest rate risk (“IRR”) component of People’s United Financial’s net interest income as calculated by its FTP model in deriving each operating segment’s net interest income. Under this process, the funding center buys funds from liability-generating business lines, such as consumer deposits, and sells funds to asset-generating business lines, such as commercial lending. The price at which funds are bought and sold on any given day is set by People’s United Financial’s Treasury group and is based on the wholesale cost to People’s United Financial of assets and liabilities with similar maturities. Liability-generating businesses sell newly-originated liabilities to the funding center and recognize a funding credit, while asset-generating businesses buy funding for newly-originated assets from the funding center and recognize a funding charge. Once funding for an asset is purchased from or a liability is sold to the funding center, the price that is set by the Treasury group will remain with that asset or liability until it matures or reprices, which effectively transfers responsibility for managing IRR to the Treasury group.
The improvement in Treasury’s net loss in 2013 compared to 2012 reflects a decrease in net interest loss and an increase in non-interest income. The improvement in net interest loss primarily reflects lower FTP funding charges and increased interest income partially offset by an increase in interest expense. The increase in non-interest income primarily reflects an increase in net revenues relating to derivative transactions entered into with commercial customers. Average total assets increased $978 million in 2013 compared to 2012, primarily reflecting an increase in average securities partially offset by a decline in average short-term investments. The $2.5 billion increase in average total liabilities in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects increases in average total borrowings (used to support loan growth and securities purchases) and average notes and debentures ($500 million of senior notes issued in December 2012).
The increase in Treasury’s net loss in 2012 compared to 2011 reflects an increase in net interest loss due to the change in FTP methodology discussed previously. Average total assets increased $251 million in 2012 compared to 2011, primarily reflecting an increase in average securities partially offset by a decline in average short-term investments. The increase in average total liabilities primarily reflects an increase in average total borrowings.
Other includes the residual financial impact from the allocation of revenues and expenses (including the provision for loan losses) and certain revenues and expenses not attributable to a particular segment; reversal of the FTE adjustment since net interest income for each segment is presented on an FTE basis; and the FTP impact from excess capital. The “Other” category also includes certain non-recurring items, such as one-time charges and merger-related expenses, which totaled $12.7 million, $12.7 million and $56.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively (included in total non-interest expense). Included in “Other” are assets such as cash, premises and equipment, and other assets.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income and net interest margin are affected by many factors, including changes in average balances; interest rate fluctuations and the slope of the yield curve; sales of loans and securities; residential mortgage loan and mortgage-backed security prepayment rates; product pricing; competitive forces; the relative mix, repricing characteristics and maturity of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; non-interest-bearing sources of funds; hedging activities; and asset quality.
Net Interest Margin
Years ended December 31 (percent)
Net Interest Income - FTE
Years ended December 31 (dollars in millions)
Since December 2008, the Federal Reserve Board has not changed its targeted range for the federal funds rate of 0% to 0.25% and, for 2013, the average effective federal funds rate was 0.11%. The net interest margin was 3.31% in 2013 compared to 3.86% in 2012 and the operating net interest margin was 3.31% in 2013 compared to 3.82% in the year-ago period. The decline in the net interest margin in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects continued repricing pressure within the loan portfolio, including the pay-off of higher-yielding loans, new loan originations at lower yields and lower interest income on acquired loans. The net interest margin continues to be negatively impacted by the historically low interest rate environment where loan repricings are outpacing the Company’s ability to lower deposit costs as well as the continued investment of a portion of the Company’s capital in low-yielding short-term investments.
2013 Compared to 2012
FTE net interest income decreased $34.6 million compared to 2012, reflecting a $25.0 million decrease in total interest and dividend income and a $9.6 million increase in total interest expense, and the net interest margin decreased 55 basis points to 3.31%. Net interest income in 2012 included $8.8 million of cost recovery income on acquired loans (representing cash receipts in excess of carrying amount). Excluding this item, FTE operating net interest income decreased $25.8 million and the operating net interest margin declined 51 basis points.
Average total earning assets were $27.4 billion in 2013, a $3.0 billion increase from 2012, primarily reflecting increases of $1.9 billion in average total loans and $1.2 billion in average securities. Average total loans, average securities and average short-term investments comprised 83%, 16% and 1%, respectively, of average total earning assets in 2013 compared to 85%, 14% and 1%, respectively, in 2012. In 2013, the yield earned on the total loan portfolio was 4.08% and the yield earned on securities and short-term investments was 2.08%, compared to 4.65% and 2.27%, respectively, in the year-ago period. Excluding adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, which are mostly of the hybrid variety, approximately 45% of the loan portfolio had floating interest rates at December 31, 2013 compared to approximately 47% at December 31, 2012.
The average total commercial banking and residential mortgage loan portfolios increased $1.7 billion and $271 million, respectively, compared to 2012, reflecting growth. Average consumer loans decreased $30 million compared to 2012, reflecting a $45 million decrease in average indirect auto loans partially offset by a $10 million increase in average home equity loans.
Average total funding liabilities were $25.8 billion in 2013, a $3.3 billion increase from the year-ago period, reflecting increases of $2.1 billion in average total borrowings, $721 million in average total deposits and $452 million in average notes and debentures. The increase in average total deposits reflects deposit growth and deposits assumed (approximately $324 million) in connection with the acquisition of 57 branches in the second quarter of 2012. Average savings and money market deposits and average non-interest-bearing deposits increased $861 million and $364 million, respectively, while average time deposits decreased $504 million. Average total deposits comprised 85% and 94% of average total funding liabilities in 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in average total borrowings reflects the additional funding used to support loan growth and securities purchases. The increase in average notes and debentures reflects the issuance of $500 million of senior notes in December 2012.
The two basis point decrease to 0.45% from 0.47% in the rate paid on average total funding liabilities in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects the decrease in market interest rates and the shift in deposit mix as well as continued repricing of higher-yielding deposits assumed in acquisitions. The rate paid on average total deposits decreased six basis points in 2013, reflecting decreases of six basis points in savings and money market deposits partially offset by a two basis point increase in time deposits. Average savings and money market deposits and average time deposits comprised 57% and 21%, respectively, of average total deposits in 2013 compared to 54% and 24%, respectively, in 2012.
2012 Compared to 2011
FTE net interest income increased $19.2 million compared to 2011, reflecting a $22.3 million decrease in total interest expense partially offset by a $3.1 million decrease in total interest and dividend income, and the net interest margin decreased 24 basis points to 3.86%. Net interest income in 2012 included $8.8 million of cost recovery income on acquired loans, while net interest income in 2011 included $11.2 million of interest related to changes in the accretable yield on acquired loans stemming from periodic cash flow reassessments and $5.0 million of cost recovery income on acquired loans. Excluding these items, the operating net interest margin in 2012 was 3.82% compared to 4.03% in 2011.
Average total earning assets were $24.4 billion in 2012, a $1.9 billion increase from 2011, reflecting increases of $1.9 billion in average total loans and $367 million in average securities, partially offset by a $438 million decrease in average short-term investments. Average total loans, average securities and average short-term investments comprised 85%, 14% and 1%, respectively, of average total earning assets in 2012 compared to 84%, 13% and 3%, respectively, in 2011. In 2012, the yield earned on the total loan portfolio was 4.65% and the yield earned on securities and short-term investments was 2.27%, compared to 5.12% and 2.35%, respectively, in the year-ago period. Excluding adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, which are mostly of the hybrid variety, approximately 47% of the loan portfolio had floating interest rates at December 31, 2012 compared to approximately 48% at December 31, 2011.
The average total commercial banking and residential mortgage loan portfolios increased $1.3 billion and $697 million, respectively, compared to 2011, reflecting growth. Average consumer loans decreased $15 million compared to 2011, reflecting a $57 million decline in average indirect auto loans partially offset by a $41 million increase in average home equity loans.
Average total funding liabilities were $22.6 billion in 2012, a $2.1 billion increase from 2011, reflecting increases of $2.0 billion in average total deposits and $147 million in average total borrowings. The increase in average total deposits reflects deposit growth and deposits assumed in recent acquisitions. Average savings and money market deposits and average non-interest-bearing deposits increased $1.6 billion and $624 million, respectively, while average time deposits decreased $248 million. Average total deposits comprised 94% of average total funding liabilities in both 2012 and 2011.
The 16 basis point decrease to 0.47% from 0.63% in the rate paid on average total funding liabilities in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily reflects the decrease in market interest rates and the shift in deposit mix as well as continued repricing of higher-yielding deposits assumed in acquisitions. The rate paid on average total deposits decreased 13 basis points in 2012, reflecting decreases of 18 basis points in savings and money market deposits and 3 basis points in time deposits. Average savings and money market deposits and average time deposits comprised 54% and 24%, respectively, of average total deposits in 2012 compared to 52% and 27%, respectively, in 2011.
Average Balance Sheet, Interest and Yield/Rate Analysis
The table on the following page presents average balance sheets, FTE-basis interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. The average balances are principally daily averages and, for loans, include both performing and non-performing balances. Interest income on loans includes the effect of deferred loan fees and costs accounted for as yield adjustments, but does not include interest on loans for which People’s United Financial has ceased to accrue interest. Premium amortization and discount accretion (including amounts attributable to purchase accounting adjustments) are also included in the respective interest income and interest expense amounts. The impact of People’s United Financial’s use of derivative instruments in managing IRR is also reflected in the table, classified according to the instrument hedged and the related risk management objective.
Average Balance Sheet, Interest and Yield/Rate Analysis
(1) Includes securities purchased under agreements to resell.
(2) Average balances and yields for securities available for sale are based on amortized cost.
(3) Includes commercial and industrial loans and equipment financing loans.
(4) Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2012 includes $8.0 million of cost recovery income; yield of 5.08% without cost recovery income.
(5) The FTE adjustment was $17.2 million, $11.7 million and $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
(6) See Non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliation to GAAP.
Volume and Rate Analysis
The following table shows the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of average total earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities have affected People’s United Financial’s net interest income. For each category of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided relating to: changes in volume (changes in average balances multiplied by the prior year’s average interest rates); changes in rates (changes in average interest rates multiplied by the prior year’s average balances); and the total change. Changes attributable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionately.
The following table provides the weighted average yields earned and rates paid for each major category of earning assets and funding liabilities as of December 31, 2013:
Non-Interest Income
n/m - not meaningful
Total non-interest income increased $19.4 million in 2013 compared to 2012 and increased $6.2 million in 2012 compared to 2011 ($15.0 million excluding net security gains). The improvement in total non-interest income in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects increases in gains on sales of acquired loans, operating lease income, investment management fees, commercial banking fees and customer interest rate swaps (included in Other) in 2013. The improvement in total non-interest income in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily reflects an increase in the level of gains on sales of residential mortgage loans and higher commercial banking fees and operating lease income in 2012.
The decrease in bank service charges in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily reflects the impact of certain provisions of the DFA, as increases in commercial and retail fees were more than offset by the decline in interchange fees (see Recent Market Developments).
The improvement in brokerage commissions in 2013 reflects higher levels of mutual fund and annuity commission income while the improvement in investment management fees reflects the benefit from new revenue initiatives, additional personnel in our key markets and a broader suite of product offerings.
The decrease in net gains on sales of residential mortgage loans in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects a 16% decrease in the volume of residential mortgage loan sales partially offset by the continued improvement in pricing on loans sold directly to a government sponsored enterprises ("GSE"). Loans held for sale at December 31, 2013 and 2012 consisted of newly-originated residential mortgage loans with carrying amounts of $23.3 million and $77.0 million, respectively. The increase in net gains on sales of residential mortgage loans in 2012 compared to 2011 reflects the higher level of residential mortgage loan sales (a 50% increase in volume from 2011) due to the higher level of refinancing activity during 2012.
Net gains on sales of acquired loans in 2013, 2012 and 2011 reflect sales of acquired loans with contractual balances of approximately $12 million, $14 million and $152 million, respectively (carrying amounts of approximately $10 million, $12 million and $105 million, respectively).
The increase in operating lease income in both 2013 and 2012 reflects higher levels of equipment leased to PCLC customers. The increase in commercial banking fees in both years primarily reflects higher prepayment fees while the fluctuation in payment processing volume is the primary driver for the variances in merchant services income.
BOLI income totaled $4.5 million ($6.6 million on a taxable-equivalent basis) in 2013 compared to $5.4 million ($8.2 million on a taxable-equivalent basis) in 2012 and $6.3 million ($9.4 million on a taxable-equivalent basis) in 2011. The decrease in BOLI income in 2013 and 2012 primarily reflects a lower crediting rate in both years due to the continued low interest rate environment. The increase in other non-interest income in 2013 compared to 2012 primarily reflects an increase in revenues relating to customer interest rate swaps.
In 2011, People’s United Financial sold mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $507 million, in order to reduce book value at risk resulting from higher prepayment speeds, and recorded $9.1 million of gross security gains.
Assets under administration and those under full discretionary management, neither of which are reported as assets of People’s United Financial, totaled $10.8 billion and $5.2 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2013 compared to $11.4 billion and $4.5 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2012.
In June 2005, a group of U.S. merchants filed a class action lawsuit against VISA and MasterCard claiming that the way VISA and MasterCard set interchange rates was a violation of anti-trust laws. In July 2012, the parties signed a memorandum of understanding to enter into a settlement to the lawsuit in which VISA and MasterCard proposed to pay $7.25 billion to the merchants ($6.05 billion in cash and $1.2 billion from an eight month reduction in credit card interchange). The proposed settlement is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial results.
In connection with a new accounting standard issued with respect to investments in qualified affordable housing projects (which People’s United Financial intends to adopt as of January 1, 2014), the amortization of such investments, which is currently included in pre-tax income, will, upon adoption, be included as a component of income tax expense. Adoption of this standard is expected to result in an increase in total non-interest income, pre-tax income, income tax expense and People’s United Financial’s effective income tax rate.
Non-Interest Expense
n/m - not meaningful
Total non-interest expense increased $8.4 million in 2013 compared to 2012 and, excluding the effect of merger-related expenses, $1.6 million in 2012 compared to 2011. Merger-related expenses consist of: (i) fees for investment advisory, legal, accounting and valuation services; (ii) debt prepayment costs; (iii) compensatory charges; and (iv) regulatory filings. Total non-interest expense includes $12.7 million, $12.7 million and $13.9 million of non-operating expenses in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
The increase in the efficiency ratio in 2013 compared to 2012 reflects lower total revenues and higher operating expenses in 2013 (see Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation to GAAP).
The increase in compensation and benefits in 2013 compared to 2012 reflects normal merit increases and compensation and benefit costs for additional employees related to regulatory compliance and the acquisition of 57 branches late in the second quarter of 2012. The decrease in compensation and benefits in 2012 compared to 2011 reflects lower incentive costs, including the benefit associated with the final vesting of stock awards granted in 2007 in connection with the Company’s second step conversion, as well as the benefit from cost-savings initiatives, partially offset by additional compensation and benefit costs resulting from the acquisitions completed in 2012 and 2011 and normal merit increases. Compensation and benefits includes severance-related costs (non-operating) totaling $2.8 million in 2013, $7.3 million in 2012 and $5.3 million in 2011.
In July 2011, People’s United Bank amended the qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the “Qualified Plan”) to “freeze”, effective December 31, 2011, the accrual of pension benefits for Qualified Plan participants. As such, participants will not earn any additional benefits after that date. Instead, effective January 1, 2012, People’s United Bank will make a contribution on behalf of these participants to a qualified defined contribution plan in an annual amount equal to 3% of the employee’s eligible compensation.
The increase in occupancy and equipment expense in 2013 and 2012 primarily reflects the incremental costs associated with the continued geographic expansion of People’s United Financial’s franchise as well as the acquisitions completed during the past three years. The decrease in professional and outside services fees in 2013 and 2012 primarily reflects improvements in vendor pricing, lower legal fees and computer system servicing costs. The increase in operating lease expense in 2013 and 2012 relates to the higher level of equipment leased to PCLC customers.
Scheduled amortization expense attributable to other acquisition-related intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows: $24.8 million in 2014; $23.8 million in 2015; $22.7 million in 2016; $21.6 million in 2017 and $10.2 million in 2018.
In February 2011, the FDIC approved a final rule that: (i) changed the assessment base from adjusted domestic deposits to a bank’s average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity (defined as Tier 1 capital); (ii) adopted a new large-bank pricing assessment scheme; and (iii) set a target size for the DIF at 2% of insured deposits. The rule also (i) implemented a lower assessment rate schedule when the DIF reaches 1.15% and, in lieu of dividends, provides for a lower rate schedule when the reserve ratio reaches 2% and 2.5% and (ii) created a scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets, including People’s United Bank. One of the financial ratios used in the scorecard-based assessment system for financial institutions with more than $10 billion in assets is the ratio of “higher-risk” assets to Tier 1 capital and reserves. In October 2012, the FDIC adopted a final rule, which became effective April 1, 2013, that revised the definitions of higher-risk commercial and industrial loans, securities and consumer loans, and clarified when an asset must be classified as higher-risk.
The actual amount of future regulatory assessments may increase in 2014 and beyond, depending on several factors, including: (i) People’s United Bank’s average total assets and average tangible equity; (ii) People’s United Bank’s risk profile; and (iii) whether additional special assessments are imposed in future periods and the manner in which such assessments are determined.
The decrease in advertising and promotion compared to 2012 primarily reflects lower levels of spending on certain television advertising campaigns. The decrease in other non-interest expense in 2013 compared to 2012 reflects decreases in operational charge-offs, partially offset by higher real estate owned (“REO”) related costs, including writedowns relating to one residential property. Other non-interest expense includes (i) $9.0 million and $4.8 million in 2013 and 2011, respectively, associated with the writedowns of certain banking house assets and (ii) $3.8 million of executive-level separation costs in 2011 (all non-operating).
Income Taxes
Income tax expense totaled $106.7 million, $117.4 million and $93.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. People’s United Financial’s effective income tax rate was 31.5%, 32.4% and 32.6% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. People’s United Financial’s effective income tax rate in 2014 is expected to approximate the rate in 2013.
The difference between People’s United Financial’s effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2013 and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% is primarily attributable to: (i) tax-exempt interest earned on certain investments; (ii) federal income tax credits associated with the Company’s investment in affordable housing limited partnerships; (iii) tax-exempt income from BOLI; and (iv) state income taxes.
People’s United Financial maintains an ownership interest in several limited partnership investments to develop and operate affordable housing units for lower income tenants throughout its franchise area. These investments have historically played a significant role in enabling People’s United Bank to meet its Community Reinvestment Act requirements while, at the same time, providing federal income tax credits. The cost of these investments is amortized on a straight-line basis over the period during which the related federal income tax credits are realized (generally ten years). These credits totaled $8.5 million, $8.5 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
In connection with a new accounting standard issued with respect to investments in qualified affordable housing projects (which People’s United Financial intends to adopt as of January 1, 2014), the amortization of such investments, which is currently included in pre-tax income, will, upon adoption, be included as a component of income tax expense. Adoption of this standard is expected to result in an increase in total non-interest income, pre-tax income, income tax expense and People’s United Financial’s effective income tax rate.
Income tax expense for all three years reflects the state tax benefit resulting from the formation of People’s Mortgage Investment Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of People’s United Bank. The formation of this subsidiary was a result of Connecticut tax legislation, which became effective on January 1, 1999, that allows for the transfer of mortgage loans to a passive investment subsidiary. The related earnings of the subsidiary, and any dividends it pays to the parent, are not subject to Connecticut income tax. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning income tax expense.
Securities
People’s United Financial strives to maintain an appropriate balance between loan portfolio growth and deposit funding. People’s United Financial’s management believes that a large securities portfolio funded with wholesale borrowings provides limited economic value and therefore, the total securities portfolio only comprises 15% of total assets as of December 31, 2013.
People’s United Financial has historically utilized the securities portfolio for earnings generation (in the form of interest and dividend income), liquidity, IRR management, asset diversification and tax planning. Securities available for sale are used as part of People’s United Financial’s asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to, or in anticipation of, factors such as changes in market conditions and interest rates, changes in security prepayment rates, liquidity considerations and regulatory capital requirements.
People’s United Financial invests in debt securities rated in the highest categories assigned by nationally recognized statistical ratings organizations (“NRSRO”) and all credit risk undergoes an internal creditworthiness assessment separate from NRSRO ratings. Management has internal guidelines for the credit quality and duration of People’s United Financial’s debt securities portfolio and monitors these on a regular basis.
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial’s securities available for sale portfolio totaled $4.2 billion, or 13% of total assets, compared to $4.5 billion, or 15% of total assets, at December 31, 2012 and $2.7 billion, or 10% of total assets, at December 31, 2011.
In December 2013, the entire state and municipal securities portfolio was transferred from available for sale to held to maturity. This action was taken to minimize future fluctuations in stockholders' equity due to changes in the fair value of these long duration securities resulting from changes in interest rates in light of management's view of the long-term investment horizon of this portfolio.
The increase in GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs in 2013 compared to 2012 reflects management’s decision to invest in such securities to provide an improved balance sheet mix of duration, yield and credit risk as well as regulatory considerations. The increase in debt securities available for sale in 2012 compared to 2011 reflects management’s decision in the second half of 2012 to invest in GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs, as well as investment grade state and municipal securities, to provide an improved balance sheet mix of duration, yield and credit risk. In 2011, the Company sold 15-year mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $507 million to reduce book value at risk due to an expected increase in prepayments and recorded gross realized gains totaling $9.1 million. Subsequently, the Company purchased short-duration agency-issued CMOs backed by collateral that was expected to exhibit lower prepayment risk.
At December 31, 2013, the amortized cost exceeded the fair value of the securities available for sale portfolio by $73.7 million. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the fair value exceeded the amortized cost of the securities available for sale portfolio by $83.2 million and $68.1 million, respectively.
All unrealized gains and those unrealized losses representing temporary declines in value due to factors other than credit are recorded in stockholders’ equity, net of income taxes. As a result, management anticipates continued fluctuations in stockholders’ equity due to changes in the fair value of these securities, albeit on a relatively modest scale due to the duration of the portfolio. The duration of the debt securities portfolio was approximately 4.2 years, 3.3 years and 2.8 years at December 31, 2013, 2012 ad 2011, respectively.
Lending Activities
People’s United Financial conducts its lending activities principally through its Commercial Banking and Retail and Business Banking operating segments. People’s United Financial’s lending activities consist of originating loans secured by commercial and residential properties, and extending secured and unsecured loans to commercial and consumer customers.
Total loans increased $2.65 billion in 2013 compared to 2012 and increased $1.35 billion in 2012 compared to 2011. People’s United Financial acquired loans with fair values of $1.87 billion in 2011 and $3.49 billion in 2010. Loans acquired in connection with business combinations beginning in 2010 are referred to as ‘acquired’ loans as a result of the manner in which they are accounted for (see further discussion under ‘Acquired Loans’ in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). All other loans are referred to as ‘originated’ loans. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the carrying amount of the acquired loan portfolio totaled $1.53 billion and $2.24 billion, respectively.
The following table summarizes the loan portfolio before deducting the allowance for loan losses:
(1) Following the Company’s 2010 acquisitions and core system conversion, the Company undertook a portfolio review to ensure consistent classification of commercial loans in an effort to align policy across the Company’s expanded franchise and better conform to industry practice for such loans. As a result, approximately $875 million of loans secured, in part, by owner-occupied commercial properties were reclassified from commercial real estate loans to commercial and industrial loans as of March 31, 2011. The primary collateral for these loans generally consists of the borrower’s general business assets (i.e. non-real estate collateral) and the loans were underwritten principally on the basis of the adequacy of business cash flows. This reclassification is being applied prospectively as it was deemed impracticable to do so for prior periods due to the fact that the underlying loan information is no longer available as it previously resided on legacy loan systems that are no longer utilized or supported following the Company’s core system conversion.
People’s United Financial’s loan portfolio is primarily concentrated within New England with approximately 63% and 68% of the total loan portfolio representing loans to customers located within the New England states at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and approximately 18% and 13% represents loans to customers located in New York at those dates.
Total Loans
As of December 31 (dollars in millions)
The following table presents the contractual maturity of total loans as of December 31, 2013:
The following table presents, as of December 31, 2013, loan amounts due after December 31, 2014, and whether these loans have adjustable or fixed interest rates:
Commercial Banking
The Commercial Banking lending businesses include commercial real estate, commercial and industrial lending, and equipment financing.
Commercial Real Estate
People’s United Financial manages the commercial real estate portfolio by limiting the concentration in any particular loan type, term, industry, or to any individual borrower. People’s United Financial’s highest loan concentration in the commercial real estate loan portfolio is in the residential (multi-family) sector, which represented 31% of this loan portfolio at December 31, 2013.
Commercial Real Estate Portfolio
As of December 31 (dollars in millions)
The commercial real estate portfolio increased $1.6 billion in 2013 compared to 2012, reflecting loan growth of $2.0 billion, or 33% of the commercial real estate portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio. The commercial real estate portfolio increased $122 million in 2012 compared to 2011, reflecting loan growth of $771 million, or 11% of the commercial real estate portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio.
Included in the commercial real estate portfolio are construction loans totaling $532 million and $552 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, net of the unadvanced portion of such loan totaling $414 million and $392 million, respectively. During 2013 and 2012, the Company sold acquired loans with outstanding principal balances of $12 million and $14 million, respectively (carrying amount of $10 million and $12 million, respectively) and recognized net gains on sales totaling $5.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2013 and 2012, approximately 33% and 24%, respectively, of People’s United Financial’s commercial real estate portfolio was secured by properties located in New York, and approximately 20% and 26%, respectively, was secured by properties located in Connecticut. In addition, approximately 27% of the commercial real estate portfolio was secured by properties located in Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire at December 31, 2013 compared to approximately 32% at December 31, 2012. No other state exposure was greater than 7% at December 31, 2013.
Commercial real estate is dependent on the successful operation of the related income-producing real estate. Accordingly, the income streams generated by this portfolio can be impacted by changes in the real estate market and, to a large extent, the New England and southeastern New York economies. People’s United Financial continues to focus on maintaining strong asset quality standards in a competitive market generally characterized by aggressive pricing and less attractive underwriting terms. The growth and performance of this portfolio is largely dependent on the economic environment and may be adversely impacted if the economy weakens in the future.
Commercial Real Estate Diversification
As of December 31, 2013 (percent)
Commercial and Industrial
People’s United Financial provides diversified products and services to its commercial customers, including short-term working capital credit facilities, term financing, asset-based loans, letters of credit, cash management services and commercial deposit accounts.
Commercial products are generally packaged together to create a financing solution specifically tailored to the needs of the customer. Taking a total relationship-focused approach with commercial customers to meet their financing needs has resulted in substantial growth in non-interest-bearing deposits over time, as well as in opportunities to provide other banking services to principals and employees of these commercial customers.
The borrower’s ability to repay a commercial loan is closely tied to the ongoing profitability and cash flow of the borrower’s business. Consequently, a commercial loan tends to be more directly impacted by changes in economic cycles that affect businesses generally and the borrower’s business specifically. The availability of adequate collateral is a factor in commercial loan decisions and loans are generally collateralized and/or guaranteed by third parties.
In 2013, the commercial and industrial portfolio increased $254 million compared to 2012, reflecting loan growth of $381 million, or 7% of the commercial and industrial portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio. In 2012, the commercial and industrial portfolio increased $695 million compared to 2011, reflecting loan growth of $1.1 billion, or 20% of the commercial and industrial portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio.
At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the commercial and industrial portfolio included $411 million and $301 million, respectively, of asset-based lending loans, of which approximately 76% were to customers located within the Company’s geographic footprint at December 31, 2013. The commercial and industrial portfolio also includes $538 million of mortgage warehouse loans at December 31, 2013, compared to $710 million at December 31, 2012. Such loans represent lines of credit extended to a loan originator to fund a mortgage that a borrower initially used to purchase a property. The extension of credit generally lasts from the loan’s point of origination to the point when the mortgage is sold into the secondary market. At December 31, 2013, approximately 18% of the mortgage warehouse loans were to customers located within the Company’s footprint.
At both December 31, 2013 and 2012, approximately 24% of the commercial and industrial loan portfolio consisted of loans to Connecticut-based businesses. Commercial and industrial loan exposure in the states of Vermont, Massachusetts and New Hampshire totaled approximately 44% and 45% at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. No other state exposure was greater than 12%. While People’s United Financial continues to focus on asset quality, the performance of the commercial lending and industrial portfolio may be adversely impacted if the economy weakens in the future.
Commercial and Industrial Diversification
As of December 31, 2013 (percent)
Commercial and Industrial Portfolio
As of December 31 (dollars in millions)
Equipment Financing
PCLC and PUEFC provide equipment financing for customers in all 50 states, specializing in financing for the transportation/utility, construction, printing and general manufacturing industries. PCLC will buy or sell portions of financing transactions in the secondary market to manage the concentration risk of its overall portfolio. In addition, PCLC provides customers with the option to lease equipment. Substantially all of the equipment financing portfolio (approximately 97% at both December 31, 2013 and 2012) was to customers located outside of New England. At December 31, 2013, approximately 31% of the equipment financing portfolio consisted of loans to customers located in Texas, California and New York and no other state exposure was greater than 6%.
The equipment financing portfolio increased $241 million in 2013 compared to 2012, reflecting loan growth of $322 million, or 15% of the equipment and financing portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the PUEFC acquired loan portfolio. Operating on a national scale, equipment financing represented 15% of the Commercial Banking loan portfolio at both December 31, 2013 and 2012. While People’s United Financial continues to focus on asset quality, the performance of the equipment financing portfolio may be adversely impacted if the national economy weakens in the future.
Equipment Financing Diversification
As of December 31, 2013 (percent)
Equipment Financing Portfolio
As of December 31 (dollars in millions)
The following tables set forth the contractual maturity (based on final payment date) and interest rate sensitivity (based on next repricing date) of People’s United Financial’s commercial and industrial loans and construction loans:
Residential Mortgage Lending
People’s United Financial offers its customers a wide range of residential mortgage loan products. These include conventional fixed-rate loans, jumbo fixed-rate loans (loans with principal balances greater than established Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae limits), adjustable-rate loans, sometimes referred to as ARM loans, interest-only loans (loans where payments made by the borrower consist of only interest for a set period of time, before the payments change to principal and interest), as well as Federal Housing Administration insured loans and various state housing finance authority loans. People’s United Financial originates these loans through its network of retail branches and calling officers, as well as correspondent lenders and mortgage brokers.
At December 31, 2013 and 2012, approximately 90% and 91%, respectively, of the residential mortgage loan portfolio was secured by properties located in New England. At December 31, 2013, the residential mortgage loan portfolio included $871 million of interest-only loans, of which $1 million are stated income loans, compared to $727 million and $11 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012. See Asset Quality for further discussion of interest-only and stated income loans. Also included in residential mortgage loans at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are construction loans totaling $92 million and $67 million, respectively.
People’s United Financial’s residential mortgage originations totaled $2.3 billion in 2013, $2.1 billion in 2012 and $2.0 billion in 2011. The mix and volume of residential mortgage loan originations vary in response to changes in market interest rates and customer preferences. Adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans accounted for 62% of total residential mortgage originations in 2013, compared to 55% in 2012 and 61% in 2011.
In 2013, adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans increased $560 million compared to 2012, reflecting loan growth of $604 million, or 19% of adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio. In 2012, adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans increased $388 million compared to 2011, reflecting loan growth of $427 million, or 16% of adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, partially offset by a decrease in the acquired portfolio. Fixed-rate residential mortgage loans decreased $30 million in 2013 compared to 2012 and decreased $130 million in 2012 compared to 2011, reflecting customer’s preference for adjustable-rate loans and run-off in the acquired portfolio. The Company currently retains in its portfolio most of its originated adjustable-rate and 10-year fixed-rate residential mortgage loans.
People’s United Financial’s loan loss experience within the residential mortgage portfolio continues to be primarily attributable to a small number of loans. The continued performance of the residential mortgage loan portfolio in the future may be adversely impacted by the level and direction of interest rates, consumer preferences and the regional economy.
Residential Mortgage Originations
Years ended December 31 (dollars in millions)
Residential Mortgage Originations by Product
Year ended December 31, 2013 (percent)
Consumer Lending
People’s United Financial offers home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”) and home equity loans (“HELs”), and to a lesser extent, other forms of installment and revolving credit loans. At December 31, 2013, approximately 92% of the consumer loan portfolio was to customers located within the New England states. Future growth of People’s United Financial’s consumer loan portfolio is highly dependent upon economic conditions, the interest rate environment and competitors’ strategies.
Asset Quality
Recent Trends
The past several years have been marked by significant volatility in the financial and capital markets initially brought about by the fallout associated with the subprime mortgage market. This disruption led to significant credit and liquidity concerns, which resulted in government intervention within the banking sector and a substantial decline in activity within the secondary mortgage market. All of these issues were further exacerbated by an accelerated softening of the real estate market, a worsening recessionary economic environment and, in turn, weakness within the commercial sector.
While People’s United Financial continues to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, the loan portfolio is not immune to potential negative consequences arising as a result of general economic weakness and, in particular, a prolonged downturn in the housing market on a national scale. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for loans. In addition, adverse changes in the economy could have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make scheduled loan payments, which would likely have an adverse impact on earnings. Further, an increase in loan delinquencies may serve to decrease net interest income and adversely impact loan loss experience, resulting in an increased provision and allowance for loan losses.
People’s United Financial actively manages asset quality through its underwriting practices and collection operations. Underwriting practices tend to focus on optimizing the return of a given risk classification while collection operations focus on minimizing losses once an account becomes delinquent. People’s United Financial attempts to minimize losses associated with commercial banking loans by requiring borrowers to pledge adequate collateral and/or provide for third-party guarantees. Loss mitigation within the residential mortgage loan portfolio is highly dependent on the value of the underlying real estate.
During the recent credit cycle, People’s United Financial experienced an increase in the number of loan modification requests. Certain originated loans whose terms have been modified are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Acquired loans that are modified are not considered for TDR classification provided they are evaluated for impairment on a pool basis. Originated loans are considered TDRs if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and is afforded a concession by People’s United Financial, such as, but not limited to: (i) payment deferral; (ii) a reduction of the stated interest rate for the remaining contractual life of the loan; (iii) an extension of the loan’s original contractual term at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk; (iv) capitalization of interest; or (v) forgiveness of principal or interest.
In June 2012, the OCC issued clarifying regulatory guidance requiring loans subject to a borrower’s discharge from personal liability following a Chapter 7 bankruptcy to be treated as TDRs, included in non-performing loans and written down to the estimated collateral value, regardless of delinquency status. Included in TDRs at December 31, 2013 are $28.6 million of such loans. Of this amount, $18.2 million, or 63%, were less than 90 days past due on their payments as of that date.
Generally, TDRs are placed on non-accrual status (and reported as non-performing loans) until the loan qualifies for return to accrual status. Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance with the restructured terms of the loan agreement for a minimum of six months. Loans may continue to be reported as TDRs after they are returned to accrual status.
During 2013, we performed 49 loan modifications that were not classified as TDRs. The balances of the loans at the time of the respective modifications totaled $76.5 million. In each case, we concluded that the modification did not result in the granting of a concession based on one or more of the following considerations: (i) the receipt of additional collateral (the nature and amount of which was deemed to serve as adequate compensation for other terms of the restructuring) and/or guarantees; (ii) the borrower having access to funds at a market rate for debt with similar risk characteristics as the restructured debt; and (iii) the restructuring resulting in a delay in payment that is insignificant in relation to the other terms of the obligation. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosures relating to TDRs.
In October 2012, the FDIC adopted a final rule, which became effective April 1, 2013, that (i) revised the definitions of certain higher-risk assets used for insurance assessment purposes, including leveraged loans (which are referred to as “higher-risk commercial and industrial loans”) and selected consumer loans (which are referred to as “higher-risk consumer loans”) and (ii) clarified when an asset must be classified as higher-risk. A consumer loan (residential mortgage loans and consumer loans for People’s United Financial) is considered higher-risk if the probability of default on such loan, as determined using defined historical two-year stress periods, is greater than 20%.
Portfolio Risk Elements - Residential Mortgage Lending
People’s United Financial does not actively engage in subprime mortgage lending, which has been the riskiest sector of the residential housing market. People’s United Financial has virtually no exposure to subprime loans, or to similarly high-risk Alt-A loans and structured investment vehicles. While no standard definition of “subprime” exists within the industry, the Company has generally defined subprime as borrowers with credit scores of 660 or less, either at or subsequent to origination.
At December 31, 2013, the loan portfolio included $871 million of interest-only residential mortgage loans, of which $1 million are stated income loans. People’s United Financial began originating interest-only residential mortgage loans in March 2003. The underwriting guidelines and requirements for such loans are generally more restrictive than those applied to other types of residential mortgage loans. In general, People’s United Financial’s underwriting guidelines for residential mortgage loans require the following: (i) properties must be single-family and owner-occupied primary residences; (ii) lower loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios (less than 60% on average); (iii) higher credit scores (greater than 700 on average); and (iv) sufficient post-closing reserves. People’s United Financial has not originated interest-only residential mortgage loans that permit negative amortization or optional payment amounts. Amortization of an interest-only residential mortgage loan begins after the initial interest rate changes (e.g. after 5 years for a 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgage).
Stated income loans, which People’s United Financial has not offered since mid-2007, represent a form of reduced documentation loan that requires a potential borrower to complete a standard mortgage application with full verification of the borrower’s asset information as contained in the loan application, but no verification of the provided income information. As with interest-only loans, underwriting guidelines for stated income loans require properties to be single-family and owner-occupied primary residences with lower LTV ratios and higher credit scores. In addition, stated income loans require the receipt of an appraisal for the real estate used as collateral and a credit report on the prospective borrower.
Updated estimates of property values are obtained from an independent third-party for residential mortgage loans 90 days past due. At December 31, 2013, non-performing residential mortgage loans totaling $3.3 million had current LTV ratios of more than 100%. At December 31, 2013, the weighted average LTV ratio and FICO score for the residential mortgage loan portfolio were approximately 62% and 746, respectively.
The Company continues to review its foreclosure policies and procedures and has found no systemic concerns or instances of “robo-signing” (signing foreclosure affidavits without an appropriate review) with respect to its loan servicing activities. We believe that our established procedures for reviewing foreclosure affidavits and validating information contained in related loan documentation are sound and consistently applied, and that our foreclosure affidavits are accurate. As a result, People’s United Bank has not found it necessary to interrupt or suspend foreclosure proceedings. We have also considered the effect of representations and warranties that we made to third-party investors in connection with whole loan sales, and believe our representations and warranties were true and correct and do not expose People’s United Bank to any material loss.
During 2013, the Company repurchased from GSEs and other parties a total of 11 residential mortgage loans that we had previously sold to the GSEs and other parties. The balances of the loans at the time of the respective repurchases totaled $1.9 million and related fees and expenses incurred totaled less than $0.1 million. During that same time period, the Company issued 14 investor refunds, totaling $0.2 million, under contractual obligations as a result of early payoffs, make whole payments, sales or settlement differences, underwriting or documentation non-compliance and obligations under recourse agreements. Based on the limited number of repurchase requests the Company has historically received, the immaterial cost associated with such repurchase requests and management’s view that this past experience is consistent with our current and near-term estimate of such exposure, the Company has established a reserve for such repurchase requests, which totaled $0.6 million as of December 31, 2013.
The aforementioned foreclosure issues and the potential for additional legal and regulatory action could impact future foreclosure activities, including lengthening the time required for residential mortgage lenders, including People’s United Bank, to initiate and complete the foreclosure process. In recent years, foreclosure timelines have increased as a result of, among other reasons: (i) delays associated with the significant increase in the number of foreclosure cases as a result of the economic crisis; (ii) additional consumer protection initiatives related to the foreclosure process; and (iii) voluntary and/or mandatory programs intended to permit or require lenders to consider loan modifications or other alternatives to foreclosure. Further increases in the foreclosure timeline may have an adverse effect on collateral values and our ability to minimize losses.
Portfolio Risk Elements - Home Equity Lending
The majority of our HELOCs have an initial draw period of 9 1/2 years followed by a 20-year repayment phase. During the initial draw period, interest-only payments are required, after which the disbursed balance is fully amortized over a 20-year repayment term. HELOCs carry variable rates indexed to the Prime Rate with a lifetime interest rate ceiling and floor, and are secured by first or second liens on the borrower’s primary residence. The rate used to qualify borrowers is the Prime Rate plus 5.00%, even though the initial rate may be substantially lower. The maximum LTV ratio is 80% on a single-family property, 70% on a two-family property and 65% on a condominium. Lower LTV ratios are required on larger line amounts. The minimum FICO credit score is 680. The borrower has the ability to convert the entire balance or a portion of the balance to a fixed-rate term loan during the draw period. There is a limit of three term loans that must be fully amortized over a term not to exceed the original HELOC maturity date.
A smaller portion of our HELOC portfolio has an initial draw period of 10 years with a variable-rate interest-only payment, after which there is a 5-year amortization period. An additional small portion of our HELOC portfolio has a 5-year draw period which, at our discretion, may be renewed for an additional 5-year interest-only draw period.
The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2013, the committed amount of HELOCs scheduled to have the draw period end during the years shown:
Essentially all of our HELOCs (95%) are presently in their draw period. Although converted amortizing payment loans represent only a small portion of the portfolio, our default and delinquency statistics indicate a higher level of occurrence for such loans when compared to HELOCs that are still in the draw period.
Delinquency statistics for the HELOC portfolio as of December 31, 2013 are as follows:
For the three months ended December 31, 2013, approximately 36% of our borrowers with balances outstanding under HELOCs paid only the minimum amount due.
The majority of the HEL portfolio fully amortizes over terms ranging from 5 to 20 years. HELs are limited to first or second liens on a borrower’s primary residence. The maximum LTV ratio is 80% on a single-family property, 70% on a two-family property and 65% on a condominium. Lower LTV ratios are required on larger line amounts.
We are not able, at this time, to develop statistics for the entire home equity portfolio (both HELOCs and HELs) with respect to first liens serviced by third parties that have priority over our junior liens, as lien position data has not historically been captured on our loan servicing systems. As of December 31, 2013, full and complete first lien position data was not readily available for approximately 59% of the home equity portfolio. Effective January 2011, we began tracking lien position data for all new originations and our collections department continues to add lien position data once a loan reaches 75 days past due in connection with our updated assessment of combined loan-to-value (“CLTV”) exposure, which takes place for loans 90 days past due. In addition, when we are notified that the holder of a superior lien has commenced a foreclosure action, our home equity account is identified in the collections system for ongoing monitoring of the legal action. As of December 31, 2013, the portion of the home equity portfolio more than 90 days past due with a CLTV greater than 80% was $8.1 million.
As of December 31, 2013, full and complete first lien position data was readily available for approximately 41%, or $842 million, of the home equity portfolio. Of that total, approximately 37%, or $313 million, are in a junior lien position. We estimate that of those junior liens, 35%, or $110 million, are held or serviced by others.
When the first lien is held by a third party, we can, in some cases, obtain an indication that a first lien is in default through information reported to credit bureaus. However, because more than one mortgage may be reported in a borrower’s credit report and there may not be a corresponding property address associated with reported mortgages, we are often unable to associate a specific first lien with our junior lien. As of December 31, 2013, there were 50 loans totaling $3.8 million for which we have received notification that the holder of a superior lien has commenced foreclosure action. For 35 of the loans (totaling $2.8 million), our second lien position was performing at the time such foreclosure action was commenced. The total estimated loss related to those 35 loans was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2013. It is important to note that the percentage of new home equity originations for which we hold the first lien has increased steadily from approximately 40% in 2009 to approximately 65% as of December 31, 2013.
We believe there are several factors that serve to mitigate the potential risk associated with the limitations on available first lien data. Most importantly, our underwriting guidelines for home equity loans, which have been, and continue to be, consistently applied, generally require the following: (i) properties located within our geographic footprint; (ii) lower LTV ratios; and (iii) higher credit scores. Notwithstanding the maximum LTV ratios and minimum FICO scores discussed previously, actual LTV ratios at origination were less than 60% on average and current FICO scores of our borrowers are greater than 750 on average. In addition, as of December 31, 2013, approximately 83% of the portfolio balance relates to originations that occurred since 2005, which is generally recognized as the peak of the recent housing bubble. We believe these factors are a primary reason for the portfolio’s relatively low level of non-performing loans and net loan charge-offs, both in terms of absolute dollars and as a percentage of average total loans.
Each month, all home equity and second mortgage loans greater than 180 days past due (regardless of our lien position) are analyzed in order to determine the amount by which the balance outstanding (including any amount subject to a first lien) exceeds the underlying collateral value. To the extent a shortfall exists, a charge-off is recognized. This charge-off activity is reflected in our established allowance for loan losses for home equity and second mortgage loans as part of the component attributable to historical portfolio loss experience, which considers losses incurred over the most recent 12-month period. While the limitations on available first lien data could impact the accuracy of our loan loss estimates, we believe that our methodology results in an allowance for loan losses that appropriately estimates the inherent probable losses within the portfolio, including those loans originated prior to January 2011 for which certain lien position data is not available.
As of December 31, 2013, the weighted average CLTV ratio and FICO score for the home equity portfolio were approximately 55% and 755, respectively.
Portfolio Risk Elements - Commercial Real Estate Lending
In general, construction loans originated by People’s United Financial are used to finance improvements to commercial, industrial or residential property. Repayment is typically derived from the sale of the property as a whole, the sale of smaller individual units, or by a take-out from a permanent mortgage. The term of the construction period generally does not exceed two years. Loan commitments are based on established construction budgets which represent an estimate of total costs to complete the proposed project, including both hard (direct) costs (building materials, labor, etc.) and soft (indirect) costs (legal and architectural fees, etc.). In addition, project costs may include an appropriate level of interest reserve to carry the project through to completion. If established, such interest reserves are determined based on: (i) a percentage of the committed loan amount; (ii) the loan term; and (iii) the applicable interest rate. Regardless of whether a loan contains an interest reserve, the total project cost statement serves as the basis for underwriting and determining which items will be funded by the loan and which items will be funded through borrower equity.
Construction loans are funded, at the request of the borrower, not more than once per month, based on the extent of work completed, and are monitored, throughout the life of the project, by an independent professional construction engineer and the Company’s commercial real estate lending department. Interest is advanced to the borrower upon request, based upon the progress of the project toward completion. The amount of interest advanced is added to the total outstanding principal under the loan commitment. Should the project not progress as scheduled, the adequacy of the interest reserve necessary to carry the project through to completion is subject to close monitoring by management. Should the interest reserve be deemed to be inadequate, the borrower is required to fund the deficiency. Similarly, once a loan is fully funded, the borrower is required to fund all interest payments.
People’s United Financial’s construction loan portfolio totaled $532 million (approximately 2% of total loans) at December 31, 2013. The total committed amount at that date, including both the outstanding balance and the unadvanced portion of such loans, totaled $946 million. In some cases, a portion of the total committed amount includes an accompanying interest reserve. At December 31, 2013, construction loans totaling $237 million had remaining available interest reserves totaling $51 million. At that date, the Company had no construction loans with interest reserves that were on non-accrual status and included in non-performing loans.
The recent economic downturn has resulted in an increase in the number of extension requests for commercial real estate and construction loans, some of which have related repayment guarantees. Modifications of originated commercial real estate loans involving maturity extensions are evaluated according to the Company’s normal underwriting standards and are classified as TDRs if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and is afforded a concession by People’s United Financial similar to those discussed previously. People’s United Financial had approximately $14 million of restructured construction loans as of December 31, 2013.
An extension may be granted to allow for the completion of the project, marketing or sales of completed units, or to provide for permanent financing, and is based on a re-underwriting of the loan and management’s assessment of the borrower’s ability to perform according to the agreed-upon terms. Typically, at the time of an extension, borrowers are performing in accordance with contractual loan terms. Extension terms generally do not exceed 12 to 18 months and typically require that the borrower provide additional economic support in the form of partial repayment, additional collateral or guarantees. In cases where the fair value of the collateral or the financial resources of the borrower are deemed insufficient to repay the loan, reliance may be placed on the support of a guarantee, if applicable. However, such guarantees are never considered the sole source of repayment.
People’s United Financial evaluates the financial condition of guarantors based on the most current financial information available. Most often, such information takes the form of (i) personal financial statements of net worth, cash flow statements and tax returns (for individual guarantors) and (ii) financial and operating statements, tax returns and financial projections (for legal entity guarantors). The Company’s evaluation is primarily focused on various key financial metrics, including net worth, leverage ratios and liquidity. It is the Company’s policy to update such information annually, or more frequently as warranted, over the life of the loan.
While People’s United Financial does not specifically track the frequency with which it has pursued guarantor performance under a guarantee, the Company’s underwriting process, both at origination and upon extension, as applicable, includes an assessment of the guarantor’s reputation, creditworthiness and willingness to perform. Historically, when the Company has found it necessary to seek performance under a guarantee, it has been able to effectively mitigate its losses.
In considering the impairment status of such loans, an evaluation is made of the collateral and future cash flow of the borrower as well as the anticipated support of any repayment guarantor. In the event that the guarantor is unwilling or unable to perform, a legal remedy is pursued. When performance under the loan terms is deemed to be uncertain, including performance of the guarantor, all or a portion of the loan may be charged-off, typically based on the fair value of the collateral securing the loan.
Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged to income. Losses on loans, including impaired loans, are charged to the allowance for loan losses when all or a portion of a loan is deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries of loans previously charged off are credited to the allowance for loan losses when realized.
People’s United Financial maintains the allowance for loan losses at a level that is deemed to be appropriate to absorb probable losses inherent in the respective loan portfolios, based on a quarterly evaluation of a variety of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to: (i) People’s United Financial’s historical loan loss experience and recent trends in that experience; (ii) risk ratings assigned by lending personnel to commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing loans, and the results of ongoing reviews of those ratings by People’s United Financial’s independent loan review function; (iii) an evaluation of delinquent and non-performing loans and related collateral values; (iv) the probability of loss in view of geographic and industry concentrations and other portfolio risk characteristics; (v) the present financial condition of borrowers; and (vi) current economic conditions.
For a more detailed discussion of the Company’s allowance for loan losses methodology and related policies, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Acquired loans that have evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments will not be collected are initially recorded at fair value without recording an allowance for loan losses. Fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected, as adjusted for an estimate of future credit losses and prepayments, and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. Acquired loans are generally accounted for on a pool basis, with pools formed based on the loans’ common risk characteristics, such as loan collateral type and accrual status. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
Under the accounting model for acquired loans, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying amount of the loans, referred to as the “accretable yield”, is accreted into interest income over the life of the loans in each pool using the effective yield method. Accordingly, acquired loans are not subject to classification as non-accrual in the same manner as originated loans. Rather, acquired loans are considered to be accruing loans because their interest income relates to the accretable yield recognized at the pool level and not to contractual interest payments at the loan level. The difference between contractually required principal and interest payments and the cash flows expected to be collected, referred to as the “nonaccretable difference”, includes estimates of both the impact of prepayments and future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loans in each pool. As such, charge-offs on acquired loans are first applied to the nonaccretable difference and then to any allowance for loan losses recognized subsequent to acquisition. A decrease in expected cash flows in subsequent periods may indicate that the loan pool is impaired, which would require the establishment of an allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the allowance for loan losses on acquired loans was $10.3 million and $10.5 million, respectively.
Selected asset quality metrics presented below distinguish between the ‘originated’ portfolio and the ‘acquired’ portfolio. All loans acquired in connection with acquisitions beginning in 2010 comprise the acquired loan portfolio; all other loans of the Company comprise the originated portfolio, including originations subsequent to the respective acquisition dates.
Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses
The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses and ratios:
The provision for loan losses on originated loans totaled $39.5 million in 2013, reflecting net loan charge-offs of $39.5 million (including $21.3 million against previously-established specific reserves) and an $18.2 million increase in the originated allowance for loan losses due to growth in both the commercial banking and residential mortgage loan portfolios. The provision for loan losses on originated loans totaled $43.4 million in 2012, reflecting net loan charge-offs of $41.4 million (including $19.6 million against previously-established specific reserves) and a $23.8 million increase in the originated allowance for loan losses due to growth in both the commercial banking and residential mortgage loan portfolios. The originated allowance for loan losses as a percentage of originated loans was 0.78% at December 31, 2013 and 0.91% at December 31, 2012.
The provision for loan losses on acquired loans totaled $4.2 million in 2013, reflecting net loan charge-offs of $4.4 million, all of which carried previously-established specific reserves, and a $0.2 million decrease in the acquired allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses on acquired loans totaled $5.8 million in 2012, reflecting net loan charge-offs of $2.7 million, all of which carried previously-established specific reserves, and a $3.1 million increase in the acquired allowance for loan losses due to impairment on certain acquired loans.
Loan Charge-Offs
The Company’s charge-off policies, which comply with standards established by banking regulators, are consistently applied from period to period. Charge-offs are recorded on a monthly basis. Partially charged-off loans continue to be evaluated on a monthly basis and additional charge-offs or loan loss provisions may be recorded on the remaining loan balance based on the same criteria.
For unsecured consumer loans, charge-offs are generally recorded when the loan is deemed to be uncollectible or 120 days past due, whichever occurs first. For consumer loans secured by real estate, including residential mortgage loans, charge-offs are generally recorded when the loan is deemed to be uncollectible or 180 days past due, whichever occurs first, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that repayment will occur regardless of the delinquency status. Factors that demonstrate an ability to repay may include: (i) a loan that is secured by adequate collateral and is in the process of collection; (ii) a loan supported by a valid guarantee or insurance; or (iii) a loan supported by a valid claim against a solvent estate.
For commercial banking loans, a charge-off is recorded when the Company determines that it will not collect all amounts contractually due based on the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, or the present value of expected future cash flows.
The decision whether to charge-off all or a portion of a loan rather than to record a specific or general loss allowance is based on an assessment of all available information that aids in determining the loan’s net realizable value. Typically this involves consideration of both (i) the fair value of any collateral securing the loan, including whether the estimate of fair value has been derived from an appraisal or other market information and (ii) other factors affecting the likelihood of repayment, including the existence of guarantees and insurance. If the amount by which the Company’s recorded investment in the loan exceeds its net realizable value is deemed to be a confirmed loss, a charge-off is recorded. Otherwise, a specific or general reserve is established, as applicable.
Net loan charge-offs as a percentage of average total loans equaled 0.19% in 2013, 0.21% in 2012 and 0.28% in 2011. The comparatively low level of net loan charge-offs in recent years, in terms of absolute dollars and as a percentage of average total loans, may not be sustainable in the future.
Net Loan Charge-Offs (Recoveries) as a Percentage of Average Total Loans
The following table presents, by class of loan, the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on originated loans and the percent of loans in each class to total loans:
The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on originated loans at December 31, 2013 reflects management’s assessment of credit risk and probable loss within each portfolio. This assessment is based on a variety of internal and external factors including, but not limited to, the likelihood and severity of loss, portfolio growth and related risk characteristics, and current economic conditions. With respect to the originated portfolio, an allocation of a portion of the allowance to one loan segment does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in another loan segment. Management believes that the level of the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2013 is appropriate to cover probable losses.
Non-Performing Assets
A loan is generally considered “non-performing” when it is placed on non-accrual status. A loan is generally placed on non-accrual status when it becomes 90 days past due as to interest or principal payments. Past due status is based on the contractual payment terms of the loan. A loan may be placed on non-accrual status before it reaches 90 days past due if such loan has been identified as presenting uncertainty with respect to the collectability of interest and principal. A loan past due 90 days or more may remain on accruing status if such loan is both well secured and in the process of collection.
All previously accrued but unpaid interest on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income in the period in which the accrual of interest is discontinued. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans (including impaired loans) are generally applied as a reduction of principal if future collections are doubtful, although such interest payments may be recognized as income. A loan remains on non-accrual status until the factors that indicated doubtful collectability no longer exist or until a loan is determined to be uncollectible and is charged off against the allowance for loan losses. There were no loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest at December 31, 2013 or 2012.
Non-Performing Assets
(1) Reported net of government guarantees totaling $19.4 million, $9.7 million, $12.1 million, $9.4 million and $8.3 million at December 31, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. These government guarantees relate, almost entirely, to guarantees provided by the Small Business Administration as well as selected other federal agencies and represent the carrying value of the loans that are covered by such guarantees, the extent of which (i.e. full or partial) varies by loan. At December 31, 2013, the principal loan classes to which these government guarantees relate are commercial and industrial loans (approximately 95%) and commercial real estate loans (approximately 5%).
The preceding table excludes acquired loans that are (i) accounted for as purchased credit impaired loans or (ii) covered by an FDIC loss-share agreement (“LSA”) totaling $138 million and $4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2013; $174 million and $8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012; $235 million and $14 million, respectively, at December 31, 2011; and $342 million and $18 million, respectively, at December 31, 2010. Such loans otherwise meet People’s United Financial’s definition of a non-performing loan but are excluded because the loans are included in loan pools that are considered performing and/or credit losses are covered by an FDIC LSA. The discounts arising from recording these loans at fair value were due, in part, to credit quality. The acquired loans are generally accounted for on a pool basis and the accretable yield on the pools is being recognized as interest income over the life of the loans based on expected cash flows at the pool level.
Total non-performing assets decreased $41.8 million from December 31, 2012 and equaled 1.08% of originated loans, REO and repossessed assets at December 31, 2013. The decrease in total non-performing assets from December 31, 2012 primarily reflects decreases in non-performing commercial real estate loans of $13.6 million, non-performing commercial and industrial loans of $11.0 million and non-performing residential mortgage loans of $6.1 million.
All loans and REO acquired in the Butler Bank acquisition (completed in 2010) are subject to an FDIC LSA, which provides for coverage by the FDIC, up to certain limits, on all such ‘covered assets’. The FDIC is obligated to reimburse the Company for 80% of any future losses on covered assets up to $34.0 million. The Company will reimburse the FDIC for 80% of recoveries with respect to losses for which the FDIC paid the Company 80% reimbursement under the loss-sharing coverage.
In addition to the originated non-performing loans discussed above, People’s United Financial has also identified approximately $408 million in originated potential problem loans at December 31, 2013. Originated potential problem loans represent loans that are currently performing, but for which known information about possible credit deterioration on the part of the related borrowers causes management to have concerns as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with contractual loan repayment terms and which may result in the disclosure of such loans as non-performing at some time in the future. The originated potential problem loans are generally loans that, although performing, have been classified as “substandard” in accordance with People’s United Financial’s loan rating system, which is consistent with guidelines established by banking regulators.
At December 31, 2013, originated potential problem loans consisted of $185 million of commercial and industrial loans, $78 million of commercial real estate loans and $145 million of equipment financing loans. Such loans are closely monitored by management and have remained in performing status for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, delinquency status, borrower payment history and fair value of the underlying collateral. Management cannot predict the extent to which economic conditions may worsen or whether other factors may adversely impact the ability of these borrowers to make payments. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that originated potential problem loans will not become 90 days or more past due, be placed on non-accrual status, be restructured, or require additional provisions for loan losses.
The levels of non-performing assets and potential problem loans are expected to fluctuate in response to changing economic and market conditions, and the relative sizes of the respective loan portfolios, along with management’s degree of success in resolving problem assets. Management takes a proactive approach with respect to the identification and resolution of problem loans. However, given the current state of the U.S. economy and, more specifically, the real estate market, the level of non-performing assets may increase in the future.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
Detailed discussions pertaining to People’s United Financial’s off-balance-sheet arrangements are included in the following sections: Funding, Liquidity, Stockholders’ Equity and Dividends, and Market Risk Management.
Funding
People’s United Financial’s primary funding sources are deposits and stockholders’ equity, which represent 82% of total assets at December 31, 2013. Borrowings and notes and debentures also are available sources of funding.
Deposits
People’s United Financial’s strategy is to focus on increasing deposits by providing a wide range of convenient services to commercial, retail, business and wealth management customers. People’s United Financial provides customers access to their deposits through 410 branches, including 143 full-service Stop & Shop supermarket branches, 628 ATMs, telephone banking and an Internet banking site.
Deposits equaled 68%, 72% and 76% of total assets at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. People’s United Financial assumed deposits with fair values of $325 million in connection with the acquisition of 57 branches late in the second quarter of 2012 and $2.1 billion in connection with the Danvers acquisition completed in 2011. Deposits and stockholders’ equity constituted 83%, 90% and 96% of People’s United Financial’s funding base at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
The expansion of People’s United Financial’s branch network and its commitment to developing full-service relationships with its customers are integral components of People’s United Financial’s strategy to leverage the success of its supermarket banking initiative, expand market share and continue growing deposits. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial’s network of Stop & Shop branches held $3.4 billion in total deposits and deposits in supermarket branches open for more than one year averaged $25 million per store.
Non-interest-bearing deposits are an important source of low-cost funding and fee income for People’s United Financial. In addition, People’s United Financial believes that checking accounts represent one of the core relationships between a financial institution and its customers, and it is from these relationships that cross-selling of other financial services can be achieved. Non-interest-bearing deposits equaled 23%, 23% and 22% of total deposits at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Time deposits of $100,000 or more totaled $1.9 billion at December 31, 2013, of which $369 million mature within three months, $325 million mature after three months but within six months, $443 million mature after six months but within one year and $756 million mature after one year. Included in total deposits at December 31, 2013 are $115 million of brokered deposits.
Total Deposits
As of December 31 (dollars in millions)
The following table presents People’s United Financial’s time deposits by rate category:
The following table presents, by rate category, the remaining period to maturity of time deposits outstanding as of December 31, 2013:
Borrowings
People’s United Financial’s primary source for borrowings are federal funds purchased, which are typically unsecured overnight loans among banks, and advances from the FHLB of Boston, which provides credit for member institutions within its assigned region. Retail repurchase agreements primarily consist of transactions with commercial and municipal customers.
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s total borrowing limit from (i) the FHLB of Boston and the FRB-NY for advances and (ii) repurchase agreements was $3.9 billion based on the level of qualifying collateral available for these borrowings. In addition, People’s United Bank had unsecured borrowing capacity of $1.6 billion at that date. FHLB advances are secured by People’s United Bank’s investment in FHLB stock and by a security agreement that requires People’s United Bank to maintain, as collateral, sufficient qualifying assets not otherwise pledged (principally single-family residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and loans, and commercial real estate loans).
At December 31, 2013, total borrowings equaled 15% of total assets, compared to 8% at December 31, 2012 and 3% at December 31, 2011. FHLB advances, federal funds purchased and retail repurchase agreements represented 11%, 3% and 2% of total assets at December 31, 2013, respectively.
Notes and Debentures
Notes and debentures totaled $639 million, $659 million and $160 million at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. In December 2012, People’s United Financial issued $500 million of 3.65% senior notes due 2022. People’s United Financial and People’s United Bank assumed subordinated notes and debentures with total fair values of $36 million and $29 million, respectively, in connection with the acquisitions completed in 2010. People’s United Financial assumed subordinated notes with a fair value of $115 million in connection with the Chittenden acquisition in 2008. In 2013, People’s United Financial repaid $20 million of subordinated notes. In 2011, People’s United Financial and People’s United Bank repaid $17 million and $6 million, respectively, of subordinated notes. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning notes and debentures.
Contractual Cash Obligations
The following table is a summary of People’s United Financial’s contractual cash obligations, other than deposit liabilities. Additional information concerning the Company’s contractual cash obligations is included in Notes 8, 9, 10 and 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Purchase obligations included in the table below represent those agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transactions. A substantial majority of People’s United Financial’s purchase obligations are renewable on a year-to-year basis. As such, the purchase obligations included in this table only reflect the contractual commitment.
(1) Interest payments on floating rate borrowings and notes and debentures are not included in the table above as the timing and amount of such payments is uncertain. See Notes 9 and 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Income tax liabilities totaling $3.0 million, including related interest and penalties, are not included in the table above as the timing of their resolution cannot be estimated. Similarly, obligations totaling $8.6 million related to limited partnership affordable housing investments are not included in the above table as the timing of the related capital calls cannot be estimated. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Also not included in the table above are expected future net benefit payments related to the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefits plans that are due as follows: $19.5 million in less than one year; $40.7 million in one to three years; $52.2 million in four to five years; and $130.4 million after five years. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Liquidity
Liquidity is defined as the ability to generate sufficient cash flows to meet all present and future funding requirements at reasonable costs. Liquidity management addresses People’s United Financial’s and People’s United Bank’s ability to fund new loans and investments as opportunities arise, to meet customer deposit withdrawals, and to repay borrowings and subordinated notes as they mature. People’s United Financial’s, as well as People’s United Bank’s, liquidity positions are monitored daily by management. The Asset and Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) of People’s United Bank has been authorized by the Board of Directors of People’s United Financial to set guidelines to ensure maintenance of prudent levels of liquidity for People’s United Financial as well as for People’s United Bank. ALCO reports to the Treasury and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors of People’s United Financial.
Asset liquidity is provided by: cash; short-term investments and securities purchased under agreements to resell; proceeds from security sales, maturities and principal repayments; and proceeds from scheduled principal collections, prepayments and sales of loans. In addition, certain securities may be used to collateralize borrowings under repurchase agreements. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows present data on cash provided by and used in People’s United Financial’s operating, investing and financing activities. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial (parent company) liquid assets included $3 million in debt securities available for sale and People’s United Bank’s liquid assets included $474 million in cash and cash equivalents, $4.2 billion in debt securities available for sale and $8 million in trading account securities. Securities available for sale with a fair value of $1.3 billion at December 31, 2013 were pledged as collateral for public deposits and for other purposes.
Liability liquidity is measured by People’s United Financial’s and People’s United Bank’s ability to obtain deposits and borrowings at cost-effective rates that are diversified with respect to markets and maturities. Deposits, which are considered the most stable source of liability liquidity, totaled $22.6 billion at December 31, 2013 and represented 69% of total funding (the sum of total deposits, total borrowings, notes and debentures, and stockholders’ equity). Borrowings are used to diversify People’s United Financial’s funding mix and to support asset growth. Borrowings and notes and debentures totaled $5.1 billion and $639 million, respectively, at December 31, 2013, representing 15% and 2%, respectively, of total funding at that date.
People’s United Bank’s current available sources of borrowings include: federal funds purchased, advances from the FHLB of Boston and the FRB-NY, and repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s total borrowing limit from (i) the FHLB of Boston and the FRB-NY for advances and (ii) repurchase agreements was $3.9 billion based on the level of qualifying collateral available for these borrowings. In addition, People’s United Bank had unsecured borrowing capacity of $1.6 billion at that date.
Earning Asset Mix
$29.6 billion as of December 31, 2013 (percent)
Funding Base
$32.8 billion as of December 31, 2013 (percent)
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank had outstanding commitments to originate loans totaling $1.0 billion and approved, but unused, lines of credit extended to customers totaling $5.7 billion (including $2.0 billion of HELOCs).
The sources of liquidity discussed above are deemed by management to be sufficient to fund outstanding loan commitments and to meet People’s United Financial’s and People’s United Bank’s other obligations.
Stockholders’ Equity and Dividends
People’s United Financial’s total stockholders’ equity was $4.57 billion at December 31, 2013, a $470 million decrease from December 31, 2012. This decrease primarily reflects open market repurchases of 33.4 million shares of common stock at a total cost of $458.9 million, dividends paid of $204.8 million and a $58.2 million increase in AOCL since December 31, 2012, partially offset by net income of $232.4 million. The increase in AOCL, net of tax, primarily reflects an increase in the net unrealized loss on securities available for sale partially offset by a decrease in the net actuarial loss and other amounts related to pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Stockholders’ equity equaled 13.8% of total assets at December 31, 2013 compared to 16.6% at December 31, 2012. Tangible stockholders’ equity equaled 7.9% of tangible assets at December 31, 2013 compared to 10.2% at December 31, 2012.
In April 2008, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, or 17.3 million shares. In January 2011, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock for up to 5% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, or 17.5 million shares. Under both authorizations, such shares may be repurchased either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2011 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized in April 2008 and January 2011 by repurchasing 20.4 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $247.2 million.
In October 2011, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock. Under the new repurchase authorization, up to 5% of the Company’s common stock outstanding, or 18.0 million shares, may be repurchased, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2012 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized, by repurchasing 18.0 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $217.4 million.
In November 2012, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock. Under the new repurchase authorization, up to 10% of the Company’s common stock outstanding, or 33.6 million shares, may be repurchased, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2012 the Company repurchased 0.2 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock under this authorization at a total cost of $2.6 million. During 2013 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized by repurchasing 33.4 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $458.9 million.
People’s United Financial’s total stockholders’ equity was $5.04 billion at December 31, 2012, a $177 million decrease from December 31, 2011. This decrease primarily reflects open market repurchases of 18.2 million shares of common stock at a total cost of $220.0 million and dividends paid of $217.9 million, partially offset by net income of $245.3 million.
Dividends declared and paid per common share totaled $0.6475, $0.6375 and $0.6275 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. People’s United Financial’s dividend payout ratio (dividends paid as a percentage of net income) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was 88.1%, 88.8% and 114.9%, respectively. People’s United Financial’s operating dividend payout ratio for the year ended December 31, 2013 was 84.9%. The Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend on its common stock of $0.1625 per share in January 2014. The dividend was paid on February 15, 2014 to shareholders of record on February 1, 2014.
People’s United Bank paid cash dividends totaling $232 million, $315 million and $160 million to People’s United Financial in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, and $59 million in February 2014.
Regulatory Capital Requirements
OCC regulations require federally-chartered savings banks, such as People’s United Bank, to meet three minimum capital ratios:
Tangible Capital Ratio-A 1.5% tangible capital ratio, calculated as tangible capital to adjusted total assets.
Leverage (Core) Capital Ratio-A 4% leverage (core) capital ratio, calculated as core capital to adjusted total assets. The minimum leverage (core) capital ratio is reduced to 3% if the savings bank received the highest rating on its most recent safety and soundness examination.
Risk-Based Capital Ratio-An 8% Total risk-based capital ratio, calculated as total risk-based capital to total risk-weighted assets. For purposes of this calculation, total risk-based capital equals the sum of core and supplementary capital, provided that supplementary capital may not exceed 100% of core capital.
In assessing an institution’s capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors but also qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions where necessary. People’s United Bank, as a matter of prudent management, targets as its goal the maintenance of capital ratios that exceed these minimum requirements and that are consistent with People’s United Bank’s risk profile.
People’s United Bank’s tangible capital ratio, leverage (core) capital ratio and Total risk-based capital ratios were 9.1%, 9.1% and 12.4%, respectively, at December 31, 2013, compared to 9.8%, 9.8% and 13.1%, respectively, at December 31, 2012.
Generally, a bank is considered “well capitalized” if it has a leverage (core) capital ratio of at least 5.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.0% (calculated as Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets) and a Total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%. People’s United Bank’s regulatory capital ratios at December 31, 2013 exceeded the OCC numeric criteria for classification as “well capitalized.” See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information concerning People’s United Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and ratios.
The following summary compares People’s United Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2013 to the OCC’s requirements. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s adjusted total assets, as defined, were $31.2 billion and its total risk-weighted assets, as defined, were $25.4 billion. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank exceeded each of its regulatory capital requirements.
(1) Represents People’s United Bank’s total equity capital, excluding: (i) after-tax net unrealized gains and losses on certain securities classified as available for sale; (ii) after-tax unrealized gains and losses on securities transferred to held maturity; (iii) after-tax unrealized gains and losses on derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges; (iv) certain assets not recognized for regulatory capital purposes (principally goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets); and (v) the amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to pension and other postretirement benefits.
(2) Represents Tier 1 capital plus qualifying subordinated notes and debentures, up to certain limits, and the allowance for loan losses up to 1.25% of total risk-weighted assets.
People’s United Bank Capital Ratios
Compared to Regulatory Requirements
As of December 31, 2013 (percent)
The following table summarizes People’s United Financial’s capital ratios on a consolidated basis:
(1) Tier 1 common equity represents common equity Tier 1 capital (calculated in accordance with the Basel III Final Rule issued in July 2013) divided by total risk-weighted assets.
In July 2013, the U.S. banking agencies published final rules to address implementation of the Basel III framework for U.S. financial institutions which, when fully phased-in, will: (i) set forth changes in the calculation of risk-weighted assets; (ii) introduce limitations on what is permissible for inclusion in Tier 1 capital; and (iii) require savings and loan holding companies and their savings bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially more capital, with a greater emphasis on common equity. The implementation of the Basel III final framework is scheduled to commence on January 1, 2015 for both the Company and People’s United Bank.
The Basel III final capital framework, among other things: (i) introduces as a new capital measure “Common Equity Tier 1” (“CET1”); (ii) specifies that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 Capital” instruments meeting specified requirements; (iii) defines CET1 narrowly by requiring that most adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital; and (iv) expands the scope of the adjustments as compared to existing regulations.
When fully phased in on January 1, 2019, Basel III requires financial institutions to maintain: (i) as a newly adopted international standard, a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% CET1 ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7.0%); (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% upon full implementation); (iii) a minimum ratio of Total (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2) capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% upon full implementation); and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4.0%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total assets.
Management currently estimates that, as of December 31, 2013, the Company’s and People’s United Bank’s risk-based capital ratios could be negatively impacted by as much as 25-35 basis points on a “fully phased-in” basis. Management will continue to monitor the impact of these and future regulations.
Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk Management
Market risk represents the risk of loss to earnings, capital and the economic values of certain assets and liabilities resulting from changes in interest rates, equity prices and foreign currency exchange rates. The only significant market risk exposure for People’s United Financial at this time is IRR, which is a result of the Company’s core business activities of making loans and accepting deposits.
Interest Rate Risk
The effective management of IRR is essential to achieving the Company’s financial objectives. Responsibility for overseeing management of IRR resides with ALCO. The goal of ALCO is to generate a stable net interest margin over entire interest rate cycles regardless of changes in either short- or long-term interest rates. Generating earnings by taking excessive IRR is prohibited by the IRR limits established by the Company’s Board of Directors. ALCO manages IRR by using two primary risk measurement techniques: simulation of net interest income and simulation of economic value of equity. These two measurements are complementary and provide both short-term and long-term risk profiles of the Company.
Net Interest Income at Risk Simulation is used to measure the sensitivity of net interest income to changes in market rates over a forward twelve-month period. This simulation captures underlying product behaviors, such as asset and liability re-pricing dates, balloon dates, interest rate indices and spreads, rate caps and floors, as well as other behavioral attributes. The simulation of net interest income also requires a number of key assumptions such as: (i) future balance sheet volume and mix assumptions that are management judgments based on estimates and historical experience; (ii) prepayment projections for loans and securities that are projected under each interest rate scenario using internal and external analytics; (iii) new business loan rates that are based on recent new business origination experience; and (iv) deposit pricing assumptions that are based on historical regression models and management judgment. Combined, these assumptions can be inherently uncertain, and as a result, actual results may differ from simulation forecasts due to the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, future business conditions, as well as unanticipated changes in management strategies.
The Company uses two sets of standard scenarios to measure net interest income at risk. Parallel shock scenarios assume instantaneous parallel movements in the yield curve compared to a flat yield curve scenario. Yield curve twist scenarios assume the shape of the curve flattens or steepens instantaneously centered around the 18-month point of the curve, thereby segmenting the yield curve into a “short-end” and a “long-end”. Internal policy regarding IRR simulations currently specifies that for instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve, estimated net income at risk for the subsequent one-year period should not decline by more than: 7% for a 100 basis point shift; 10% for a 200 basis point shift; and 15% for a 300 basis point shift. Current policy does not specify limits for yield curve twist simulations.
The following tables set forth the estimated percentage change in the Company’s net interest income at risk over one-year simulation periods beginning December 31, 2013 and 2012. Given the interest rate environment at those dates, simulations for interest rate declines of more than 25 basis points were not deemed to be meaningful.
The net interest income at risk simulation results indicate that at both December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company is asset sensitive over the twelve-month forecast horizon (i.e. net interest income will increase if market rates rise). This is primarily due to (i) approximately 92% of the Company’s loan portfolio being funded by less rate-sensitive deposits and (ii) approximately one-third of the Company’s loan portfolio being comprised of Prime and one-month Libor-based adjustable-rate loans. Asset sensitivity decreased from December 31, 2012, reflecting loan growth and security purchases, which were primarily funded by short-term borrowings, and the effects of common stock repurchases during 2013, which lowered zero cost funding.
The Company is less asset sensitive when the “short-end” rises primarily as a result of using short-term borrowings to support loan growth and security purchases. Based on the Company’s interest rate position at December 31, 2013, an immediate 100 basis point increase in interest rates translates to an approximate $30 million increase in net interest income on an annualized basis.
Economic Value of Equity at Risk Simulation is conducted in tandem with net interest income simulations, to ascertain a longer term view of the Company’s IRR position by capturing longer-term re-pricing risk and options risk embedded in the balance sheet. It measures the sensitivity of economic value of equity to changes in interest rates. Economic value of equity at risk simulation values only the current balance sheet and does not incorporate the growth assumptions used for income simulations. As with net interest income modeling, this simulation captures product characteristics such as loan resets, re-pricing terms, maturity dates, rate caps and floors. Key assumptions include loan prepayment speeds, deposit pricing elasticity and non-maturity deposit attrition rates. These assumptions can have significant impacts on valuation results as the assumptions remain in effect for the entire life of each asset and liability. The Company conducts non-maturity deposit behavior studies on a periodic basis to support deposit assumptions used in the valuation process. All key assumptions are subject to a periodic review.
Base case economic value of equity at risk is calculated by estimating the net present value of all future cash flows from existing assets and liabilities using current interest rates. The base case scenario assumes that future interest rates remain unchanged. Internal policy currently limits the exposure to a decrease in economic value of equity at risk resulting from instantaneous parallel shifts of the yield curve in the following manner: 5% for a 100 basis point shift; 10% for a 200 basis point shift; and 15% for a 300 basis point shift.
The following table sets forth the estimated percentage change in the Company’s economic value of equity at risk, assuming various shifts in interest rates. Given the interest rate environment at both December 31, 2013 and 2012, simulations for interest rate declines of more than 25 basis points were not deemed to be meaningful.
The Company’s economic value of equity at risk profile shifted from risk neutral to moderate liability sensitive at December 31, 2013. This was primarily due to the increase in short-term borrowings used to fund longer-term securities and fixed-rate loans and a steeper yield curve in 2013, which extended the duration of residential mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage loans. The value of these longer duration assets declines more when interest rates rise relative to shorter duration assets. As a result, the Company is currently more liability sensitive in a rising interest rate environment than it was at December 31, 2012.
People’s United Financial’s IRR position at December 31, 2013, as set forth in the net interest income at risk and economic value of equity at risk tables above, reflects an asset sensitive net interest income at risk position and moderate liability sensitive economic value of equity at risk position at that date. From a net interest income perspective, asset sensitivity over the next 12 months is primarily attributable to the effect of the substantial Prime and Libor-based loan balances that are primarily funded by less interest rate sensitive deposits. From an economic value of equity perspective, the increased value of these deposits in a rising interest rate environment is less than the decline in value of fixed-rate assets, which serves to create a moderate liability sensitive risk position. Given the uncertainty of the magnitude, timing and direction of future interest rate movements and the shape of the yield curve, actual results may vary from those predicted by the Company’s models.
Management has established procedures to be followed in the event of a breach in policy limits, or if those limits are approached. As of December 31, 2013, there were no breaches of the Company’s internal policy limits with respect to either IRR measure. Management utilizes both interest rate measures in the normal course of measuring and managing IRR and believes that each measure is valuable in understanding the Company’s IRR position.
People’s United Financial uses derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, primarily for market risk management purposes (principally IRR). Certain other derivatives are entered into in connection with transactions with commercial customers. Derivatives are not used for speculative purposes.
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial used interest rate swaps on a limited basis to manage IRR associated with the Company’s $125 million subordinated notes. People’s United Financial has entered into an interest rate swap to hedge the LIBOR-based floating interest rate payments on these subordinated notes (such payments began in February 2012). The subordinated notes had a fixed interest rate of 5.80% until February 2012, at which time the interest rate converted to the three month LIBOR plus 68.5 basis points. People’s United Financial has agreed with the swap counterparty to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate (1.99%) and floating-rate interest amounts calculated based on a notional amount of $125 million. The floating rate interest amounts received under the interest rate swap are calculated using the same floating rate paid on the subordinated notes. The interest rate swap effectively converts the variable rate subordinated notes to a fixed interest rate and consequently reduces People’s United Financial’s exposure to increases in interest rates. This interest rate swap is accounted for as a cash flow hedge.
People’s United Financial has written guidelines that have been approved by its Board of Directors and ALCO governing the use of derivative financial instruments, including approved counterparties and credit limits. Credit risk associated with these instruments is controlled and monitored through policies and procedures governing collateral management and credit approval.
By using derivatives, People’s United Financial is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. In accordance with the Company’s balance sheet offsetting policy (see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements), amounts reported as derivative assets represent derivative contracts in a gain position, without consideration for derivative contracts in a loss position with the same counterparty (to the extent subject to master netting arrangements) and posted collateral. People’s United Financial seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, execution of master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. Counterparties to People’s United Financial’s derivatives include major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings from the major rating agencies. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with those counterparties is remote and losses, if any, would be immaterial.
Certain of People’s United Financial’s derivative contracts contain provisions establishing collateral requirements (subject to minimum collateral posting thresholds) based on the Company’s external credit rating. If the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating were to fall below the level generally recognized as investment grade, the counterparties to such derivative contracts could require additional collateral on those derivative transactions in a net liability position (after considering the effect of master netting arrangements and posted collateral). The Company had no derivative instruments with such credit-related contingent features that were in a net liability position at December 31, 2013. If the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating had fallen below investment grade as of that date, no additional collateral would have been required.
Foreign Currency Risk
Foreign exchange contracts are commitments to buy or sell foreign currency on a future date at a contractual price. People’s United Financial uses these instruments on a limited basis to eliminate its exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates on certain of its commercial loans that are denominated in foreign currencies. Gains and losses on foreign exchange contracts substantially offset the translation gains and losses on the related loans. Effective in the first quarter of 2010, People’s United Financial no longer designates foreign exchange contracts as hedging instruments.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes certain information concerning derivative financial instruments utilized by People’s United Financial in its management of IRR and foreign currency risk:
People’s United Financial has entered into interest rate swaps with certain of its commercial customers. In order to minimize its risk, these customer derivatives (pay floating/receive fixed) have been offset with essentially matching interest rate swaps with People’s United Financial’s institutional counterparties (pay fixed/receive floating). Hedge accounting has not been applied for these derivatives. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of all such interest rate swaps are recognized in current earnings.
The following table summarizes certain information concerning these interest rate swaps:
See Notes 20 and 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information relating to derivatives.
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information required by this item begins on page.
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
People’s United Financial’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of People’s United Financial’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that People’s United Financial’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective, as of December 31, 2013, to ensure that information relating to People’s United Financial, which is required to be disclosed in the reports People’s United Financial files with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2013, there has not been any change in People’s United Financial’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, People’s United Financial’s internal control over financial reporting. People’s United Financial’s Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appears on page 93 and the related Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm appears on page.
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Part III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Directors of the Corporation
The information required by this item appears under the caption “Election of Directors” in the People’s United Financial Proxy Statement for the 2014 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed within 120 days of People’s United Financial’s fiscal year end (the “Proxy Statement”) and is herein incorporated by reference.
Audit Committee Financial Expert
The Board of Directors has determined that Janet M. Hansen, a member of the Audit Committee of the Board, is an “audit committee financial expert” and is “independent” within the meaning of those terms as used in the instructions to this Item 10.
Executive Officers of the Corporation
The name, age, principal occupation and business experience for at least the last five years of each executive officer who is not a director of People’s United Financial is set forth below as of February 14, 2014.
Robert R. D’Amore, age 61, has been a Senior Executive Vice President (Retail and Business Banking Division) since January 2008. Mr. D’Amore was an Executive Vice President (Marketing and Regional Banking) since 2000. Mr. D’Amore has served in various capacities for People’s United Bank since 1981.
Galan G. Daukas, age 50, has been a Senior Executive Vice President (Wealth Management Division) since December 2013. Prior to joining People’s United Financial, Mr. Daukas was employed by Washington Trust Wealth Management since 2005, serving as Executive Vice President, responsible for all investment management, trust, financial planning, mutual fund management and insurance units.
David K. Norton, age 58, has been a Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer since October 2009. Prior to joining People’s United Financial, Mr. Norton was a Senior Vice President, Human Resources at The New York Times Co. since 2006. For more than five years prior to that date, Mr. Norton was employed by Starwood Hotels and Resorts, where he was an Executive Vice President, Human Resources.
Lee C. Powlus, age 53, has been a Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer since May 2011. Mr. Powlus was an Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer since September 2010. Mr. Powlus was a Senior Vice President (Information Technology) since January 2008. Mr. Powlus served as Director of Information Technology for Chittenden Corporation since 2001.
Chantal D. Simon, age 49, has been a Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer since July 2010. Ms. Simon was an Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer since May 2009. Prior to joining People’s United Financial, Ms. Simon was employed by Merrill Lynch & Co. for 20 years, serving as Chief Risk Officer of Merrill Lynch Bank USA and as head of risk management for all U.S. regulated bank entities at Merrill Lynch since June 2006.
Jeffrey J. Tengel, age 51, has been a Senior Executive Vice President (Commercial Banking Division) since January 2011. Mr. Tengel was an Executive Vice President (Commercial Banking) since February 2010. Prior to joining People’s United Financial, Mr. Tengel was an Executive Vice President at PNC Financial Services Group since January 2009. Mr. Tengel was previously employed by National City Corporation for 23 years.
Robert E. Trautmann, age 60, has been a Senior Executive Vice President and General Counsel since July 2010. Mr. Trautmann was an Executive Vice President and General Counsel since November 2008 and served as Acting General Counsel from February 2008 until his appointment as General Counsel. Mr. Trautmann was a Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel since January 2008. Mr. Trautmann has served in various capacities for People’s United Bank since 1994.
People’s United Financial has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller. The text of the Code of Ethics is available on People’s United Financial’s website at www.peoples.com, under “Investor Relations-Corporate Governance-Management.”
Additional information required by this item appears under the caption “Board of Directors Committees” in the Proxy Statement and is herein incorporated by reference.
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item appears under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in the Proxy Statement and is herein incorporated by reference.
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table provides summary information about People’s United Financial’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2013:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
(1) Of this amount, 71,091 shares are issuable as shares of restricted stock pursuant to the People’s United Financial, Inc. Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan. The remaining 11,936,436 shares are issuable pursuant to the People’s United Financial, Inc. 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan, the 2007 Recognition and Retention Plan, and the 2007 Stock Option Plan either in the form of options, stock appreciation rights, or shares of restricted stock. Information describing these plans appears in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additional information required by this item appears under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in the Proxy Statement and is herein incorporated by reference.
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item appears under the caption “Certain Transactions with Members of Our Board of Directors and Executive Officers” in the Proxy Statement and is herein incorporated by reference.
Item 14.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information required by this item appears under the caption “Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement and is herein incorporated by reference.
Part IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) The following consolidated financial statements of People’s United Financial, Inc. and the independent registered public accounting firm report thereon are included herein beginning on page:
Consolidated Statements of Condition as of December 31, 2013 and 2012
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(a)(2) Financial statement schedules have been omitted as they are not applicable or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(a)(3) Exhibits
The following Exhibits are filed with this Report or are incorporated by reference. Each exhibit identified by an asterisk constitutes a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, People’s United Financial, Inc. has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of People’s United Financial, Inc. and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Date: March 3, 2014
By:
/s/ John P. Barnes
John P. Barnes
President, Chief Executive Officer and
Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: March 3, 2014
By:
/s/ Kirk W. Walters
Kirk W. Walters
Senior Executive Vice President,
Chief Financial Officer and Director
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: March 3, 2014
By:
/s/ Collin P. Baron
Collin P. Baron
Director
STATEMENT OF MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY
Management is responsible for the preparation, content and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and all other information included in this annual report. The consolidated financial statements and related footnotes are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Management is also responsible for compliance with laws and regulations relating to safety and soundness as designated by the Office of Comptroller of the Currency.
The Board of Directors has an Audit Committee composed of five outside directors, each of whom meets the criteria for independence as set forth in applicable listing standards. The Audit Committee meets regularly with the independent auditors, the internal auditors and management to ensure that internal control over financial reporting is being properly administered and that financial data is being properly reported. The Audit Committee reviews the scope and timing of internal audits, including recommendations made with respect to internal control over financial reporting. The independent auditors and the internal auditors have free access to the Audit Committee.
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting for People’s United Financial, Inc. Management maintains a system of internal control over financial reporting, including an internal audit function, which is designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded against loss from unauthorized use or disposition, transactions are properly authorized, and that accounting records are reliable for the preparation of financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that internal control over financial reporting may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, management has conducted an assessment, including testing, using the criteria in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on its assessment, management has concluded that People’s United Financial, Inc. maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by COSO.
/s/ John P. Barnes
/s/ Kirk W. Walters
John P. Barnes
Kirk W. Walters
President and Chief Executive Officer
Senior Executive Vice President
and Chief Financial Officer
Date: March 3, 2014
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders of People’s United Financial, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of condition of People’s United Financial, Inc. and subsidiaries (“People’s”) as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of People’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of People’s United Financial, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), People’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 3, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of People’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Stamford, Connecticut
March 3, 2014
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Shareholders of People’s United Financial, Inc.:
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of People’s United Financial, Inc. (“People’s”) as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). People's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on People’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, People’s maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (1992) issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated statements of condition of People’s United Financial, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2013, and our report dated March 3, 2014 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Stamford, Connecticut
March 3, 2014
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Condition
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
People’s United Financial, Inc. (“People’s United Financial” or the “Company”) is a savings and loan holding company within the meaning of the Home Owners’ Loan Act and is incorporated under the state laws of Delaware. The principal business of People’s United Financial is to provide, through People’s United Bank and its subsidiaries, commercial banking, retail and business banking, and wealth management services to individual, corporate and municipal customers.
People’s United Bank, which is a federally-chartered stock savings bank, provides a full range of traditional banking services, including accepting deposits and originating loans, as well as specialized financial services through its non-bank subsidiaries, including: equipment financing provided through People’s Capital and Leasing Corp. (“PCLC”) and People’s United Equipment Finance Corp. (“PUEFC”); brokerage, financial advisory services, investment management services and life insurance provided through People’s Securities, Inc. (“PSI”); and other insurance services provided through People’s United Insurance Agency, Inc. (“PUIA”). People’s United Financial’s overall financial results are particularly dependent on economic conditions in New England and New York, which are its primary markets, although economic conditions elsewhere in the United States affect its equipment financing business. Deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”).
People’s United Financial is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”) and subject to FRB examination, supervision and reporting requirements. The FRB assumed responsibility for the supervision and regulation of all savings and loan holding companies from the Office of Thrift Supervision (the “OTS”) effective July 21, 2011. Under its federal charter, People’s United Bank is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”) and subject to OCC examination, supervision and reporting requirements. The OCC assumed responsibility for the supervision and regulation of all federally-chartered savings banks from the OTS effective July 21, 2011.
Basis of Financial Statement Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and include the accounts of People’s United Financial and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from management’s current estimates, as a result of changing conditions and future events. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in these significant estimates.
Several accounting estimates are particularly critical and are susceptible to significant near-term change, including the allowance for loan losses and asset impairment judgments, such as the recoverability of goodwill and other intangible assets, and other-than-temporary declines in the fair value of securities. These significant accounting policies and critical estimates, which are included in the discussion below, are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
The judgments used by management in applying these critical accounting policies may be affected by a further and prolonged deterioration in the economic environment, which may result in changes to future financial results. For example, subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for loan losses in future periods, and the inability to collect outstanding principal may result in increased loan losses.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, cash equivalents include highly liquid instruments, such as: (i) interest-bearing deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRB-NY”); (ii) government-sponsored enterprise (“GSE”) debt securities with an original maturity of three months or less (determined as of the date of purchase); (iii) federal funds sold; (iv) commercial paper; and (v) money market mutual funds. These instruments are reported as short-term investments in the Consolidated Statements of Condition at cost or amortized cost, which approximates fair value. GSE debt securities classified as cash equivalents are held to maturity and carry the implicit backing of the U.S. government, but are not direct obligations of the U.S. government.
Securities
Marketable equity and debt securities (other than those reported as short-term investments) are classified as either trading account securities, held to maturity securities (applicable only to debt securities) or available for sale securities. Management determines the classification of a security at the time of its purchase and reevaluates such classification at each balance sheet date.
Securities purchased for sale in the near term as well as those held by PSI (in accordance with the requirements for a broker-dealer) are classified as trading account securities and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in non-interest income.
Debt securities for which People’s United Financial has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity securities and reported at amortized cost. All other securities are classified as available for sale and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported on an after-tax basis in stockholders’ equity as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Premiums are amortized and discounts are accreted to interest income for debt securities, using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity, adjusted for the effect of actual prepayments in the case of mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) and other asset-backed securities.
Security transactions are recorded on the trade date. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and reported in non-interest income. Securities transferred from available for sale to held to maturity are recorded at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized pre-tax gain or loss resulting from the difference between fair value and amortized cost at the transfer date becomes part of the new amortized cost basis of the securities and remains in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Such unrealized gains or losses are amortized to interest income as an adjustment to yield over the remaining life of the securities, offset by the amortization of the premium or discount resulting from the transfer at fair value, with no effect to net income.
Management conducts a periodic review and evaluation of the securities portfolio to determine if the decline in fair value of any security is deemed to be other-than-temporary. Other-than-temporary impairment losses are recognized on debt securities when: (i) People’s United Financial has an intention to sell the security; (ii) it is more likely than not that People’s United Financial will be required to sell the security prior to recovery; or (iii) People’s United Financial does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. Other-than-temporary losses on debt securities are reflected in earnings as realized losses to the extent the impairment is related to credit losses. The amount of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held to maturity until they mature, at which time People’s United Financial expects to receive full value for the securities.
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock is a non-marketable equity security and is, therefore, reported at cost, which equals par value (the amount at which shares have been redeemed in the past). The investment is periodically evaluated for impairment based on, among other things, the capital adequacy of the applicable FHLB and its overall financial condition.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Securities Resale and Securities Repurchase Agreements
In securities resale agreements, a counterparty transfers securities to People’s United Financial (as transferee) and People’s United Financial agrees to resell the same or substantially the same securities to the counterparty at a fixed price in the future. In securities repurchase agreements, which include both retail arrangements with customers and wholesale arrangements with other counterparties, People’s United Financial (as transferor) transfers securities to a counterparty and agrees to repurchase the same or substantially the same securities from the counterparty at a fixed price in the future.
People’s United Financial accounts for resale agreements as secured lending transactions and repurchase agreements as secured borrowings since the transferor maintains effective control over the transferred securities and the transfer meets the other criteria for such accounting. The securities are pledged by the transferor as collateral and the transferee has the right by contract to sell or repledge that collateral provided the same or substantially the same collateral and related interest, if any, is returned to the transferor upon maturity of the underlying agreement. The fair value of the pledged collateral approximates the recorded amount of the secured loan or borrowing. Decreases in the fair value of the transferred securities below an established threshold require the transferor to provide additional collateral.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value in the aggregate with any adjustment for net unrealized losses reported in non-interest income. Management identifies and designates as loans held for sale certain newly-originated adjustable-rate and fixed-rate residential mortgage loans that meet secondary market requirements, as these loans are originated with the intent to sell. From time to time, management identifies and designates residential mortgage loans held in the loan portfolio for sale. These loans are transferred to loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value at the time of transfer and the resulting unrealized loss is reported in non-interest income.
Loans
Loans acquired in connection with business combinations beginning in 2010 are referred to as ‘acquired’ loans as a result of the manner in which they are accounted for (see further discussion under ‘Acquired Loans’ below). All other loans are referred to as ‘originated’ loans.
Basis of Accounting
Originated loans are reported at amortized cost less the allowance for loan losses. Interest on loans is accrued to income monthly based on outstanding principal balances. Loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred, and the net fee or cost is recognized in interest income as an adjustment of yield. Depending on the loan portfolio, amounts are amortized or accreted using the level yield method over either the actual life or the estimated average life of the loan.
Non-accrual Loans
A loan is generally considered “non-performing” when it is placed on non-accrual status. A loan is generally placed on non-accrual status when it becomes 90 days past due as to interest or principal payments. Past due status is based on the contractual payment terms of the loan. A loan may be placed on non-accrual status before it reaches 90 days past due if such loan has been identified as presenting uncertainty with respect to the collectability of interest and principal. A loan past due 90 days or more may remain on accruing status if such loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. There were no loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest at December 31, 2013, 2012 or 2011.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
All previously accrued but unpaid interest on non-accrual loans is reversed from interest income in the period in which the accrual of interest is discontinued. Interest payments received on non-accrual loans (including impaired loans) are generally applied as a reduction of principal if future collections are doubtful, although such interest payments may be recognized as income. A loan remains on non-accrual status until the factors that indicated doubtful collectability no longer exist or until a loan is determined to be uncollectible and is charged off against the allowance for loan losses.
Impaired Loans
A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. Impaired loans also include certain originated loans whose terms have been modified in such a way that they are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). Originated loans are considered TDRs if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and is afforded a concession by People’s United Financial, such as, but not limited to: (i) payment deferral; (ii) a reduction of the stated interest rate for the remaining contractual life of the loan; (iii) an extension of the loan’s original contractual term at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk; (iv) capitalization of interest; or (v) forgiveness of principal or interest. Generally, TDRs are placed on non-accrual status (and reported as non-performing loans) until the loan qualifies for return to accrual status. Loans qualify for return to accrual status once they have demonstrated performance with the restructured terms of the loan agreement for a minimum of six months. Loans may continue to be reported as TDRs after they are returned to accrual status. In accordance with regulatory guidance, residential mortgage and home equity loans restructured in connection with the borrower’s bankruptcy and meeting certain criteria are also required to be classified as TDRs, included in non-performing loans and written down to the estimated collateral value, regardless of delinquency status. Acquired loans that are modified are not considered for TDR classification provided they are evaluated for impairment on a pool basis.
Impairment is evaluated on a collective basis for smaller-balance loans with similar credit risk and on an individual loan basis for other loans. If a loan is deemed to be impaired, a specific valuation allowance is allocated, if necessary, so that the loan is reported (net of the allowance) at the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate or at the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Interest payments on impaired loans are typically applied to principal unless collectibility of the principal amount is reasonably assured, in which case interest is recognized on a cash basis. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectible.
Acquired Loans
Acquired loans that have evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments will not be collected are initially recorded at fair value without recording an allowance for loan losses. Fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected, as adjusted for an estimate of future credit losses and prepayments, and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. Acquired loans are generally accounted for on a pool basis, with pools formed based on the loans’ common risk characteristics, such as loan collateral type and accrual status. Each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Under the accounting model for acquired loans, the excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the carrying amount of the loans, referred to as the “accretable yield”, is accreted into interest income over the life of the loans in each pool using the effective yield method. Accordingly, acquired loans are not subject to classification as non-accrual in the same manner as originated loans. Rather, acquired loans are considered to be accruing loans because their interest income relates to the accretable yield recognized at the pool level and not to contractual interest payments at the loan level. The difference between contractually required principal and interest payments and the cash flows expected to be collected, referred to as the “nonaccretable difference”, includes estimates of both the impact of prepayments and future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loans in each pool. As such, charge-offs on acquired loans are first applied to the nonaccretable difference and then to any allowance for loan losses recognized subsequent to acquisition.
Subsequent to acquisition, actual cash collections are monitored relative to management’s expectations and revised cash flow forecasts are prepared, as warranted. These revised forecasts involve updates, as necessary, of the key assumptions and estimates used in the initial estimate of fair value. Generally speaking, expected cash flows are affected by:
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Changes in the expected principal and interest payments over the estimated life - Updates to changes in expected cash flows are driven by the credit outlook and actions taken with borrowers. Changes in expected future cash flows resulting from loan modifications are included in the assessment of expected cash flows;
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Changes in prepayment assumptions - Prepayments affect the estimated life of the loans which may change the amount of interest income, and possibly principal, expected to be collected; and
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Changes in interest rate indices for variable rate loans - Expected future cash flows are based, as applicable, on the variable rates in effect at the time of the assessment of expected cash flows.
A decrease in expected cash flows in subsequent periods may indicate that the loan pool is impaired, which would require the establishment of an allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses. An increase in expected cash flows in subsequent periods serves, first, to reduce any previously established allowance for loan losses by the increase in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, and results in a recalculation of the amount of accretable yield for the loan pool. The adjustment of accretable yield due to an increase in expected cash flows is accounted for as a change in estimate. The additional cash flows expected to be collected are reclassified from the nonaccretable difference to the accretable yield, and the amount of periodic accretion is adjusted accordingly over the remaining life of the loans in the pool.
An acquired loan may be resolved either through receipt of payment (in full or in part) from the borrower, the sale of the loan to a third party or foreclosure of the collateral. In the event of a sale of the loan, a gain or loss on sale is recognized and reported within non-interest income based on the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the loan. In other cases, individual loans are removed from the pool based on comparing the amount received from its resolution (fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell in the case of a foreclosure) with its outstanding balance. Any difference between these amounts is absorbed by the nonaccretable difference established for the entire pool. For loans resolved by payment in full, there is no adjustment of the nonaccretable difference since there is no difference between the amount received at resolution and the outstanding balance of the loan. In these cases, the remaining accretable yield balance is unaffected and any material change in remaining effective yield caused by the removal of the loan from the pool is addressed in connection with the subsequent cash flow re-assessment for the pool. Acquired loans subject to modification are not removed from the pool even if those loans would otherwise be deemed TDRs as the pool, and not the individual loan, represents the unit of account.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Allowance and Provision for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is established through provisions for loan losses charged to income. Losses on loans, including impaired loans, are charged to the allowance for loan losses when all or a portion of a loan is deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries of loans previously charged off are credited to the allowance for loan losses when realized.
People’s United Financial maintains the allowance for loan losses at a level that is deemed to be appropriate to absorb probable losses inherent in the respective loan portfolios, based on a quarterly evaluation of a variety of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to: (i) People’s United Financial’s historical loan loss experience and recent trends in that experience; (ii) risk ratings assigned by lending personnel to commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing loans, and the results of ongoing reviews of those ratings by People’s United Financial’s independent loan review function; (iii) an evaluation of delinquent and non-performing loans and related collateral values; (iv) the probability of loss in view of geographic and industry concentrations and other portfolio risk characteristics; (v) the present financial condition of borrowers; and (vi) current economic conditions.
The Company’s allowance for loan losses consists of three elements: (i) an allowance for larger-balance, non-homogeneous loans that are evaluated on an individual (loan-by-loan) basis; (ii) an allowance for smaller-balance homogeneous loans that are evaluated on a collective basis; and (iii) a specific allowance for individual loans deemed to be impaired, including originated loans classified as TDRs.
Larger-balance, Non-homogeneous Loans. The Company establishes a loan loss allowance for its larger-balance, non-homogeneous loans using a methodology that incorporates (i) the probability of default for a given loan risk rating and (ii) historical default data over a multi-year period. In accordance with the Company’s loan risk rating system, each loan, with the exception of those included in large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans, is assigned a risk rating (using a nine-grade scale) by the originating loan officer, credit management, internal loan review or loan committee. Loans rated “One” represent those loans least likely to default while loans rated “Nine” represent a loss. The probability of loans defaulting for each risk rating, referred to as default factors, is estimated based on the frequency with which loans migrate from one risk rating to another and to default status over time. Estimated loan default factors are multiplied by loan balances within each risk-rating category and again multiplied by an historical loss-given-default estimate for each loan type to determine an appropriate level of allowance by loan type. The historical loss-given-default estimates are updated annually (or more frequently, if necessary) based on actual charge-off experience. This approach is applied to the commercial, commercial real estate and equipment financing components of the loan portfolio.
In developing the allowance for loan losses for larger-balance, non-homogeneous loans, the Company also gives consideration to certain qualitative factors, including the macroeconomic environment and any potential imprecision inherent in its loan loss model that may result from having limited historical loan loss data which, in turn, may result in inaccurate probability of default and loss-given-default factors. In consideration of these factors, the Company may adjust the allowance for loan losses upward or downward based on current economic conditions and portfolio trends. In determining the extent of any such adjustment, the Company considers both economic and portfolio-specific data that correlates with loan losses. The Company reviews this data annually to determine that such a correlation continues to exist. Additionally, at interim dates between annual reviews, these factors are evaluated in order to conclude that they continue to be appropriate based on current economic conditions.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Smaller-balance, Homogeneous Loans. Pools of smaller-balance, homogeneous loans with similar risk and loss characteristics are also assessed for probable losses. These loan pools include residential mortgage, home equity and other consumer loans that are not assigned individual loan risk ratings. Rather, the assessment of these portfolios is based upon a consideration of recent historical loss experience, delinquency trends and portfolio-specific risk characteristics, the combination of which determines whether a loan is classified as “High”, “Moderate” or “Low” risk.
The allowance for loan losses for these smaller-balance, homogeneous portfolios is developed using a “build-up” approach that includes components attributable to: (i) historical portfolio loss experience; (ii) portfolio-specific risk elements; and (iii) other qualitative factors.
The risk characteristics considered include: (i) collateral values/loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios (above and below 70%); (ii) borrower credit scores under the FICO scoring system (above and below a score of 680); and (iii) other relevant portfolio risk elements such as income verification at the time of underwriting (stated income vs. non-stated income) and the property’s intended use (owner-occupied, non-owner occupied, second home, etc.). In classifying a loan as either “High”, “Moderate” or “Low” risk, the combination of each of the aforementioned risk characteristics is considered for that loan, resulting, effectively, in a “matrix approach” to its risk classification. These risk classifications are reviewed periodically to ensure that they continue to be appropriate in light of changes within the portfolio and/or economic indicators as well as other industry developments.
In establishing the allowance for loan losses for residential mortgage loans, the Company principally considers historical portfolio loss experience of the most recent 1- and 3-year periods, as management believes this provides a reasonable basis for estimating the inherent probable losses within the residential mortgage portfolio. In establishing the allowance for loan losses for home equity loans, the Company principally considers historical portfolio loss experience of the most recent 12-month period.
With respect to portfolio stratification based on the aforementioned portfolio-specific risk characteristics, each risk category is currently assigned an applicable reserve factor. For residential mortgage loans, the “Moderate” (or baseline) reserve factor represents the portfolio’s net charge-off rate for the preceding fiscal year. For home equity loans, the “Moderate” (or baseline) reserve factor represents an average of the portfolio’s monthly net charge-off rates for the preceding three months. This component of the allowance employs a shorter look-back period as it is intended to identify emerging portfolio trends in credit quality as determined by reference to a loan’s initial underwriting as well as subsequent changes in property values and borrower credit scores. Accordingly, the shorter look-back period is deemed to provide a better basis on which to analyze such trends.
Within each respective portfolio, the loan population deemed to be “High” risk is subject to a reserve factor equal to two times that of the applicable baseline factor, while the loan population deemed to be “Low” risk is subject to a reserve factor equal to one-third of the applicable baseline factor. These adjustments around the baseline factor are intended to reflect the higher or lower probability of loss inherent in the corresponding portfolio stratification. The reserve factor multiples for the “High” and “Low” risk categories were determined by reference to actual historical portfolio loss experience and are generally reflective of the range of losses incurred over each portfolio’s respective look-back period. As such, management believes that these multiples, which are reassessed annually (or more frequently, if necessary), provide a reasonable basis for estimating the inherent probable losses within each risk classification category.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In addition to the portfolio-specific quantitative measures described above, the Company considers a variety of qualitative factors in establishing its allowance for loan losses that, generally, are based on management’s assessment of economic, market and industry conditions. Such qualitative factors include, but are not limited to: (i) present and forecasted economic conditions, including unemployment rates, new jobs creation and consumer confidence levels; (ii) changes in industry trends, including the impact of new regulations, the origination market, the U.S. homeownership rate and potential homebuyer levels; and (iii) trends in property values, including housing market indicators, foreclosure activity, housing inventory and distressed sale levels, and median sales prices/average market time.
In completing the “build-up” approach to the allowance for loan losses for smaller-balance, homogeneous loans, the amount reflecting the Company’s consideration of these various qualitative factors is added to the amounts attributable to historical portfolio loss experience and portfolio-specific risk elements. In this manner, historical charge-off data (whether periods or amounts) is not adjusted and the allowance for loan losses always includes a component attributable to qualitative factors, the degree of which may change from period to period as such qualitative factors indicate improving or worsening trends. There were no significant changes in the qualitative factor component of the related allowance for loan losses during 2013.
Individually Impaired Loans. The allowance for loan losses also includes specific allowances for individually impaired loans. Generally, the Company’s impaired loans consist of (i) classified commercial loans in excess of $750,000 that have been placed on non-accrual status and (ii) originated loans classified as TDRs. Individually impaired loans are measured based upon observable market prices; the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; or, in the case of collateral dependent loans, fair value of the collateral (based on appraisals and other market information) less cost to sell. If the recorded investment in a loan exceeds the amount measured as described in the preceding sentence, a specific allowance for loan losses would be established as a component of the overall allowance for loan losses or, in the case of a collateral dependent loan, a charge-off would be recorded for the difference between the loan’s recorded investment and management’s estimate of the fair value of the collateral (less cost to sell). It would be rare for the Company to identify a loan that meets the criteria stated above and requires a specific allowance or a charge-off and not deem it impaired solely as a result of the existence of a guarantee.
People’s United Financial performs an analysis of its impaired loans, including collateral dependent impaired loans, on a quarterly basis. Individually impaired collateral dependent loans are measured based upon the appraised value of the underlying collateral and other market information. Generally, the Company’s policy is to obtain updated appraisals for commercial collateral dependent loans when the loan is downgraded to a risk rating of “substandard” or “doubtful”, and the most recent appraisal is more than 12 months old or a determination has been made that the property has experienced a significant decline in value. Appraisals are prepared by independent, licensed third-party appraisers and are subject to review by the Company’s internal commercial appraisal department or external appraisers contracted by the commercial appraisal department. The conclusions of the external appraisal review are reviewed by the Company’s Chief Commercial Appraiser prior to acceptance. The Company’s policy with respect to impaired residential mortgage loans is to receive updated estimates of property values upon the loan being classified as non-performing (typically upon becoming 90 days past due).
In determining the allowance for loan losses, People’s United Financial gives appropriate consideration to the age of appraisals through its regular evaluation of other relevant qualitative and quantitative information. Specifically, between scheduled appraisals, property values are monitored within the commercial portfolio by reference to current originations of collateral dependent loans and the related appraisals obtained during underwriting as well as by reference to recent trends in commercial property sales as published by leading industry sources. Property values are monitored within the residential mortgage portfolio by reference to available market indicators, including real estate price indices within the Company’s primary lending areas.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In most situations where a guarantee exists, the guarantee arrangement is not a specific factor in the assessment of the related allowance for loan losses. However, the assessment of a guarantor’s credit strength is reflected in the Company’s internal loan risk ratings which, in turn, are an important factor in its allowance for loan loss methodology for loans within the commercial and commercial real estate portfolios.
People’s United Financial did not change its methodologies with respect to determining the allowance for loan losses during 2013. While People’s United Financial seeks to use the best available information to make these determinations, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, results of regulatory examinations, further information obtained regarding known problem loans, the identification of additional problem loans and other factors.
Loan Charge-Offs
The Company’s charge-off policies, which comply with standards established by banking regulators, are consistently applied from period to period. Charge-offs are recorded on a monthly basis. Partially charged-off loans continue to be evaluated on a monthly basis and additional charge-offs or loan loss provisions may be recorded on the remaining loan balance based on the same criteria.
For unsecured consumer loans, charge-offs are generally recorded when the loan is deemed to be uncollectible or 120 days past due, whichever occurs first. For consumer loans secured by real estate, including residential mortgage loans, charge-offs are generally recorded when the loan is deemed to be uncollectible or 180 days past due, whichever occurs first, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that repayment will occur regardless of the delinquency status. Factors that demonstrate an ability to repay may include: (i) a loan that is secured by adequate collateral and is in the process of collection; (ii) a loan supported by a valid guarantee or insurance; or (iii) a loan supported by a valid claim against a solvent estate.
For commercial banking loans, a charge-off is recorded when the Company determines that it will not collect all amounts contractually due based on the present value of expected future cash flows or the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell.
The decision whether to charge-off all or a portion of a loan rather than to record a specific or general loss allowance is based on an assessment of all available information that aids in determining the loan’s net realizable value. Typically this involves consideration of both (i) the fair value of any collateral securing the loan, including whether the estimate of fair value has been derived from an appraisal or other market information and (ii) other factors affecting the likelihood of repayment, including the existence of guarantees and insurance. If the amount by which the Company’s recorded investment in the loan exceeds its net realizable value is deemed to be a confirmed loss, a charge-off is recorded. Otherwise, a specific or general reserve is established, as applicable.
Wealth Management and Other Fee-Based Revenues
Investment management fees are accrued when earned based on total assets managed and administered, which are not reported as assets of People’s United Financial. Insurance revenue represents commissions earned solely from performing broker- and agency-related services. Insurance commission revenues related to agency-billed policies are recognized at the later of the policy billing date or the policy effective date. Insurance commission revenues on premiums directly billed by insurance carriers are generally recognized as revenue during the period commissions are paid by the insurance carrier. Brokerage commissions are recognized on a trade-date basis. Bank service charges are recorded when earned.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Bank-Owned Life Insurance
Bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies purchased on the lives of certain key executives and former key executives. BOLI funds are generally invested in separate accounts and are supported by a stable wrap agreement to fully insulate the underlying investments against changes in fair value. Increases in the cash surrender value of these policies and death benefits in excess of the related invested premiums are included in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company’s BOLI policies have been underwritten by highly-rated third party insurance carriers and the investments underlying these policies are deemed to be of low-to-moderate market risk.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, except for land, which is reported at cost. Buildings, data processing and other equipment, computer software, furniture and fixtures are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term, the estimated useful life of the improvements or 10 years. Capitalized software development costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software. Generally, the estimated useful lives are as follows: buildings - 40 years; data processing and other equipment - 3 to 5 years; computer software - 3 to 5 years; and furniture and fixtures - 10 years.
Goodwill and Other Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) standards on accounting for business combinations require an acquirer, upon initially obtaining control of another entity, to recognize the assets, liabilities and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree at fair value as of the acquisition date. Contingent consideration, if any, is also recognized and measured at fair value on the date of acquisition. In addition, those standards require that: (i) acquisition-related transaction costs be expensed as incurred; (ii) specific requirements be met in order to accrue for a restructuring plan as part of the acquisition; (iii) certain pre-acquisition contingencies be recognized at fair value; and (iv) acquired loans be recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date without recognition of an allowance for loan losses.
Intangible assets are recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the tangible net assets acquired. “Acquisition-related intangible assets” are separately identified and recognized, where appropriate, for assets such as trade names and the estimated values of acquired core deposits and/or customer relationships. The remaining intangible asset is recognized as goodwill.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but, rather, are reviewed for impairment at least annually, with impairment losses recognized as a charge to expense when they occur. Acquisition-related intangible assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are amortized to expense over their estimated useful lives and are periodically reviewed by management to assess recoverability, with impairment losses recognized as a charge to expense if carrying amounts exceed fair values.
The Company’s trade name intangible is being amortized on an accelerated basis over a period of approximately 20 years, reflecting the manner in which the related benefit is expected to be realized. Core deposit intangibles are amortized over 10 years on an accelerated basis that reflects the manner in which the related benefit attributable to the acquired deposits is expected to be realized. Customer relationship intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis (approximating the manner in which the benefit is expected to be realized) over the estimated remaining average life of those relationships (ranging from 7 to 15 years from the respective acquisition dates).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level. For the purpose of goodwill impairment evaluations, management has identified reporting units based upon the Company’s three operating segments: Commercial Banking; Retail and Business Banking; and Wealth Management. The impairment evaluation is performed as of an annual date or more frequently if a triggering event indicates that impairment may have occurred.
In September 2011, the FASB amended its standards to provide an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of such events or circumstances, an entity determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the entity is not required to perform the two-step impairment test as described below. People’s United Financial elected to perform this optional qualitative assessment in its evaluation of goodwill impairment as of both October 1, 2013 and 2012 (the annual impairment evaluation dates) and concluded that performance of the two-step impairment test was not required at either date.
When performed, the goodwill impairment analysis is a two-step test. The first step (“Step 1”) is used to identify potential impairment, and involves comparing each reporting unit’s estimated fair value to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not deemed to be impaired. Should the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceed its estimated fair value, an indicator of potential impairment is deemed to exist and a second step is performed to measure the amount of such impairment, if any. None of the Company’s identified reporting units are at risk of failing the Step 1 goodwill impairment test at this time.
The second step (“Step 2”) involves calculating the implied fair value of goodwill for each reporting unit for which impairment was indicated in Step 1. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in a manner similar to how the amount of goodwill is determined in a business combination (i.e. by measuring the excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, as determined in Step 1, over the aggregate estimated fair values of the individual assets, liabilities, and identifiable intangibles applicable to that reporting unit as of the impairment testing date). If the implied fair value of goodwill exceeds the carrying amount of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit, no impairment exists. If the carrying amount of goodwill assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, an impairment loss is recorded in an amount equal to such excess. An impairment loss cannot exceed the carrying amount of goodwill assigned to a reporting unit, and the loss (write-down) establishes a new carrying amount for the goodwill. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment losses are not permitted.
The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units based on an appropriate weighting of values based on (i) a present-value measurement technique (discounted cash flow analysis based on internal forecasts) and (ii) market-based trading and transaction multiples. The discounted cash flow analysis is based on significant assumptions and judgments including future growth rates and discount rates reflecting management’s assessment of market participant views of the risks associated with the projected cash flows of the reporting units. The market-based trading and transaction multiples are derived from the market prices of stocks of companies that are actively traded and engaged in the same or similar businesses as the Company and the respective reporting unit. The derived multiples are then applied to the reporting unit’s financial metrics to produce an indication of value. Differences in the identification of reporting units or in the selection of valuation techniques and related assumptions could result in materially different evaluations of goodwill impairment.
In July 2012, the FASB amended its standards to allow companies to perform a qualitative assessment in determining whether further impairment testing of indefinite-lived intangible assets is necessary, similar to the approach now permitted for the goodwill impairment evaluation. For People’s United Financial, this amendment became effective for annual and interim impairment evaluations performed beginning on January 1, 2013 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Real Estate Owned
Real estate owned (“REO”) properties acquired through foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded initially at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the allowance for loan losses upon transfer to REO. Thereafter, an allowance for REO losses is established for any further declines in the property’s value. This allowance is increased by provisions charged to income and decreased by charge-offs for realized losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on an analysis of individual properties, as well as a general assessment of current real estate market conditions.
Income Taxes
Deferred taxes are recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to “temporary differences” and tax loss carryforwards. Temporary differences are differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. A deferred tax liability is recognized for all temporary differences that will result in future taxable income. A deferred tax asset is recognized for all temporary differences that will result in future tax deductions and for all tax loss carryforwards, subject to reduction of the asset by a valuation allowance in certain circumstances. This valuation allowance is recognized if, based on an analysis of available evidence, management determines that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The valuation allowance is subject to ongoing adjustment based on changes in circumstances that affect management’s judgment about the realizability of the deferred tax asset.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to future taxable income. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax laws or rates is recognized in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change. Tax benefits attributable to deductions in excess of financial statement amounts arising from the exercise of non-statutory stock options are credited to additional paid-in capital.
Individual tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return must satisfy certain criteria in order for some or all of the related tax benefits to be recognized in the financial statements. Specifically, a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not must be met in order to recognize those tax benefits.
Earnings Per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options) were exercised or converted into additional common shares that would then share in the earnings of the entity. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the year, plus an incremental number of common-equivalent shares computed using the treasury stock method.
Unvested share-based payment awards, which include the right to receive non-forfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents, are considered to participate with common stock in undistributed earnings for purposes of computing EPS. Companies that have such participating securities, including People’s United Financial, are required to calculate basic and diluted EPS using the two-class method. Restricted stock awards granted by People’s United Financial are considered participating securities. Calculations of EPS under the two-class method (i) exclude from the numerator any dividends paid or owed on participating securities and any undistributed earnings considered to be attributable to participating securities and (ii) exclude from the denominator the dilutive impact of the participating securities.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
People’s United Financial uses derivative financial instruments as components of its market risk management (principally to manage interest rate risk). Certain other derivatives are entered into in connection with transactions with commercial customers. Derivatives are not used for speculative purposes.
All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition, reported at fair value and presented on a gross basis. Until a derivative is settled, a favorable change in fair value results in an unrealized gain that is recognized as an asset, while an unfavorable change in fair value results in an unrealized loss that is recognized as a liability.
People’s United Financial generally applies hedge accounting to its derivatives used for market risk management purposes. Hedge accounting is permitted only if specific criteria are met, including a requirement that a highly effective relationship exist between the derivative instrument and the hedged item, both at inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis. The hedge accounting method depends upon whether the derivative instrument is classified as a fair value hedge (i.e. hedging an exposure related to a recognized asset or liability, or a firm commitment) or a cash flow hedge (i.e. hedging an exposure related to the variability of future cash flows associated with a recognized asset or liability, or a forecasted transaction). Changes in the fair value of effective fair value hedges are recognized in current earnings (with the change in fair value of the hedged asset or liability also recorded in earnings). Changes in the fair value of effective cash flow hedges are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the designated hedged item. Ineffective portions of hedge results are recognized in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives for which hedge accounting is not applied are recognized in current earnings.
People’s United Financial formally documents at inception all relationships between the derivative instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as hedges to specific assets and liabilities, or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. People’s United Financial also formally assesses, both at inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective or has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, People’s United Financial would discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. Gains or losses resulting from the termination of a derivative accounted for as a cash flow hedge remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are amortized to earnings over the remaining period of the former hedging relationship, provided the hedged item continues to be outstanding or it is probable the forecasted transaction will occur.
People’s United Financial uses the dollar offset method, regression analysis and scenario analysis to assess hedge effectiveness at inception and on an ongoing basis. Such methods are chosen based on the nature of the hedge strategy and are used consistently throughout the life of the hedging relationship.
Certain derivative financial instruments are offered to commercial customers to assist them in meeting their financing and investing objectives and for their risk management purposes. These derivative financial instruments consist primarily of interest rate swaps, but also include foreign exchange contracts. The interest rate risk associated with customer interest rate swaps is mitigated by entering into similar derivatives having essentially offsetting terms with institutional counterparties.
Interest rate-lock commitments extended to borrowers relate to the origination of residential mortgage loans. To mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in these commitments, People’s United Financial enters into mandatory delivery and best efforts contracts to sell adjustable-rate and fixed-rate residential mortgage loans (servicing released). Forward commitments to sell and interest rate-lock commitments on residential mortgage loans are considered derivatives and their respective estimated fair values are adjusted based on changes in interest rates.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Changes in the fair value of derivatives for which hedge accounting is not applied are recognized in current earnings, including customer derivatives, interest-rate lock commitments and forward sale commitments.
Balance Sheet Offsetting
Assets and liabilities relating to certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition and/or subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. People’s United Financial’s derivative transactions with institutional counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association (“ISDA”) master agreements, which include “right of set-off” provisions that provide for a single net settlement of all interest rate swap positions, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or the termination of, any one contract. Nonetheless, the Company does not offset asset and liabilities under such arrangements in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.
Collateral (generally in the form of marketable debt securities) pledged by counterparties in connection with derivative transactions is not reported in the Consolidated Statements of Condition unless the counterparty defaults. Collateral that has been pledged by People’s United Financial to counterparties continues to be reported in the Consolidated Statements of Condition unless the Company defaults.
Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards related to fair value measurements define fair value, provide a framework for measuring fair value and establish related disclosure requirements. Broadly, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Accordingly, an “exit price” approach is required in determining fair value. In support of this principle, a fair value hierarchy has been established that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value, requiring entities to maximize the use of market or observable inputs (as more reliable measures) and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs generally require significant management judgment.
The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
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Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access at the measurement date (such as active exchange-traded equity securities and certain U.S. and government agency debt securities).
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Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as:
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quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (such as U.S. agency and GSE issued mortgage-backed securities and CMOs);
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quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in less active markets (such as certain U.S. and government agency debt securities, and corporate and municipal debt securities that trade infrequently); and
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other inputs that (i) are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, etc.) or (ii) can be corroborated by observable market data (such as interest rate and currency derivatives and certain other securities).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
•
Level 3 - Valuation techniques that require unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability (such as pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that typically reflect management’s own estimates of the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability).
People’s United Financial maintains policies and procedures to value assets and liabilities using the most relevant data available.
Stock-Based Compensation
People’s United Financial’s stock-based compensation plans provide for awards of stock options and restricted stock to directors, officers and employees. Costs resulting from the issuance of such share-based payment awards are required to be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.
New Accounting Standards
Comprehensive Income
In June 2011, the FASB amended its standards relating to the presentation of comprehensive income to require that all non-owner changes in stockholders’ equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate consecutive statements. In December 2011, the FASB deferred indefinitely the portion of the new guidance requiring that items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) be presented on the face of the financial statements together with the related components of net income and other comprehensive income. The effective date of the deferral is consistent with the effective date of the June 2011 amendments. For public entities, these amendments, which are to be applied retrospectively, became effective January 1, 2012. The Company has presented separate Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income immediately following its Consolidated Statements of Income.
In February 2013, the FASB amended its standards to provide specific requirements regarding the disclosure of amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). This amendment requires that companies separately provide information about the effects on net income of significant amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) if those amounts are, under other standards, required to be reclassified to net income in their entirety in the same reporting period. An entity shall provide this information together, in one location, either (i) on the face of the statement where net income is presented or (ii) as a separate disclosure in the notes to the financial statements. For any significant reclassification for which other standards do not require reclassification to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period, companies shall cross-reference to the related footnote where additional details about the effect of the reclassification are disclosed. For People’s United Financial, these new disclosures, which are to be applied prospectively, became effective on January 1, 2013 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The applicable required disclosures have been provided in Note 15.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Balance Sheet Offsetting Disclosures
In December 2011, the FASB issued amendments to its standards to provide for certain additional disclosures about financial instruments and derivative instruments that are subject to netting arrangements. Specifically, entities will be required to provide information about both net and gross amounts in the notes to the financial statements for relevant assets and liabilities that are offset. In January 2013, the FASB issued amendments to its standards to clarify the scope of its December 2011 guidance, limiting the disclosure requirements to derivative instruments, repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions to the extent that they are (i) offset in the financial statements or (ii) subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. For People’s United Financial, these new disclosures, which are to be applied retrospectively, became effective on January 1, 2013 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The applicable required disclosures have been provided in Note 21.
Accounting for Indemnification Assets
In October 2012, the FASB amended its standards with respect to the subsequent accounting for an indemnification asset recognized in connection with a government-assisted acquisition of a financial institution. The amendment addresses diversity in practice with respect to how entities subsequently recognize decreases in expected cash flows from the indemnification asset resulting from an increase in the expected cash flows from the indemnified asset(s) by requiring that a subsequent adjustment to the indemnification asset be measured on the same basis as the underlying asset(s), taking into consideration the term of the related loss share agreement (“LSA”). Accordingly, the loss on the indemnification asset would be “amortized” over the lesser of the remaining contractual term of the LSA or the remaining life of the indemnified asset(s). This would result in a consistent recognition pattern for changes in expected cash flows for both the indemnification asset and the indemnified asset(s). This amendment, which is to be applied prospectively to new indemnification agreements and to unamortized amounts existing at the date of adoption, became effective for People’s United Financial on January 1, 2013 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements (see Note 4).
Accounting for Derivatives and Hedging
In July 2013, the FASB amended its standards with respect to derivatives and hedging to (i) permit the use of the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes (in addition to the interest rates on direct Treasury obligations of the U.S. government and the London Interbank Offered Rate) and (ii) remove the restriction on using different benchmark rates for similar hedges. This amendment, which is effective prospectively for qualifying new or re-designated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013, did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Accounting for Income Taxes
In July 2013, the FASB amended its standards with respect to income taxes to clarify that an unrecognized tax benefit (or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit) should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward if such settlement is required or expected in the event the uncertain tax position is disallowed. In situations where a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction or the tax law of the jurisdiction does not require, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. This amendment is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013 (January 1, 2014 for People’s United Financial) with retrospective application and early adoption permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Accounting for Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects
In January 2014, the FASB amended its standards with respect to the accounting for investments in qualified affordable housing projects to allow an investor that meets certain conditions to amortize the cost of its investment, in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits it receives, and present the amortization as a component of income tax expense. This method replaces the current effective yield method, which allows for amortization to be presented as income tax expense but is limited in its application because of certain criteria that are required to be met. This amendment is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 31, 2014 (January 1, 2015 for People’s United Financial) with retrospective application and early adoption permitted. This amendment, which People’s United Financial intends to adopt as of January 1, 2014, is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements as the amortization currently included in pre-tax income will, upon adoption, be included as a component of income tax expense.
Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans Upon Foreclosure
In January 2014, the FASB amended its standards with respect to the accounting for consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate to clarify that such loans should, upon foreclosure, be reclassified by a creditor as REO when either (i) the creditor obtains legal title to the real estate collateral or (ii) a deed in lieu of foreclosure, conveying all interest in the real estate to the creditor, is completed. In addition, the amendment requires a creditor to provide additional disclosures with respect to (i) the amount of residential real estate meeting the conditions set forth above and (ii) the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties that are in the process of foreclosure. This amendment, which can be applied prospectively or through the use of the modified retrospective method, is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 31, 2014 (January 1, 2015 for People’s United Financial) and early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this amendment is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTE 2 - Cash and Short-Term Investments
A combination of reserves in the form of deposits with the FRB-NY and vault cash, totaling $79.1 million and $80.6 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, were maintained to satisfy federal regulatory requirements. Vault cash is included in cash and due from banks and interest-bearing deposits at the FRB-NY are included in short-term investments in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. Interest-bearing deposits at the FRB-NY represent an alternative to overnight federal funds sold and had a yield of 0.25% at both December 31, 2013 and 2012.
Short-term investments consist of the following cash equivalents:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 3 - Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of People’s United Financial’s securities available for sale and securities held to maturity are as follows:
Securities available for sale with a fair value of $1.31 billion and $1.50 billion at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, were pledged as collateral for public deposits and for other purposes.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
People’s United Bank, as a member of the FHLB of Boston, is currently required to purchase and hold shares of FHLB capital stock (total cost of $164.4 million at December 31, 2013 and $59.9 million at December 31, 2012) in an amount equal to its membership base investment plus an activity based investment determined according to People’s United Bank’s level of outstanding FHLB advances. As a result of the Smithtown Bancorp, Inc. (“Smithtown”) acquisition completed in 2010, People’s United Financial acquired shares of capital stock in the FHLB of New York (total cost of $11.3 million at December 31, 2013 and $13.8 million at December 31, 2012). Based on the current capital adequacy and liquidity position of both the FHLB of Boston and the FHLB of New York, management believes there is no impairment in the Company’s investment at December 31, 2013 and the cost of the investment approximates fair value. Dividend income on FHLB capital stock totaled $0.8 million, $0.9 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
In December 2013, state and municipal securities with a fair value of $584.5 million, which were previously classified as available for sale, were transferred to held to maturity. The pre-tax loss of $37.0 million existing at the date of transfer and associated with these securities will be amortized to interest income as an adjustment to yield over the remaining life of the underlying securities.
People’s United Financial uses the specific identification method to determine the cost of securities sold and records securities transactions on the trade date. Net security gains for each of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 totaled less than $0.1 million. Net security gains on debt securities for the year ended December 31, 2011 totaled $8.8 million, reflecting gains of $9.3 million and losses of $0.5 million. During 2011, People’s United Financial sold residential mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $507 million and recorded $9.1 million of gross realized gains. Net gains on trading account securities totaled less than $0.1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table is a summary of the amortized cost, fair value and fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) yield of debt securities as of December 31, 2013, based on remaining period to contractual maturity. Information for GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs is based on the final contractual maturity dates without considering repayments and prepayments.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables summarize debt securities available for sale with unrealized losses, segregated by the length of time the securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the respective dates. Certain unrealized losses totaled less than $0.1 million.
At December 31, 2013, 68 securities classified as available for sale, or approximately 7% of the 965 securities owned by the Company, had gross unrealized losses totaling $106.5 million. All of the GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs had AAA credit ratings and an average maturity of 12 years. The cause of the temporary impairment with respect to these securities is directly related to changes in interest rates.
Management believes that all gross unrealized losses within the securities portfolio at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are temporary impairments. Management does not intend to sell such securities nor is it more likely than not that management will be required to sell such securities prior to recovery. No other-than-temporary impairment losses were recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
NOTE 4 - Loans
For purposes of disclosures related to the credit quality of financing receivables and the allowance for loan losses, People’s United Financial has identified two loan portfolio segments, Commercial Banking and Retail, which are comprised of the following loan classes:
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Commercial Banking: commercial real estate; commercial and industrial; and equipment financing.
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Retail: residential mortgage; home equity; and other consumer.
Loans acquired in connection with business combinations beginning in 2010 are referred to as ‘acquired’ loans as a result of the manner in which they are accounted for (see further discussion under ‘Acquired Loans’ in Note 1). All other loans are referred to as ‘originated’ loans. Accordingly, selected credit quality disclosures that follow are presented separately for the ‘originated’ loan portfolio and the ‘acquired’ loan portfolio.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes People’s United Financial’s loans by loan portfolio segment and class:
Net deferred loan costs, which are included in total loans and accounted for as interest yield adjustments, totaled $47.9 million and $41.9 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
At December 31, 2013, approximately 28%, 18% and 18% of the Company’s loans by outstanding principal amount were to customers located within Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York, respectively. Loans to customers located in the New England states as a group represented approximately 63% and 68% of total loans at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Substantially all of the equipment financing portfolio (approximately 97% at both December 31, 2013 and 2012) was to customers located outside of New England. At December 31, 2013, approximately 31% of the equipment financing portfolio was to customers located in Texas, California and New York and no other state exposure was greater than 6%.
Commercial real estate loans include construction loans totaling $532.2 million and $551.6 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, net of the unadvanced portion of such loans totaling $414.2 million and $391.9 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2013, residential mortgage loans included $871.1 million of interest-only loans, of which $1.0 million are stated-income loans, compared to $726.6 million and $10.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012. People’s United Financial’s underwriting guidelines and requirements for such loans are generally more restrictive than those applied to other types of residential mortgage products. Also included in residential mortgage loans are construction loans totaling $92.0 million and $66.7 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, net of the unadvanced portion of such loans totaling $55.3 million and $23.2 million, respectively.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
People’s United Financial sells newly-originated residential mortgage loans in the secondary market, without recourse. Net gains on sales of residential mortgage loans totaled $14.8 million, $16.1 million and $7.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Loans held for sale at December 31, 2013 and 2012 consisted of newly-originated residential mortgage loans with carrying amounts of $23.3 million and $77.0 million, respectively. During 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company sold acquired loans with outstanding principal balances totaling $12.4 million, $14.3 million and $152.3 million, respectively (carrying amounts of $10.2 million, $11.6 million and $104.6 million, respectively) and recognized net gains on sales totaling $5.7 million, $1.0 million and $7.5 million, respectively.
The following table presents a summary, by loan portfolio segment, of activity in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. With respect to the originated portfolio, an allocation of a portion of the allowance to one segment does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in another segment.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary, by loan portfolio segment and impairment methodology, of the allowance for loan losses and related portfolio balances:
The recorded investments, by class of loan, of originated non-performing loans are summarized as follows:
(1) Reported net of government guarantees totaling $19.4 million, $9.7 million and $12.1 million at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. These government guarantees relate, almost entirely, to guarantees provided by the Small Business Administration as well as selected other Federal agencies and represent the carrying value of the loans that are covered by such guarantees, the extent of which (i.e. full or partial) varies by loan. At December 31, 2013, the principal loan classes to which these government guarantees relate are commercial and industrial loans (approximately 95%) and commercial real estate loans (approximately 5%).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The preceding table excludes acquired loans that are (i) accounted for as purchased credit impaired loans or (ii) covered by an FDIC LSA totaling $138 million and $4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2013; $174 million and $8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012; and $235 million and $14 million, respectively, at December 31, 2011. Such loans otherwise meet People’s United Financial’s definition of a non-performing loan but are excluded because the loans are included in loan pools that are considered performing and/or credit losses are covered by an FDIC LSA. The discounts arising from recording these loans at fair value were due, in part, to credit quality. The acquired loans are generally accounted for on a pool basis and the accretable yield on the pools is being recognized as interest income over the life of the loans based on expected cash flows at the pool level.
If interest payments on all originated loans classified as non-performing at December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 had been made during the respective years in accordance with the loan agreements, interest income of $28.0 million, $35.7 million and $41.7 million would have been recognized on such loans for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Interest income actually recognized on originated non-performing loans totaled $4.7 million, $6.8 million and $10.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
People’s United Financial’s recorded investment in originated loans classified as TDRs totaled $151.5 million and $180.8 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The related allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $3.3 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Interest income recognized on TDRs totaled $3.5 million, $6.7 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Fundings under commitments to lend additional amounts to borrowers with loans classified as TDRs were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. Originated loans that were modified and classified as TDRs during 2013 principally involve reduced payment and/or payment deferral, extension of term (generally no more than twenty four months) and/or a temporary reduction of interest rate (generally less than 200 basis points).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables summarize, by class of loan, the recorded investments in loans modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. For purposes of this disclosure, recorded investments represent amounts immediately prior to and subsequent to the restructuring.
(1) Represents the following concessions: extension of term (9 contracts; recorded investment of $8.0 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (1 contract; recorded investment of $0.5 million); or a combination of concessions (9 contracts; recorded investment of $5.7 million).
(2) Represents the following concessions: extension of term (8 contracts; recorded investment of $21.2 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (23 contracts; recorded investment of $24.2 million); or a combination of concessions (13 contracts; recorded investment of $4.7 million).
(3) Represents the following concessions: reduced payment and/or payment deferral (16 contracts; recorded investment of $8.9 million); or a combination of concessions (12 contracts; recorded investment of $7.0 million).
(4) Represents the following concessions: loans restructured through bankruptcy (55 contracts; recorded investment of $9.7 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (28 contracts; recorded investment of $8.5 million); temporary rate reduction (6 contracts; recorded investment of $5.5 million); or a combination of concessions (77 contracts; recorded investment of $22.7 million).
(5) Represents the following concessions: loans restructured through bankruptcy (60 contracts; recorded investment of $4.0 million); extension of term (1 contract; recorded investment of $0.1 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (8 contracts; recorded investment of $1.3 million); temporary rate reduction (5 contracts; recorded investment of $0.6 million); or a combination of concessions (29 contracts; recorded investment of $2.8 million).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(1) Represents the following concessions: extension of term (12 contracts; recorded investment of $35.3 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (3 contracts; recorded investment of $3.2 million); or a combination of concessions (21 contracts; recorded investment of $19.8 million).
(2) Represents the following concessions: extension of term (6 contracts; recorded investment of $17.0 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (15 contracts; recorded investment of $39.3 million); temporary rate reduction (1 contract; recorded investment of $0.3 million); or a combination of concessions (25 contracts; recorded investment of $10.9 million).
(3) Represents the following concessions: extension of term (4 contracts; recorded investment of $3.0 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (7 contracts; recorded investment of $10.3 million); temporary rate reduction (1 contract; recorded investment of $1.1 million); or a combination of concessions (24 contracts; recorded investment of $11.6 million).
(4) Represents the following concessions: loans restructured through bankruptcy (40 contracts; recorded investment of $10.2 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (11 contracts; recorded investment of $3.2 million); temporary rate reduction (6 contracts; recorded investment of $6.6 million); or a combination of concessions (36 contracts; recorded investment of $9.5 million).
(5) Represents the following concessions: loans restructured through bankruptcy (87 contracts; recorded investment of $6.6 million); reduced payment and/or payment deferral (4 contracts; recorded investment of $0.6 million); temporary rate reduction (1 contract; recorded investment of $0.5 million); or a combination of concessions (23 contracts; recorded investment of $1.3 million).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary, by class of loan, of information related to TDRs of originated loans completed within the previous 12 months that subsequently defaulted during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. For purposes of this disclosure, the previous 12 months is measured from January 1 of the respective prior year and a default represents a previously-modified loan that became past due 30 days or more during 2013 or 2012.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
People’s United Financial’s impaired loans consist of certain originated loans, including all TDRs. The following table summarizes, by class of loan, information related to individually-evaluated impaired loans within the originated portfolio.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes, by class of loan, the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the periods indicated. The average recorded investment amounts are based on month-end balances.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables summarize, by class of loan, aging information for originated loans:
Included in the “Current” and “30-89 Days” categories above are early non-performing commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing loans totaling $20.4 million, $17.3 million and $15.6 million, respectively, and $19.1 million of retail loans in foreclosure or bankruptcy. These loans are less than 90 days past due but have been placed on non-accrual status as a result of having been identified as presenting uncertainty with respect to the collectability of interest and principal.
Included in the “Current” and “30-89 Days” categories above are early non-performing commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing loans totaling $19.9 million, $16.3 million and $17.7 million, respectively, and $16.8 million of retail loans in foreclosure or bankruptcy. These loans are less than 90 days past due but have been placed on non-accrual status as a result of having been identified as presenting uncertainty with respect to the collectability of interest and principal.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary, by class of loan, of credit quality indicators:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Commercial Banking Credit Quality Indicators
The Company utilizes an internal loan risk rating system as a means of monitoring portfolio credit quality and identifying both problem and potential problem loans. Under the Company’s risk rating system, loans not meeting the criteria for problem and potential problem loans as specified below are considered to be “Pass”-rated loans. Problem and potential problem loans are classified as either “Special Mention,” “Substandard” or “Doubtful.” Loans that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient enough risk of loss to warrant classification as either Substandard or Doubtful, but possess weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention, are classified as Special Mention. Substandard loans represent those credits characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loans classified as Doubtful possess all the weaknesses inherent in those classified Substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of existing facts, conditions and values, is highly questionable and/or improbable.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Risk ratings on commercial banking loans are subject to ongoing monitoring by lending and credit personnel with such ratings updated annually or more frequently, if warranted. The Company’s internal Loan Review function is responsible for independently evaluating the appropriateness of those credit risk ratings in connection with its cyclical reviews, the approach to which is risk-based and determined by reference to underlying portfolio credit quality and the results of prior reviews. Differences in risk ratings noted in conjunction with such periodic portfolio loan reviews, if any, are reported to management each month.
Retail Credit Quality Indicators
Pools of smaller-balance, homogeneous loans with similar risk and loss characteristics are also assessed for probable losses. These loan pools include residential mortgage, home equity and other consumer loans that are not assigned individual loan risk ratings. Rather, the assessment of these portfolios is based upon a consideration of recent historical loss experience, delinquency trends and portfolio-specific risk characteristics, the combination of which determines whether a loan is classified as “High”, “Moderate” or “Low” risk.
The risk characteristics considered include: (i) collateral values/LTV ratios (above and below 70%); (ii) borrower credit scores under the FICO scoring system (above and below a score of 680); and (iii) other relevant portfolio risk elements such as income verification at the time of underwriting (stated income vs. non-stated income) and the property’s intended use (owner occupied, non-owner occupied, second home, etc.). In classifying a loan as either “High”, “Moderate” or “Low” risk, the combination of each of the aforementioned risk characteristics is considered for that loan, resulting, effectively, in a “matrix approach” to its risk classification. These risk classifications are reviewed periodically to ensure that they continue to be appropriate in light of changes within the portfolio and/or economic indicators as well as other industry developments.
For example, to the extent LTV ratios exceed 70% (reflecting a weaker collateral position for the Company) or borrower FICO scores are less than 680 (reflecting weaker financial standing and/or credit history of the customer), the loans are considered to have an increased level of inherent loss. As a result, a loan with a combination of these characteristics would generally be classified as “High” risk. Conversely, as LTV ratios decline (reflecting a stronger collateral position for the Company) or borrower FICO scores exceed 680 (reflecting stronger financial standing and/or credit history of the customer), the loans are considered to have a decreased level of inherent loss. A loan with a combination of these characteristics would generally be classified as “Low” risk. This analysis also considers (i) the extent of underwriting that occurred at the time of origination (direct income verification provides further support for credit decisions) and (ii) the property’s intended use (owner-occupied properties are less likely to default compared to ‘investment-type’ non-owner occupied properties, second homes, etc.). Loans not otherwise deemed to be “High” or “Low” risk are classified as “Moderate” risk.
LTV ratios and FICO scores are determined at origination and updated periodically throughout the life of the loan. LTV ratios are updated for loans 90 days past due and FICO scores are updated for the entire portfolio quarterly. The portfolio stratification (“High”, “Moderate” and “Low” risk) and identification of the corresponding credit quality indicators also occurs quarterly.
Commercial banking and retail loans, other than acquired loans, are also evaluated to determine whether they are impaired loans, which are included in the preceding tabular disclosures of credit quality indicators. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled principal and interest payments. Impaired loans also include certain loans whose terms have been modified in such a way that they are considered TDRs.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Acquired Loans Credit Quality Indicators
Upon acquiring a loan portfolio, the Company’s internal Loan Review function undertakes the process of assigning risk ratings to all Commercial Banking loans in accordance with the Company’s established policy, which may differ in certain respects from the risk rating policy of the predecessor company. The length of time necessary to complete this process varies based on the size of the acquired portfolio, the quality of the documentation maintained in the underlying loan files and the extent to which the predecessor company followed a risk rating approach comparable to People’s United Financial’s. As a result, while acquired loans are risk rated, there are occasions when such ratings may be deemed “preliminary” until the Company’s re-rating process has been completed.
Acquired loans are initially recorded at fair value, determined based upon an estimate of the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected and discounted using a market interest rate. The difference between contractually required principal and interest payments at the acquisition date and the undiscounted cash flows expected to be collected at the acquisition date is referred to as the “nonaccretable difference”, which includes an estimate of future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the portfolio. A decrease in the expected cash flows in subsequent periods requires the establishment of an allowance for loan losses at that time. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the allowance for loan losses on acquired loans was $10.3 million and $10.5 million, respectively.
Acquired Loans
At the respective acquisition dates in 2011 and 2010, on an aggregate basis, the acquired loan portfolio had contractually required principal and interest payments receivable of $7.57 billion; expected cash flows of $7.02 billion; and a fair value (initial carrying amount) of $5.36 billion. The difference between the contractually required principal and interest payments receivable and the expected cash flows ($550.9 million) represented the initial nonaccretable difference. The difference between the expected cash flows and fair value ($1.66 billion) represented the initial accretable yield. Both the contractually required principal and interest payments receivable and the expected cash flows reflect anticipated prepayments, determined based on historical portfolio experience. At December 31, 2013, the outstanding principal balance and carrying amount of the acquired loan portfolio were $1.55 billion and $1.53 billion, respectively ($2.30 billion and $2.24 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2012). At December 31, 2013, the aggregate remaining nonaccretable difference applicable to acquired loans totaled $137.0 million.
The following table summarizes activity in the accretable yield for the acquired loan portfolio:
(1) Results in increased interest income as a prospective yield adjustment over the remaining life of the corresponding pool of loans.
(2) Represents changes in cash flows expected to be collected due to factors other than credit (e.g. changes in prepayment assumptions and/or changes in interest rates on variable rate loans), as well as loan sales, modifications and payoffs.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
FDIC Loss-Share Receivable
On April 16, 2010, People’s United Bank entered into a definitive purchase and assumption agreement (the “Agreement”) with the FDIC pursuant to which People’s United Bank assumed all of the deposits, certain assets and the banking operations of Butler Bank. The Agreement also provides for loss-share coverage by the FDIC, up to certain limits, on all covered assets (loans and REO). The FDIC is obligated to reimburse People’s United Bank for 80% of any future losses on covered assets up to $34.0 million. People’s United Bank will reimburse the FDIC for 80% of recoveries with respect to losses for which the FDIC paid 80% reimbursement under the loss-sharing coverage.
The asset arising from the loss-sharing coverage, referred to as the “FDIC loss-share receivable” is included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition (see Note 7). The FDIC loss-share receivable is measured separately from the covered loans because the coverage is not contractually embedded in the loans and is not transferable should People’s United Bank choose to dispose of the covered loans. The FDIC loss-share receivable will be reduced as losses are realized on covered assets and as loss-sharing payments are received from the FDIC. Realized losses in excess of the acquisition date estimates will result in an increase in the FDIC loss-share receivable. Conversely, the FDIC loss-share receivable will be reduced if realized losses are less than the estimates at acquisition. The amount ultimately collected for the FDIC loss-share receivable is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered assets over time and claims submitted to the FDIC. In the event that losses under the loss-share coverage do not reach expected levels, People’s United Bank has agreed to make a cash payment to the FDIC on approximately the tenth anniversary of the Agreement.
NOTE 5 - Goodwill and Other Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets
Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of People’s United Financial’s goodwill are summarized as follows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011:
Recent acquisitions have been undertaken with the objective of expanding the Company’s business, both geographically and through product offerings, as well as realizing synergies and economies of scale by combining with the acquired entities. For these reasons, a market-based premium was generally paid for the acquired entities which, in turn, resulted in the recognition of goodwill, representing the excess of the respective purchase prices over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
All of People’s United Financial’s tax deductible goodwill was created in transactions in which the Company purchased the assets of the target (as opposed to purchasing the issued and outstanding stock of the target). At December 31, 2013 and 2012, tax deductible goodwill totaled $14.5 million and $14.8 million, respectively, and related, almost entirely, to the Butler Bank acquisition completed in 2010.
Other Acquisition-Related Intangible Assets
The following is a summary of People’s United Financial’s other acquisition-related intangible assets:
Other acquisition-related intangible assets have an original weighted-average amortization period of 14 years. Amortization expense of other acquisition-related intangible assets totaled $26.2 million, $26.8 million and $25.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Scheduled amortization expense attributable to other acquisition-related intangible assets for each of the next five years is as follows: $24.8 million in 2014; $23.8 million in 2015; $22.7 million in 2016; $21.6 million in 2017; and $10.2 million in 2018. There were no impairment losses relating to goodwill or other acquisition-related intangible assets recorded during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Recent Acquisitions
On June 22, 2012, People’s United Bank acquired 57 branches from RBS Citizens, N.A. and assumed approximately $324 million in deposits associated with these branches. The assets acquired, which included cash, premises and equipment, and other assets totaling $15.8 million, and liabilities assumed, which included deposits and other liabilities totaling $324.6 million, were recorded by People’s United Financial at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date.
After the close of business on June 30, 2011, People’s United Financial acquired Danvers Bancorp, Inc. (“Danvers”). The transaction was effective July 1, 2011. Total consideration paid in the Danvers acquisition of approximately $462 million consisted of approximately $214 million in cash and 18.5 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock with a fair value of approximately $248 million. Cash consideration was paid at the rate of $23.00 per share of Danvers common stock and stock consideration was paid at the rate of 1.624 shares of People’s United Financial common stock per share of Danvers common stock. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Danvers acquisition totaled $2.8 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. People’s United Financial’s results of operations include the results of Danvers beginning with the effective date. Merger-related expenses recorded in 2011 totaling $42.9 million related to the Danvers acquisition and acquisitions completed during 2010.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 6 - Premises and Equipment
The components of premises and equipment are summarized below:
Depreciation and amortization expense included in occupancy and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income totaled $40.3 million, $39.1 million and $39.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
NOTE 7 - Other Assets and Other Liabilities
The components of other assets are as follows:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The components of other liabilities are as follows:
NOTE 8 - Deposits
The following is an analysis of People’s United Financial’s total deposits by product type:
Time deposits issued in amounts of $100,000 or more totaled $1.9 billion at both December 31, 2013 and 2012. Overdrafts of non-interest-bearing deposit accounts totaling $4.0 million and $9.9 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, have been classified as loans.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Interest expense on deposits is summarized as follows:
NOTE 9 - Borrowings
People’s United Financial’s borrowings are summarized as follows:
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s total borrowing limit from (i) the FHLB of Boston and the FRB-NY for advances and (ii) repurchase agreements was $3.9 billion based on the level of qualifying collateral available for these borrowings. In addition, People’s United Bank had unsecured borrowing capacity of $1.6 billion at that date. FHLB advances are secured by People’s United Bank’s investment in FHLB stock and by a security agreement that requires People’s United Bank to maintain, as collateral, sufficient qualifying assets not otherwise pledged (principally single-family residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and loans, and commercial real estate loans).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Interest expense on borrowings consists of the following:
Information concerning People’s United Financial’s borrowings is presented below:
NOTE 10 - Notes and Debentures
Notes and debentures are summarized as follows:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In December 2012, People’s United Financial issued $500 million of 3.65% senior notes due in 2022. The senior notes represent unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of People’s United Financial with interest payable semi-annually. The Company may redeem the senior notes at its option, in whole or in part, at any time prior to September 6, 2022, at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) 100% of the principal amount of the senior notes to be redeemed or (ii) a “make-whole” amount, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. In addition, the Company may redeem the senior notes at its option, in whole or in part, at any time on or following September 6, 2022, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the senior notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. In connection with its planned issuance of the senior notes, People’s United Financial entered into U.S. Treasury forward interest rate locks to hedge the risk that U.S. Treasury yields would rise prior to establishing the fixed interest rate on the senior notes (see Note 20).
People’s United Financial assumed the 5.80% fixed rate/floating rate subordinated notes in connection with its acquisition of Chittenden Corporation (“Chittenden”). These subordinated notes, which were issued in 2007 and are due in February 2017, represent unsecured general obligations of People’s United Financial with interest payable semi-annually. The notes have a coupon of 5.80% for the first five years and convert to a variable rate in year six that is tied to the three month LIBOR plus 68.5 basis points. At December 31, 2013, the interest rate was 0.92%. Beginning on February 14, 2012, People’s United Financial has the option to redeem the notes, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date at a redemption price of 100% of the principal amount of the redeemed notes, plus any accrued but unpaid interest. In 2011, People’s United Financial entered into an interest rate swap to hedge the LIBOR-based floating rate payments on these subordinated notes, which began in February 2012 (see Note 20).
People’s United Financial assumed the floating rate subordinated debentures in connection with the Smithtown acquisition. The floating rate subordinated debentures, which were issued in 2008 and are due in June 2038, are redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at par plus accrued interest on any interest payment date on or after June 1, 2013. Interest is payable quarterly and the coupon rate is tied to the three month LIBOR plus 3.75%. In 2013, People’s United Financial repaid the floating rate subordinated debentures.
People’s United Bank assumed the 11% fixed rate subordinated notes in connection with the Smithtown acquisition. These subordinated notes, which were issued in June and July 2009 and are due in July 2019, are redeemable at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, on any interest payment date after July 1, 2014, with interest payable semi-annually. For regulatory capital purposes, subordinated note issuances qualify, up to certain limits, as tier 2 capital for People’s United Bank’s total risk-based capital (see Note 13).
NOTE 11 - Income Taxes
The following is a summary of total income tax expense:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The components of income tax expense applicable to pre-tax income are summarized as follows:
(1) Includes the effect of (decreases) increases in the valuation allowance for state deferred tax assets of $(2.3) million, $1.4 million and $(1.4) million in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
The following is a reconciliation of expected income tax expense, computed at the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35%, to actual income tax expense:
People’s United Financial holds ownership interests in limited partnerships formed to develop and operate affordable housing units for lower income tenants throughout its franchise area. These investments have historically played a role in enabling People’s United Bank to meet its Community Reinvestment Act requirements while, at the same time, providing federal income tax credits. The cost of these investments is amortized on a straight-line basis over the period during which the related federal income tax credits are realized (generally ten years). At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial had $65.0 million invested in these partnerships. The underlying partnerships, which are considered variable interest entities, are not consolidated into the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In 1998, People’s United Bank formed a passive investment company, People’s Mortgage Investment Company, in accordance with Connecticut tax laws, which permit transfers of mortgage loans to such subsidiaries on or after January 1, 1999. The related earnings of the subsidiary, and any dividends it pays to the parent, are not subject to Connecticut income tax. As a result of the exclusion of such earnings and dividends from Connecticut taxable income beginning in 1999, People’s United Bank has established a valuation allowance for the full amount of its Connecticut deferred tax asset attributable to net temporary differences and state net operating loss carryforwards. Connecticut tax net operating loss carryforwards totaled $1.4 billion at December 31, 2013 and expire between 2020 and 2033.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to People’s United Financial’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
Based on People’s United Financial’s recent historical and anticipated future pre-tax earnings and the reversal of taxable temporary differences, management believes it is more likely than not that People’s United Financial will realize its total deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowance.
People’s United Financial’s current income tax receivable at December 31, 2013 and 2012 totaled $21.6 million and $25.0 million, respectively.
The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of People’s United Financial’s unrecognized income tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
If recognized, the unrecognized income tax benefits at December 31, 2013 would minimally affect People’s United Financial’s annualized income tax rate. Accrued interest expense related to the unrecognized income tax benefits totaled $0.6 million and $0.5 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. People’s United Financial recognizes accrued interest related to unrecognized income tax benefits and penalties, if incurred, as components of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
People’s United Financial files a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return and files income tax returns in various states. People’s United Financial has minimal foreign operations which, at the present time, are not subject to income taxes.
People’s United Financial is no longer subject to federal or state income tax examinations through 2007. People’s United Financial is currently under examination by the Internal Revenue Service and certain state taxing authorities. The amount of total unrecognized income tax benefits is not expected to change significantly within the next twelve months.
NOTE 12 - Stockholders’ Equity and Dividends
People’s United Financial is authorized to issue 50 million shares of preferred stock, par value of $0.01 per share, none of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2013, and 1.95 billion shares of common stock, par value of $0.01 per share, of which 396.5 million shares were issued as of December 31, 2013.
Treasury stock includes (i) common stock repurchased by People’s United Financial, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management in connection with stock repurchases authorized by its Board of Directors and (ii) common stock purchased for awards under the People’s United Financial, Inc. 2007 Recognition and Retention Plan (the “RRP”) (see Note 17).
In April 2008, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, or 17.3 million shares. In January 2011, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock for up to 5% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock, or 17.5 million shares. Under both authorizations, such shares may be repurchased either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2011 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized in April 2008 and January 2011 by repurchasing 20.4 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $247.2 million.
In October 2011, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock. Under the new repurchase authorization, up to 5% of the Company’s common stock outstanding, or 18.0 million shares, may be repurchased, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2012 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized by repurchasing 18.0 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $217.4 million.
In November 2012, People’s United Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional repurchase of common stock. Under the new repurchase authorization, up to 10% of the Company’s common stock outstanding, or 33.6 million shares, may be repurchased, either directly or through agents, in the open market at prices and terms satisfactory to management. During 2012 the Company repurchased 0.2 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock under this authorization at a total cost of $2.6 million. During 2013 the Company completed the repurchase of the maximum number of shares of common stock authorized by repurchasing 33.4 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock at a total cost of $458.9 million.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In conjunction with establishing the RRP in October 2007 (see Note 17), a trustee purchased 7.0 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock in the open market with funds provided by People’s United Financial. At December 31, 2013, 2.9 million shares were available to be awarded in the form of restricted stock under the provisions of the RRP.
In April 2007, People’s United Financial established an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (the “ESOP”) (see Note 16). At that time, People’s United Financial loaned the ESOP $216.8 million to purchase 10.5 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock in the open market. Shares of People’s United Financial common stock are held by the ESOP and allocated to eligible participants annually based upon a percentage of each participant’s eligible compensation. At December 31, 2013, 8.0 million shares of People’s United Financial common stock, with a contra-equity balance of $166.2 million, have not been allocated or committed to be released.
Dividends declared and paid per common share totaled $0.6475, $0.6375 and $0.6275 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. People’s United Financial’s dividend payout ratio (dividends paid as a percentage of net income) was 88.1%, 88.8% and 114.9% for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
As a federally-chartered stock savings bank, People’s United Bank’s ability to make capital distributions directly or indirectly to People’s United Financial, such as cash dividends, is governed by federal regulations. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, People’s United Bank currently must file a notice with the FRB and the OCC at least 30 days prior to each capital distribution. However, if the total amount of all capital distributions (including any proposed capital distribution) for the applicable calendar year exceeds net income (as determined under generally accepted accounting principles) for that year to date plus the retained net income for the preceding two years, then People’s United Bank must file an application to receive the approval of both the FRB and the OCC for a proposed capital distribution. The term “retained net income” as defined by federal regulations means People’s United Bank’s net income for each year, less the amount of capital distributions declared in each such year.
People’s United Bank may not pay dividends to People’s United Financial if, after paying those dividends, it would fail to meet the required minimum levels under risk-based capital guidelines and the minimum leverage and tangible capital ratio requirements or if the OCC notified People’s United Bank that it was in need of more than normal supervision. See Note 13 for a discussion of regulatory capital requirements. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, an insured depository institution such as People’s United Bank is prohibited from making capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, if, after making such distribution, the institution would become “undercapitalized” (as such term is used in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act). Payment of dividends by People’s United Bank also may be restricted at any time at the discretion of the appropriate regulator if it deems the payment to constitute an unsafe and unsound banking practice.
In 2013, 2012 and 2011, People’s United Bank paid a total of $232 million, $315 million and $160 million, respectively, in cash dividends to People’s United Financial. At December 31, 2013, People’s United Bank’s retained net income, as defined by federal regulations, totaled $48.8 million.
NOTE 13 - Regulatory Capital Requirements
OCC regulations require federally-chartered savings banks to meet three minimum capital ratios: (i) a tangible capital ratio of 1.5% (calculated as tangible capital to adjusted total assets); (ii) a leverage (core) capital ratio of 4.0% (calculated as core capital to adjusted total assets); and (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% (calculated as total risk-based capital to total risk-weighted assets).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Under its prompt corrective action regulations, the OCC is required to take certain supervisory actions (and may take additional discretionary actions) with respect to an undercapitalized bank. These actions could have a direct material effect on a bank’s financial statements. The regulations establish a framework for the classification of banks into five categories: well-capitalized, adequately-capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly-undercapitalized and critically-undercapitalized. Generally, a bank is considered well-capitalized if it has a leverage (core) capital ratio of at least 5.0%, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.0% (calculated as tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets) and a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0%.
The foregoing capital ratios are based in part on specific quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting guidelines. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the OCC about capital components, risk weightings and other factors.
Management believes that, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, People’s United Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject. Further, the most recent regulatory notification categorized People’s United Bank as a well-capitalized institution under the prompt corrective action regulations. No conditions or events have occurred since that notification that have caused management to believe any change in People’s United Bank’s capital classification would be warranted.
The following summary compares People’s United Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 to the OCC requirements for classification as a well-capitalized institution and for minimum capital adequacy. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, People’s United Bank’s adjusted total assets, as defined, totaled $31.2 billion and $28.2 billion, respectively, and its total risk-weighted assets, as defined, totaled $25.4 billion and $22.7 billion, respectively.
(1) Represents People’s United Bank’s total equity capital, excluding: (i) after-tax net unrealized gains and losses on certain securities classified as available for sale; (ii) after-tax unrealized gains and losses on securities transferred to held to maturity; (iii) after-tax unrealized gains and losses on derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges; (iv) certain assets not recognized for regulatory capital purposes (principally goodwill and other acquisition-related intangible assets); and (v) the amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) relating to pension and other postretirement benefits.
(2) Represents Tier 1 capital plus qualifying subordinated notes and debentures, up to certain limits, and the allowance for loan losses up to 1.25% of total risk-weighted assets.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 14 - Earnings Per Common Share
The following is an analysis of People’s United Financial’s basic and diluted EPS, reflecting the application of the two-class method, as described in Note 1:
All unallocated ESOP shares and all common shares accounted for as treasury shares have been excluded from the calculation of basic and diluted EPS. Anti-dilutive equity-based awards totaling 14.0 million, 11.7 million and 11.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, have been excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
NOTE 15 - Comprehensive Income
Comprehensive income represents the sum of net income and items of “other comprehensive income or loss,” including (on an after-tax basis): (i) net actuarial gains and losses, prior service credits and costs, and transition assets and obligations related to People’s United Financial’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans; (ii) net unrealized gains or losses on securities available for sale; (iii) net unrealized gains and losses on securities transferred to held to maturity; and (iv) net unrealized gains or losses on derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges. People’s United Financial’s total comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary of the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”), which are included in People’s United Financial’s stockholders’ equity on an after-tax basis:
(1) See table below for details about these reclassifications.
The following is a summary of the amounts reclassified from AOCL:
(1) Included in the computation of net periodic pension cost reflected in compensation and benefits expense (see Note 16 for additional details).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The deferred income taxes applicable to the components of AOCL are as follows:
The following is a summary of the components of People’s United Financial’s total other comprehensive income (loss):
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 16 - Employee Benefit Plans
People’s United Financial Employee Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Plans
People’s United Financial maintains a qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the “Qualified Plan”) that covers substantially all full-time and part-time employees who (i) meet certain age and length of service requirements and (ii) were employed by People’s United Bank prior to August 14, 2006. Benefits are based upon the employee’s years of credited service and either the average compensation for the last five years or the average compensation for the five consecutive years of the last ten years that produce the highest average.
New employees of People’s United Bank starting on or after August 14, 2006 are not eligible to participate in the Qualified Plan. Instead, People’s United Bank makes contributions on behalf of these employees to a qualified defined contribution plan in an annual amount equal to 3% of the employee’s eligible compensation. Employee participation in this plan is restricted to employees who (i) are at least 18 years of age and (ii) worked at least 1,000 hours in a year. Both full-time and part-time employees are eligible to participate as long as they meet these requirements.
In July 2011, People’s United Bank amended the Qualified Plan to “freeze”, effective December 31, 2011, the accrual of pension benefits for Qualified Plan participants. As such, participants will not earn any additional benefits after that date. Instead, effective January 1, 2012, People’s United Bank will make a contribution on behalf of these participants to a qualified defined contribution plan in an annual amount equal to 3% of the employee’s eligible compensation.
People’s United Financial also maintains (i) unfunded, nonqualified supplemental plans to provide retirement benefits to certain senior officers (the “Supplemental Plans”) and (ii) an unfunded plan that provides retirees with optional medical, dental and life insurance benefits (“the other postretirement benefits plan”). People’s United Financial accrues the cost of these postretirement benefits over the employees’ years of service to the date of their eligibility for such benefits.
An employer is required to recognize an asset or a liability for the funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the applicable benefit obligation, which is the projected benefit obligation for a pension plan and the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for an other postretirement benefit plan. Plan assets and benefit obligations are required to be measured as of the date of the employer’s fiscal year-end.
People’s United Financial’s funding policy is to contribute the amounts required by applicable regulations, although additional amounts may be contributed from time to time. In 2014, no employer contributions are expected to be made for the Qualified Plan. Employer contributions for the Supplemental Plans and the other postretirement benefits plan in 2014 are expected to total $3.0 million, representing net benefit payments expected to be paid under these plans.
Expected future net benefit payments for the Qualified Plan and the Supplemental Plans (together the “Pension Plans”) as of December 31, 2013 are: $15.7 million in 2014; $16.6 million in 2015; $17.3 million in 2016; $21.1 million in 2017; $24.3 million in 2018; and an aggregate of $112.0 million in 2019 through 2023. Expected future net benefit payments for the other postretirement benefits plan as of December 31, 2013 are: $0.9 million in 2014; $0.8 million in 2015; $0.8 million in 2016; $0.8 million in 2017; $0.8 million in 2018; and an aggregate of $3.4 million in 2019 through 2023.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes changes in the benefit obligations and plan assets of the Pension Plans and the other postretirement benefits plan. The table also shows the funded status (or the difference between benefit obligations and plan assets) recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. All plans have a December 31 measurement date.
(1) Represents projected benefit obligations for the Pension Plans and accumulated benefit obligations for the other postretirement benefits plan.
Plan assets for the Qualified Plan of $387.7 million as of December 31, 2013 exceeded both the related accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation ($346.2 million each) at that date. Although the Supplemental Plans hold no assets, People’s United Financial has funded a trust to provide benefit payments to the extent such benefits are not paid directly by People’s United Financial. Trust assets of $33.4 million as of December 31, 2013 (which are included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition) were exceeded by both the related accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation ($39.4 million each) at that date.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the accumulated and projected benefit obligations for the Pension Plans at the respective measurement dates:
Components of the net periodic benefit (income) expense and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
(1) Reflects the recognition of prior service credit associated with the decision in July 2011 to “freeze,” effective December 31, 2011, the accrual of pension benefits for Qualified Plan participants.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The pre-tax amounts in AOCL that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost are as follows:
The Company uses a corridor approach in the valuation of its defined benefit pension plans, which results in the deferral of actuarial gains and losses resulting from differences between actual results and actuarial assumptions. Amortization of actuarial gains and losses occurs when the accumulated unrecognized gain or loss balance, as of the beginning of the year, exceeds 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets. The excess unrecognized gain or loss balance is amortized over the average remaining life expectancy of plan participants which, for the Qualified Plan, was approximately 30 years as of December 31, 2013. In 2014, approximately $4.0 million in net actuarial losses is expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost for the Pension Plans and approximately $(0.2) million in prior service credit is expected to be recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost for the other postretirement benefits plan.
The following assumptions were used in determining the benefit obligations and net periodic benefit (income) expense:
n/a - not applicable
(1) Changes in the net periodic benefit cost and the related benefit obligation arising as a result of a one-percentage-point increase or decrease in this assumed trend rate would not be significant.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In developing an expected long-term rate of return on asset assumption for the Qualified Plan, People’s United Financial considered the historical returns and the future expectations for returns within each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of the pension portfolio. This resulted in an expected long-term rate of return assumption of 8.00%, which is intended to reflect expected asset returns over the life of the related pension benefits expected to be paid. The discount rate reflects the current rates available on long-term high-quality fixed-income debt instruments, and is reset annually on the measurement date. To determine the discount rate, People’s United Financial reviews, along with its independent actuary, spot interest rate yield curves based upon yields from a broad population of high-quality bonds adjusted to match the timing and amounts of expected benefit payments.
The investment strategy of the Qualified Plan is to develop a diversified portfolio, representing a variety of asset classes of varying duration, in order to effectively fund expected near-term and long-term benefit payments. All investment decisions are governed by an established policy that contains the following asset allocation guidelines:
Equity securities are required to be diversified among industries and economic sectors and may include convertible securities. Limitations have been established on the overall allocation to any individual security representing more than 3% of the market value of total plan assets. A limit of 40% of equity holdings may be invested in international equities. Short sales, margin purchases and similar speculative transactions are prohibited.
Fixed income securities are oriented toward risk-averse, investment-grade securities rated “A” or higher. A limit of up to 30% of the fixed income holdings may be invested in issues rated below “Baa” by Moody’s or “BBB” by Standard & Poor’s, if the higher investment risk is compensated for by the prospect of a positive incremental investment return. With the exception of U.S. government securities, in which the Qualified Plan may invest the entire fixed income allocation, fixed income securities require diversification among individual securities and sectors. There is no limit on the maximum maturity of securities held. Short sales, margin purchases and similar speculative transactions are prohibited.
The following table summarizes the percentages of fair value for each major category of Qualified Plan assets as of the respective measurement dates:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables present Qualified Plan assets measured at fair value:
Chittenden Pension Plan
In addition to the benefit plans described above, People’s United Financial continues to maintain a qualified defined benefit pension plan that covers former Chittenden employees who meet certain eligibility requirements (the “Chittenden Plan”). Effective December 31, 2005, accrued benefits were frozen based on participants’ then-current service and pay levels. During April 2010, participants who were in payment status as of April 1, 2010, or whose accrued benefit as of that date was scheduled to be paid in the form of an annuity commencing May 1, 2010 based upon elections made by April 15, 2010, were transferred into the Qualified Plan.
At December 31, 2013, the fair value of plan assets totaled $43.7 million (invested in cash and cash equivalents, equity securities and fixed income securities) and the projected benefit obligation totaled $44.9 million, resulting in an unfunded status of $1.2 million, which has been recognized as a liability in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The liability recognized for the Chittenden Plan’s unfunded status was $7.0 million at December 31, 2012. A discount rate of 4.9% was used in determining the projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2013. Pre-tax net actuarial losses totaling $15.3 million ($9.7 million net of tax) and pre-tax prior service credits totaling $3.6 million ($2.3 million net of tax) were included in AOCL at December 31, 2013.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Net periodic benefit (income) expense for the Chittenden Plan totaled $(0.1) million, $1.2 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Included in net periodic benefit (income) expense in each year were partial settlement charges totaling $1.0 million, $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, as a result of lump-sum benefit payments in each year in excess of the sum of the plan’s annual interest and service costs. When an employer settles the full amount of its obligation for vested benefits with respect to some of a plan’s participants, the employer is required to recognize in income a pro rata portion of the aggregate gain or loss recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.
The weighted average assumptions used to determine 2013, 2012 and 2011 net periodic benefit (income) expense were (i) discount rates of 4.00%, 4.50% and 5.30%, respectively, and (ii) an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 8.00%, 4.25% and 4.25%, respectively. The higher long-term rate of return in 2013 reflects a change in investment allocation to include more equity securities. In 2014, approximately $1.0 million in net periodic benefit income (primarily consisting of expected return on plan assets, interest cost, prior service credit and amortization of actuarial loss) is expected to be recognized.
In 2014, no employer contributions are expected to be made for the Chittenden Plan and expected future net benefit payments as of December 31, 2013 are: $2.9 million in 2014; $2.5 million in 2015; $2.7 million in 2016; $2.5 million in 2017; $2.7 million in 2018; and an aggregate of $15.0 million in 2019 through 2023.
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
In April 2007, People’s United Financial established an ESOP. At that time, People’s United Financial loaned the ESOP $216.8 million to purchase 10,453,575 shares of People’s United Financial common stock in the open market. In order for the ESOP to repay the loan, People’s United Financial expects to make annual cash contributions of approximately $18.8 million until 2036. Such cash contributions may be reduced by the cash dividends paid on unallocated ESOP shares, which totaled $5.4 million in 2013, $5.6 million in 2012 and $5.7 million in 2011. At December 31, 2013, the loan balance totaled $195.3 million.
Employee participation in this plan is restricted to those employees who (i) are at least 18 years of age and (ii) worked at least 1,000 hours within 12 months of their hire date or any plan year (January 1 to December 31) after their date of hire. Employees meeting the aforementioned eligibility criteria during the plan year must continue to be employed as of the last day of the plan year in order to receive an allocation of shares for that plan year.
Shares of People’s United Financial common stock are held by the ESOP and allocated to eligible participants annually based upon a percentage of each participant’s eligible compensation. Since the ESOP was established, a total of 2,439,168 shares of People’s United Financial common stock have been allocated or committed to be released to participants’ accounts. At December 31, 2013, 8,014,407 shares of People’s United Financial common stock, with a fair value of $121.2 million at that date, have not been allocated or committed to be released.
Compensation expense related to the ESOP is recognized at an amount equal to the number of common shares committed to be released by the ESOP for allocation to participants’ accounts multiplied by the average fair value of People’s United Financial’s common stock during the reporting period. The difference between the fair value of the shares of People’s United Financial’s common stock committed to be released and the cost of those common shares is recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital (if fair value exceeds cost) or, to the extent that no such credits remain in additional paid-in capital, as a charge to retained earnings (if fair value is less than cost). Expense recognized for the ESOP totaled $4.9 million, $4.2 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Employee Savings Plans
People’s United Financial sponsors an employee savings plan that qualifies as a 401(k) plan under the Internal Revenue Code. Employees may contribute up to 50% of their pre-tax compensation up to certain limits, and People’s United Financial makes a matching contribution equal to 100% of a participant’s contributions up to 4% of pre-tax compensation. Participants vest immediately in their own contributions and after one year in People’s United Financial’s contributions. A supplemental savings plan has also been established for certain senior officers and the Company has funded a trust to provide benefit payments to the extent such benefits are not paid directly by People’s United Financial. Trust assets of $7.3 million as of December 31, 2013 (which are included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition) were exceeded by the related benefit obligation of $19.6 million at that date. Expense recognized for these employee savings plans totaled $20.0 million, $20.6 million and $16.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
NOTE 17 - Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Long-Term Incentive Plan
People’s United Financial’s 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2008 Incentive Plan”) and the predecessor 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan (together the “Incentive Plans”) provide for awards to officers and employees in the form of: (i) incentive stock options that may afford tax benefits to recipients; (ii) non-statutory stock options that do not afford tax benefits to recipients but may provide tax benefits to People’s United Financial; and (iii) stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and performance units. A total of 10,000,000 shares of People’s United Financial common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2008 Incentive Plan. At December 31, 2013, a total of 1,030,161 reserved shares remain available for future awards.
Non-statutory stock options have been granted under the Incentive Plans at exercise prices equal to the fair value of People’s United Financial common stock at the grant dates. Option expiration dates are fixed at the grant date, with a maximum term of ten years. Prior to 2013, options granted under the Incentive Plans generally vested 50% after two years, 75% after three years and 100% after four years. Beginning in 2013, options granted under the Incentive Plans vest 33% after one year, 66% after two years and 100% after three years. All options become fully exercisable in the event of a change of control, as defined in the Incentive Plans.
People’s United Financial has also granted restricted stock awards under the Incentive Plans. Employees become fully vested in these shares generally after a three- or four-year period, with requisite service conditions and no performance-based conditions to such vesting. Unvested restricted stock awards become fully vested in the event of a change in control, as defined in the Incentive Plans. During the vesting period, dividends are paid on the restricted stock and the recipients are entitled to vote these restricted shares. The fair value of all restricted stock awards is measured at the grant date based on quoted market prices.
Recognition and Retention Plan and Stock Option Plan
The RRP and 2007 Stock Option Plan (together the “2007 Plans”) provide for awards to directors, officers and employees in the form of: (i) incentive stock options that may afford tax benefits to recipients; (ii) non-statutory stock options that do not afford tax benefits to recipients but may provide tax benefits to People’s United Financial; and (iii) restricted stock. Shares of People’s United Financial common stock were purchased in the open market in October 2007 by a trustee with funds provided by People’s United Financial for the maximum number of shares available to be awarded in the form of restricted stock. A maximum of 6,969,050 shares and 15,244,796 shares of People’s United Financial common stock are available for restricted stock awards and stock options, respectively. At December 31, 2013, 2,900,826 shares and 8,005,449 shares remain available for future restricted stock awards and stock options, respectively, under the 2007 Plans.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Non-statutory stock options are granted under the 2007 Plans at exercise prices equal to the fair value of People’s United Financial’s common stock at the grant date. The fair value of all restricted stock awarded under the 2007 Plans is measured at the grant date based on quoted market prices. Most restricted stock and stock options awarded vest 20% per year over a five year period with requisite service conditions and no performance-based conditions to such vesting. All restricted stock awards and stock options become fully vested and exercisable, respectively, in the event of a change of control, as defined in the 2007 Plans. During the vesting period, dividends are paid on the restricted stock and the recipients are entitled to vote these restricted shares.
Stock Options Granted
People’s United Financial granted a total of 3,164,607 stock options in 2013, 1,409,151 stock options in 2012 and 1,201,202 stock options in 2011 under the Incentive Plans. The estimated weighted-average grant-date fair value of stock options granted in 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $2.23 per option, $2.18 per option and $2.58 per option, respectively, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with assumptions as follows: dividend yield of 5.0% in 2013, 5.1% in 2012 and 4.7% in 2011; expected volatility rate of 33% in both 2013 and 2012, and 31% in 2011; risk-free interest rate of 0.9% in 2013, 1.2% in 2012 and 2.6% in 2011; and expected option life of approximately 5 years in 2013 and 6 years in both 2012 and 2011.
People’s United Financial granted a total of 403,400 stock options in 2011 (none in 2013 or 2012) to directors, key executive officers and employees under the 2007 Plans. The estimated weighted-average grant-date fair value of stock options granted was $2.31 per option using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with assumptions as follows: dividend yield of 5.1%; expected volatility rate of 33%; risk-free interest rate of 2.0%; and expected option life of approximately 5 years.
In arriving at the grant date fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, expected volatilities were based on the historical volatilities of People’s United Financial traded common stock. The expected term of stock options represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. People’s United Financial used historical data to estimate voluntary suboptimal (early) exercises by continuing employees, and estimates of post-vest option exercise or forfeiture by terminated employees. Suboptimal exercise data and employee termination estimates are incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations of People’s United Financial common stock prices to calculate the expected term. The risk-free interest rate approximated the U.S. Treasury rate curve matched to the expected option term at the time of the grant.
Expense relating to stock options granted is recognized on a straight-line basis, generally over the applicable service period, and totaled $4.3 million, $3.2 million and $8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Unamortized cost for unvested stock options, which reflects an estimated forfeiture rate of 5.1% per year over the vesting period, totaled $7.0 million at December 31, 2013, and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.1 years. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $1.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Incentive Plans and the 2007 Stock Option Plan:
(1) Reflects only those stock options with intrinsic value at December 31, 2013.
Additional information concerning options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 2013 is summarized as follows:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Restricted Stock Awarded
The following is a summary of restricted stock award activity under the Incentive Plans and the RRP:
Expense relating to unvested restricted stock awards is recognized on a straight-line basis, generally over the applicable service period, and totaled $8.8 million, $11.1 million and $14.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Unamortized cost for unvested restricted stock awards, which reflects an estimated forfeiture rate of 5.4% per year over the vesting period, totaled $11.4 million at December 31, 2013, and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 1.9 years. The total fair value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $9.4 million, $10.1 million and $10.2 million, respectively.
During 2013, 2012 and 2011, employees of People’s United Financial tendered 166,572 shares, 191,652 shares and 196,457 shares of common stock, respectively, in satisfaction of their related minimum tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock awards granted in prior periods. There is no limit on the number of shares that may be tendered by employees of People’s United Financial in the future to satisfy their related minimum tax withholding obligations. Shares acquired in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations are not eligible for reissuance in connection with any subsequent grants made pursuant to equity compensation plans maintained by People’s United Financial. Rather, all shares acquired in this manner are retired by People’s United Financial, resuming the status of authorized but unissued shares of People’s United Financial’s common stock. The total cost of shares repurchased and retired during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was $2.2 million, $2.3 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan
The People’s United Financial, Inc. Directors’ Equity Compensation Plan (the “Directors’ Equity Plan”) provides for an annual award of shares of People’s United Financial common stock with a fair value of $95,000 to each non-employee director immediately following each annual meeting of shareholders. Shares of People’s United Financial common stock issued pursuant to the Directors’ Equity Plan prior to 2012 are not transferable until the third anniversary of the grant date or, if earlier, upon the director’s cessation of service. Beginning in 2012, shares of People’s United Financial common stock issued pursuant to the Directors’ Equity Plan are subject to a one-year vesting period, with no post-vesting transfer restrictions. A total of 892,500 shares of People’s United Financial common stock are reserved for issuance under the Directors’ Equity Plan.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In 2013, 2012 and 2011, directors were granted a total of 58,896 shares, 59,352 shares and 66,609 shares, respectively, of People’s United Financial common stock with grant date fair values of $12.76 per share, $12.68 per share and $13.30 per share, respectively, at those dates. Expense totaling $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.9 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, for the Directors’ Equity Plan. At December 31, 2013, a total of 71,091 shares remain available for issuance.
NOTE 18 - Fair Value Measurements
Described below are the valuation methodologies used by People’s United Financial and the resulting fair values for those financial instruments measured at fair value on both a recurring and a non-recurring basis, as well as for those financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value but for which fair value is disclosed.
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Trading Account Securities and Securities Available For Sale
When available, People’s United Financial uses quoted market prices for identical securities received from an independent, nationally-recognized, third-party pricing service (as discussed further below) to determine the fair value of investment securities such as U.S. Treasury and agency securities that are included in Level 1. When quoted market prices for identical securities are unavailable, People’s United Financial uses prices provided by the independent pricing service based on recent trading activity and other observable information including, but not limited to, market interest rate curves, referenced credit spreads and estimated prepayment rates where applicable. These investments include certain U.S. and government agency debt securities, corporate and municipal debt securities, and GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs, all of which are included in Level 2.
Substantially all of the Company’s available-for-sale securities represent GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs. The fair values of these securities are based on prices obtained from the independent pricing service. The pricing service uses various techniques to determine pricing for the Company’s mortgage-backed securities, including option pricing and discounted cash flow analysis. The inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, monthly payment information and collateral performance. At both December 31, 2013 and 2012, the entire available-for-sale residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio was comprised of 15-year GSE securities. An active market exists for securities that are similar to the Company’s GSE residential mortgage-backed securities and CMOs, making observable inputs readily available.
Changes in the prices obtained from the pricing service are analyzed from month to month, taking into consideration changes in market conditions including changes in mortgage spreads, changes in U.S. Treasury security yields and changes in generic pricing of 15-year securities. As a further point of validation, the Company generates its own month-end fair value estimate for all mortgage-backed securities, agency-issued CMOs (also backed by 15-year mortgage-backed securities), and state and municipal securities. While the Company has not adjusted the prices obtained from the independent pricing service, any notable differences between those prices and the Company’s estimates are subject to further analysis. This additional analysis may include a review of prices provided by other independent parties, a yield analysis, a review of average life changes using Bloomberg analytics and a review of historical pricing for the particular security. Based on management’s review of the prices provided by the pricing service, the fair values incorporate observable market inputs used by market participants at the measurement date and, as such, are classified as Level 2 securities.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Other Assets
As discussed in Note 16, certain unfunded, nonqualified supplemental benefit plans have been established to provide retirement benefits to certain senior officers. People’s United Financial has funded two trusts to provide benefit payments to the extent such benefits are not paid directly by People’s United Financial, the assets of which are included in other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. When available, People’s United Financial determines the fair value of the trust assets using quoted market prices for identical securities received from a third-party nationally recognized pricing service.
Derivatives
People’s United Financial values its derivatives using internal models that are based on market or observable inputs including interest rate curves and forward/spot prices for selected currencies. Derivative assets and liabilities included in Level 2 represent interest rate swaps, foreign exchange contracts, risk participation agreements, forward commitments to sell residential mortgage loans and interest rate-lock commitments on residential mortgage loans.
The following tables summarize People’s United Financial’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the fair value of risk participation agreements totaled less than $0.1 million (see Note 20).
There were no transfers into or out of the Level 1 or Level 2 categories during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. In December 2013, state and municipal securities, previously classified as available for sale, measured at fair value on a recurring basis and included in Level 2, were transferred to held to maturity.
Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Loans Held for Sale
Residential mortgage loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value and are therefore measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. When available, People’s United Financial uses observable secondary market data, including pricing on recent closed market transactions for loans with similar characteristics. Accordingly, such loans are classified as Level 2 measurements. When observable data is unavailable, valuation methodologies using current market interest rate data adjusted for inherent credit risk are used, and such loans are included in Level 3.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Impaired Loans
Loan impairment is deemed to exist when full repayment of principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the loan is no longer probable. Impaired loans are reported based on one of three measures: the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate; the loan’s observable market price; or the fair value of the collateral (less estimated cost to sell) if the loan is collateral dependent. Accordingly, certain impaired loans may be subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis. People’s United Financial has estimated the fair values of these assets using Level 3 inputs, such as discounted cash flows based on inputs that are largely unobservable and, instead, reflect management’s own estimates of the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing such loans and/or the fair value of collateral based on independent third-party appraisals for collateral-dependent loans. Such appraisals are based on the market and/or income approach to value and are subject to a discount (to reflect estimated cost to sell) that generally approximates 10%.
REO and Repossessed Assets
REO and repossessed assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated selling costs, and are therefore measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. People’s United Financial has estimated the fair values of these assets using Level 3 inputs, such as independent third-party appraisals and price opinions. Such appraisals are based on the market and/or income approach to value and are subject to a discount (to reflect estimated cost to sell) that generally approximates 10%. Assets that are acquired through loan default are recorded as held for sale initially at the lower of the recorded investment in the loan or fair value (less estimated selling costs) upon the date of foreclosure/repossession. Subsequent to foreclosure/repossession, valuations are updated periodically and the carrying amounts of these assets may be reduced further.
The following tables summarize People’s United Financial’s assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
(1) Consists of residential mortgage loans; no fair value adjustments were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012.
(2) Represents the recorded investment in originated impaired loans with a related allowance for loan losses measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral less cost to sell. The total consists of $37.8 million, $16.0 million and $12.9 million of commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and equipment financing loans, respectively, at December 31, 2013. The provision for loan losses on impaired loans totaled $13.2 million and $16.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(3) Represents: (i) $13.6 million of residential REO; (ii) $13.1 million of commercial REO; and (iii) $4.5 million of repossessed assets at December 31, 2013. Charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses related to loans that were transferred to REO and repossessed assets totaled $1.8 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Write downs and net loss on sale of foreclosed/repossessed assets charged to non-interest expense totaled $5.9 million and $2.9 million for the same periods.
Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Not Measured At Fair Value
As discussed in Note 1, fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an “exit price” approach to fair value).
Acceptable valuation techniques (when quoted market prices are not available) that might be used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments include discounted cash flow analyses and comparison to similar instruments. Such estimates are highly subjective and require judgments regarding significant matters such as the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of discount rates that appropriately reflect market and credit risks. Changes in these judgments often have a material impact on the fair value estimates. In addition, since these estimates are made as of a specific point in time, they are susceptible to material near-term changes. Fair values estimated in this manner do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from the sale of a large volume of a particular financial instrument, nor do they reflect possible tax ramifications or estimated transaction costs.
The following is a description of the principal valuation methods used by People’s United Financial for those financial instruments that are not measured at fair value either on a recurring or non-recurring basis:
Cash and Short-Term Investments
Cash and due from banks are classified as Level 1. Short-term investments have fair values that approximate the respective carrying amounts because the instruments are payable on demand or have short-term maturities, and present relatively low credit risk and interest rate risk. As such, these fair values are classified as Level 2.
Securities Held to Maturity
When available, the fair values of investment securities held to maturity are measured based on quoted market prices for identical securities in active markets and, accordingly, are classified as Level 1 assets. When quoted market prices for identical securities are not available, fair values are estimated based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or through the use of pricing models containing observable inputs (i.e. market interest rates, financial information and credit ratings of the issuer, etc.). These fair values are included in Level 2. In cases where there may be limited information available and/or little or no market activity for the underlying security, fair value is estimated using pricing models containing unobservable inputs and classified as Level 3.
FHLB Stock
FHLB stock is a non-marketable equity security classified as Level 2 and reported at cost, which equals par value (the amount at which shares have been redeemed in the past). No significant observable market data is available for this security.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Loans
For valuation purposes, the loan portfolio is segregated into its significant categories, which are commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, equipment financing, residential mortgage, home equity and other consumer. These categories are further segregated, where appropriate, into components based on significant financial characteristics such as type of interest rate (fixed or adjustable) and payment status (performing or non-performing). Fair values are estimated for each component using a valuation method selected by management.
The fair values of performing loans were estimated by discounting the anticipated cash flows from the respective portfolios, assuming future prepayments and using market interest rates for new loans with comparable credit risk. As a result, the valuation method for performing loans, which is consistent with certain guidance provided in accounting standards, does not fully incorporate the “exit price” approach to fair value. The fair values of non-performing loans were based on recent collateral appraisals or management’s analysis of estimated cash flows discounted at rates commensurate with the credit risk involved. The estimated fair values of residential mortgage loans are classified as Level 2 as a result of the observable market inputs (i.e. market interest rates, prepayment assumptions, etc.) available for this loan type. The fair values of all other loan types are classified as Level 3 as the inputs contained within the respective discounted cash flow models are largely unobservable and, instead, reflect management’s own estimates of the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing such loans. The fair value of home equity lines of credit was based on the outstanding loan balances, and therefore does not reflect the value associated with earnings from future loans to existing customers.
Deposit Liabilities
The fair values of time deposits represent contractual cash flows discounted at current rates determined by reference to observable inputs including a LIBOR/swap curve over the remaining period to maturity. As such, these fair values are classified as Level 2. The fair values of other deposit liabilities (those with no stated maturity, such as checking and savings accounts) are equal to the carrying amounts payable on demand. Deposit fair values do not include the intangible value of core deposit relationships that comprise a significant portion of People’s United Financial’s deposit base. Management believes that People’s United Financial’s core deposit relationships provide a relatively stable, low-cost funding source that has a substantial intangible value separate from the deposit balances.
Borrowings and Notes and Debentures
The fair values of federal funds purchased and retail repurchase agreements are equal to the carrying amounts due to the short maturities (generally overnight). The fair values of FHLB advances and other borrowings represent contractual repayments discounted using interest rates currently available on borrowings with similar characteristics and remaining maturities and are classified as Level 2. The fair values of notes and debentures were based on dealer quotes and are classified as Level 2.
Lending-Related Financial Instruments
The estimated fair values of People’s United Financial’s lending-related financial instruments approximate the respective carrying amounts. Such instruments include commitments to extend credit, unadvanced lines of credit and letters of credit, for which fair values were estimated based on an analysis of the interest rates and fees currently charged to enter into similar transactions, considering the remaining terms of the instruments and the creditworthiness of the potential borrowers.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables summarize the carrying amounts, estimated fair values and placement in the fair value hierarchy of People’s United Financial’s financial instruments that are not measured at fair value either on a recurring or non-recurring basis:
(1) Excludes impaired loans totaling $66.7 million measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
(1) Excludes impaired loans totaling $114.3 million measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 19 - Legal Proceedings and Lease Commitments
In the normal course of business, People’s United Financial has various outstanding commitments and contingent liabilities that are not required to be and, therefore, have not been reflected in the consolidated financial statements.
Legal Proceedings
Litigation Relating to the Smithtown Transaction
On February 25, 2010 and March 29, 2010, Smithtown and several of its officers and directors were named in two lawsuits commenced in United States District Court, Eastern District of New York (Waterford Township Police & Fire Retirement v. Smithtown Bancorp, Inc., et al. and Yourgal v. Smithtown Bancorp, Inc. et al., respectively) on behalf of a putative class of all persons and entities who purchased Smithtown’s common stock between March 13, 2008 and February 1, 2010, alleging claims under Section 10(b) and Section 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The plaintiffs allege, among other things, that Smithtown’s loan loss reserve, fair value of its assets, recognition of impaired assets and its internal and disclosure controls were materially false, misleading or incomplete. As a result of the merger of Smithtown with and into People’s United Financial on November 30, 2010, People’s United Financial has become the successor party to Smithtown in this matter.
On April 26, 2010, the named plaintiff in the Waterford action moved to consolidate its action with the Yourgal action, to have itself appointed lead plaintiff in the consolidated action and to obtain approval of its selection of lead counsel. The Court approved the consolidation of the two suits, with Waterford Township named the lead plaintiff. On March 22, 2012, People’s United Financial filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint. On March 29, 2013, the Court granted People’s United Financial’s Motion to Dismiss. On April 30, 2013, the plaintiffs filed a second Amended Complaint, and on June 6, 2013, People’s United Financial filed a Motion to Dismiss the second Amended Complaint. The Company’s motion to dismiss the second Amended Complaint has been fully briefed and is before the Court for a ruling.
Other
People’s United Bank has been named as a defendant in a lawsuit (Marta Farb, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated v. People’s United Bank) arising from its assessment and collection of overdraft fees on its checking account customers. The Complaint was filed in the Superior Court of Connecticut, Judicial District of Waterbury, on April 22, 2011 and alleges that People’s United Bank engaged in certain unfair practices in the posting of electronic debit card transactions from highest to lowest dollar amount. The Complaint also alleges that such practices were inadequately disclosed to customers and were unfairly used by People’s United Bank for the purpose of generating revenue by maximizing the number of overdrafts a customer is assessed. The Complaint seeks certification of a class of checking account holders residing in Connecticut and who have incurred at least one overdraft fee, injunctive relief, compensatory, punitive and treble damages, disgorgement and restitution of overdraft fees paid, and attorneys’ fees. On June 16, 2011, People’s United Bank filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint, and on December 7, 2011, that motion was denied by the Court. On April 11, 2012, the plaintiff filed an Amended Complaint, and on May 15, 2012, People’s United Bank filed a Motion to Strike the Amended Complaint. On April 10, 2013, People’s United Bank renewed its Motion to Dismiss the Complaint. On June 6, 2013, the Court denied People’s United Bank’s Motion to Strike and its renewed Motion to Dismiss. On September 23, 2013, People’s United Bank filed its Revised Answer, Special Defenses and Counterclaim to Plaintiff’s Amended Class Action Complaint. The case is in the discovery stages. A Court hearing on plaintiff’s Motion to Strike certain of People’s United Bank’s Defenses and a Counterclaim was held on January 30, 2014 and the Court postponed consideration of that Motion while it considers whether the Court has jurisdiction to hear the case.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
People’s United Bank has been named as a defendant in a lawsuit (Tracy Fracasse and K. Lee Brown, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated v. People’s United Bank) based on allegations that People’s United Bank failed to pay overtime compensation required by (i) the federal Fair Labor Standards Act and (ii) the Connecticut Minimum Wage Act. The plaintiffs allege that they were employed as “underwriters” and were misclassified as exempt employees. The plaintiffs further allege that they worked in excess of 40 hours per week and were erroneously denied overtime compensation as required by federal and state wage and hour laws. The Complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court of Connecticut on May 3, 2012. Since the Complaint is brought under both federal and state law, the Complaint seeks certification of two different but overlapping classes. The plaintiffs seek damages in the amount of their respective unpaid overtime and minimum wage compensation, liquidated damages, interest and attorneys’ fees. On June 29, 2012, People’s United Bank filed its Answer and Affirmative Defenses. On June 17, 2013, the Court granted the plaintiff’s motion for conditional certification under the Fair Labor Standards Act and denied the plaintiff’s motion for class certification for the plaintiff’s state law claims. The case is in the discovery stages.
In addition, in the normal course of business, People’s United Financial is also subject to various other legal proceedings. Management has discussed with legal counsel the nature of these other legal proceedings, as well as the pending actions described above. Based on the information currently available, advice of counsel, available insurance coverage and the recorded liability for probable legal settlements and costs, People’s United Financial believes that the eventual outcome of these matters will not (individually or in the aggregate) have a material adverse effect on its financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Lease Commitments
At December 31, 2013, People’s United Financial was obligated under various noncancelable operating leases for office space, which expire on various dates through 2054. Certain leases contain renewal options and provide for increased rentals based principally on the consumer price index and fair market rental value provisions. The future minimum rental commitments under operating leases in excess of one year at December 31, 2013 were: $56.6 million in 2014; $56.4 million in 2015; $53.3 million in 2016; $48.2 million in 2017; $43.3 million in 2018; and an aggregate of $199.4 million in 2019 through 2054. Rent expense under operating leases included in occupancy and equipment in the Consolidated Statements of Income totaled $58.1 million, $52.5 million and $44.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
NOTE 20 - Financial Instruments
In the normal course of business, People’s United Financial is a party to both on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet financial instruments involving, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in addition to the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The contractual amounts of off-balance-sheet instruments reflect the extent of People’s United Financial’s involvement in particular classes of financial instruments.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
A summary of the contractual or notional amounts of People’s United Financial’s lending-related and derivative financial instruments follows:
(1) The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent People’s United Financial’s maximum potential exposure to credit loss, assuming (i) the instruments are fully funded at a later date; (ii) the borrower does not meet contractual repayment obligations; and (iii) any collateral or other security proves to be worthless.
(2) The contractual or notional amounts of these financial instruments are substantially greater than People’s United Financial’s maximum potential exposure to credit loss.
Lending-Related Financial Instruments
The contractual amounts of People’s United Financial’s lending-related financial instruments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements since certain of these instruments may expire without being funded and others may not be fully drawn upon. These instruments are subject to People’s United Financial’s credit approval process, including an evaluation of the customer’s creditworthiness and related collateral requirements. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee by the customer. The geographic distribution of People’s United Financial’s lending-related financial instruments is similar to the distribution of its loan portfolio, as described in Note 4.
People’s United Financial issues both stand-by and commercial letters of credit. Stand-by letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by People’s United Financial to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The letter of credit is generally extended for an average term of one year and is secured in a manner similar to existing extensions of credit. For each letter of credit issued, if the customer fails to perform under the terms of the agreement, People’s United Financial would have to fulfill the terms of the letter of credit. The credit risk involved in issuing stand-by letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
A commercial letter of credit is normally a short-term instrument issued by a financial institution on behalf of its customer. The letter of credit authorizes a beneficiary to draw drafts on the financial institution or one of its correspondent banks, provided the terms and conditions of the letter of credit have been met. In issuing a commercial letter of credit, the financial institution has substituted its credit standing for that of its customer. After drafts are paid by the financial institution, the customer is charged or an obligation is created under an existing reimbursement agreement. An advance under a reimbursement agreement is recorded as a loan by the financial institution and is subject to terms and conditions similar to other commercial obligations.
The fair value of People’s United Financial’s obligations relating to its unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit at December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $2.9 million and $3.0 million, respectively, and has been included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
People’s United Financial uses derivative financial instruments as components of its market risk management (principally to manage interest rate risk). Certain other derivatives are entered into in connection with transactions with commercial customers. Derivatives are not used for speculative purposes.
By using derivatives, People’s United Financial is exposed to credit risk to the extent that counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as required. Should a counterparty fail to perform under the terms of a derivative contract, the Company’s counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. In accordance with the Company’s balance sheet offsetting policy (see Note 1), amounts reported as derivative assets represent derivative contracts in a gain position, without consideration for derivative contracts in a loss position with the same counterparty (to the extent subject to master netting arrangements) and posted collateral. People’s United Financial seeks to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, execution of master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. Counterparties to People’s United Financial’s derivatives include major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings from the major rating agencies. As such, management believes the risk of incurring credit losses on derivative contracts with those counterparties is remote and losses, if any, would be immaterial.
Certain of People’s United Financial’s derivative contracts contain provisions establishing collateral requirements (subject to minimum collateral posting thresholds) based on the Company’s external credit rating. If the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating were to fall below the level generally recognized as investment grade, the counterparties to such derivative contracts could require additional collateral on those derivative transactions in a net liability position (after considering the effect of master netting arrangements and posted collateral). The Company had no derivative instruments with such credit-related contingent features that were in a net liability position at December 31, 2013. If the Company’s senior unsecured debt rating had fallen below investment grade as of that date, no additional collateral would have been required.
The following sections further discuss each class of derivative financial instrument used by People’s United Financial, including management’s principal objectives and risk management strategies.
Interest Rate Swaps
People’s United Financial may, from time to time, enter into pay fixed/receive floating interest rate swaps that are used to manage interest rate risk associated with certain interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Interest rate swaps associated with interest-earning assets, which matured in March 2012, were used to match more closely the repricing of certain commercial real estate loans and the funding associated with these loans. Specifically, People’s United Financial agreed with other parties to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. As a result, the interest rate swaps effectively converted the fixed rate assets to a variable interest rate and consequently reduced People’s United Financial’s exposure to increases in interest rates. These interest rate swaps were accounted for as fair value hedges.
People’s United Financial has entered into an interest rate swap to hedge the LIBOR-based floating rate payments on the Company’s $125 million subordinated notes (such payments began in February 2012). The subordinated notes had a fixed interest rate of 5.80% until February 2012, at which time the interest rate converted to the three-month LIBOR plus 68.5 basis points. People’s United Financial has agreed with the swap counterparty to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed-rate (1.99%) and floating-rate interest amounts calculated based on a notional amount of $125 million. The floating rate interest amounts received under the interest rate swap are calculated using the same floating rate paid on the subordinated notes. The interest rate swap effectively converts the variable rate subordinated notes to a fixed interest rate and consequently reduces People’s United Financial’s exposure to increases in interest rates. This interest rate swap is accounted for as a cash flow hedge.
Interest Rate Locks
In connection with its planned issuance of senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2012, People’s United Financial entered into U.S. Treasury forward interest rate locks (“T-Locks”) to hedge the risk that the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield component of the underlying coupon of the fixed rate senior notes would rise prior to establishing the fixed interest rate on the senior notes. Upon pricing the senior notes, the T-Locks were terminated and the unrealized gain of $0.9 million was included (on a net-of-tax basis) as a component of AOCL. The gain is being recognized as a reduction of interest expense over the ten-year period during which the hedged item ($500 million senior note issuance) affects earnings. The portion of the unrecognized gain at December 31, 2013 that is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months totals approximately $0.1 million.
Interest Rate Floors
An interest rate floor is a type of option contract that is exercised when the underlying interest rate falls below a specified strike rate. Previously, People’s United Financial purchased interest rate floors for the purpose of partially managing its exposure to decreases in the one-month LIBOR-index rate used to reprice certain long-term commercial loans. The interest rate floors were accounted for as cash flow hedges.
In the first quarter of 2009, People’s United Financial terminated its remaining $600 million (notional amount) interest rate floor contracts. The decision to do so was based on management’s belief that, in light of the current interest rate environment, the derivative contracts had achieved their stated market risk management objective. Termination of the derivative contracts also served to reduce the Company’s counterparty credit risk. At the time of termination, the interest rate floors had an unrealized gain of $40.1 million. The gain was included (on a net-of-tax basis) as a component of AOCL and was recognized in income over the period during which the hedged items (certain floating rate commercial loans) affected earnings (approximately 2 years).
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Foreign Exchange Contracts
Foreign exchange contracts are commitments to buy or sell foreign currency on a future date at a contractual price. People’s United Financial uses these instruments on a limited basis to eliminate its exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates on certain of its commercial loans that are denominated in foreign currencies. Gains and losses on foreign exchange contracts substantially offset the translation gains and losses on the related loans. Effective in the first quarter of 2010, People’s United Financial no longer designates foreign exchange contracts as hedging instruments.
Risk Participation Agreements
People’s United Financial has entered into risk participation agreements under which it may either assume or sell credit risk associated with a borrower’s performance under certain interest rate derivative contracts. In those instances in which People’s United Financial has assumed credit risk, it is not a party to the derivative contract and has entered into the risk participation agreement because it is also a party to the related loan agreement with the borrower. In those instances in which People’s United Financial has sold credit risk, it is a party to the derivative contract and has entered into the risk participation agreement because it sold a portion of the related loan. People’s United Financial manages its credit risk under risk participation agreements by monitoring the creditworthiness of the borrower, based on its normal credit review process. The notional amounts of the risk participation agreements reflect People’s United Financial’s pro-rata share of the derivative contracts, consistent with its share of the related loans.
Customer Derivatives
People’s United Financial has entered into interest rate swaps with certain of its commercial customers. In order to minimize its risk, these customer derivatives (pay floating/receive fixed swaps) have been offset with essentially matching interest rate swaps with People’s United Financial’s institutional counterparties (pay fixed/receive floating swaps). Hedge accounting has not been applied for these derivatives. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of all such interest rate swaps are recognized in current earnings.
Forward Commitments to Sell Residential Mortgage Loans and Related Interest Rate-Lock Commitments
People’s United Financial enters into forward commitments to sell adjustable-rate and fixed-rate residential mortgage loans (all to be sold servicing released) in order to reduce the market risk associated with originating loans for sale in the secondary market. In order to fulfill a forward commitment, People’s United Financial delivers originated loans at prices or yields specified by the contract. The risks associated with such contracts arise from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the contract terms or People’s United Financial’s inability to originate the necessary loans. Gains and losses realized on the forward contracts are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of the net gains on sales of residential mortgage loans. In the normal course of business, People’s United Financial will commit to an interest rate on a mortgage loan application at a time after the application is approved by People’s United Financial. The risks associated with these interest rate-lock commitments arise if market interest rates change prior to the closing of these loans. Both forward sales commitments and interest rate-lock commitments made to borrowers on held-for-sale loans are accounted for as derivatives, with changes in fair value recognized in current earnings.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The table below provides a summary of the notional amounts and fair values (presented on a gross basis) of derivatives outstanding:
(1) Assets are recorded in other assets and liabilities are recorded in other liabilities.
(2) Fair value totaled less than $0.1 million at both dates.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the impact of People’s United Financial’s derivatives on pre-tax income and AOCL:
(1) Amounts recognized in earnings are recorded in interest income or interest expense for derivatives designated as hedging instruments and in other non-interest income for derivatives not designated as hedging instruments.
(2) Reflects income relating to interest rate floors terminated during 2009.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 21 - Balance Sheet Offsetting
The following tables provide a gross presentation, the effects of offsetting, and a net presentation of the Company’s financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability (after netting is applied) and, therefore, instances of overcollateralization are not presented. The net amounts of the derivative assets of liabilities can be reconciled to the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments in Note 20. The Company’s derivative contracts with commercial customers and retail repurchase agreements are not subject to master netting arrangements and, therefore, have been excluded from the tables below.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 22 - Segment Information
Public companies are required to report (i) certain financial and descriptive information about “reportable operating segments,” as defined, and (ii) certain enterprise-wide financial information about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. Operating segment information is reported using a “management approach” that is based on the way management organizes the segments for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing performance.
People’s United Financial’s operations are divided into three primary operating segments that represent its core businesses: Commercial Banking; Retail and Business Banking; and Wealth Management. In addition, the Treasury area manages People’s United Financial’s securities portfolio, short-term investments, wholesale borrowings and the funding center.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company’s operating segments have been aggregated into two reportable segments: Commercial Banking; and Retail and Business Banking. These reportable segments have been identified and organized based on the nature of the underlying products and services applicable to each segment, the type of customers to whom those products and services are offered and the distribution channel through which those products and services are made available. With respect to Wealth Management, this presentation results in the Company’s insurance business and certain trust activities being allocated to the Commercial Banking segment, while the Company’s brokerage business and certain other trust activities are allocated to the Retail and Business Banking segment.
Commercial Banking consists principally of commercial real estate lending, commercial and industrial lending, and commercial deposit gathering activities. This segment also includes the equipment financing operations of PCLC and PUEFC, as well as cash management, correspondent banking and municipal banking. In addition, Commercial Banking consists of institutional trust services, corporate trust, insurance services provided through PUIA and private banking.
Retail and Business Banking includes, as its principal business lines, business lending, consumer and business deposit gathering activities, consumer lending (including residential mortgage and home equity lending) and merchant services. In addition, Retail and Business Banking consists of brokerage, financial advisory services, investment management services and life insurance provided by PSI and non-institutional trust services.
People’s United Financial’s segment disclosure is based on an internal profitability reporting system, which generates information by operating segment based on a series of management estimates and allocations regarding funds transfer pricing (“FTP”), the provision for loan losses, non-interest expense and income taxes. These estimates and allocations, some of which can be subjective in nature, are continually being reviewed and refined. Any changes in estimates and allocations that may affect the reported results of any segment will not affect the consolidated financial position or results of operations of People’s United Financial as a whole.
FTP is used in the calculation of each operating segment’s net interest income, and measures the value of funds used in and provided by an operating segment. Under this process, the funding center buys funds from liability-generating business lines, such as consumer deposits, and sells funds to asset-generating business lines, such as commercial lending. The price at which funds are bought and sold on any given day is set by People’s United Financial’s Treasury group and is based on the wholesale cost to People’s United Financial of assets and liabilities with similar maturities. Liability-generating businesses sell newly originated liabilities to the funding center and recognize a funding credit, while asset-generating businesses buy funding for newly originated assets from the funding center and recognize a funding charge. Once funding for an asset is purchased from or a liability is sold to the funding center, the price that is set by the Treasury group will remain with that asset or liability until it matures or reprices, which effectively transfers responsibility for managing interest rate risk to the Treasury group. This process results in a difference between total net interest income for the operating segments and the amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Income; this difference is reflected in the funding center as part of Treasury.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Beginning in the third quarter of 2011, the Company modified its FTP methodology relating to certain deposit products, which resulted in the allocation of a larger credit to net interest income within Commercial Banking and Retail and Business Banking, with the offset allocated to Treasury. Segment results for 2011 reflect the modified FTP methodology for the third and fourth quarters of 2011 and the previous FTP methodology for the first and second quarters of 2011.
A five-year rolling average net charge-off rate is used as the basis for the provision for loan losses for the respective operating segment in order to present a level of portfolio credit cost that is representative of the Company’s historical experience, without presenting the potential volatility from year-to-year changes in credit conditions. While this method of allocation allows management to more effectively assess the longer-term profitability of a segment, it may result in a measure of segment provision for loan losses that does not reflect actual incurred losses for the periods presented.
People’s United Financial allocates a majority of non-interest expenses to each operating segment using a full-absorption costing process (i.e. all expenses are fully-allocated to the segments). Direct and indirect costs are analyzed and pooled by process and assigned to the appropriate operating segment and corporate overhead costs are allocated to the operating segments. Income tax expense is allocated to each operating segment using a constant rate, based on an estimate of the consolidated effective income tax rate for the year. Average total assets are presented for each reportable segment due to management’s reliance, in part, on such average balances for purposes of assessing segment performance.
The “Other” category includes the residual financial impact from the allocation of revenues and expenses (including the provision for loan losses) and certain revenues and expenses not attributable to a particular segment; reversal of the FTE adjustment since net interest income for each segment is presented on an FTE basis; and the FTP impact from excess capital. The “Other” category also includes certain non-recurring items, such as: one-time charges and merger-related expenses totaling $12.7 million, $12.7 million and $56.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively (included in total non-interest expense). Included in “Other” are assets such as cash, premises and equipment, and other assets.
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following tables provide selected financial information for People’s United Financial’s reportable segments:
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 23 - Parent Company Financial Information
The condensed financial information of People’s United Financial (parent company only) is presented below:
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(1) In 2011, People’s United Financial transferred a corporate debt security to People’s United Bank. Such transfer was recorded at fair value and resulted in People’s United Financial recording a $6.1 million security gain, which has been eliminated in consolidation.
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
People’s United Financial, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 24 - Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
The following table presents People’s United Financial’s quarterly financial data for 2013 and 2012:
(1) The sum of quarterly earnings per share amounts for 2013 does not equal the full-year amount due to rounding and/or changes in average share count for the respective periods.
INDEX TO EXHIBITS