ITEM 1: BUSINESS
Overview
eBay Inc. was formed as a sole proprietorship in September 1995 and was incorporated in California in May 1996. In April 1998, we reincorporated in Delaware and in September 1998 we completed the initial public offering of our common stock. Our principal executive offices are located at 2145 Hamilton Avenue, San Jose, California 95125, and our telephone number is (408) 376-7400. When we refer to “we,” “our” or “eBay” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we mean the current Delaware corporation (eBay Inc.) and its California predecessor, as well as all of our consolidated subsidiaries. When we refer to “eBay.com” we mean the online marketplace located at www.ebay.com and its localized counterparts. When we refer to “PayPal” we mean the online payments platform located at www.paypal.com. When we refer to “Skype” we mean the Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP, offerings provided by our subsidiary Skype Technologies S.A.
Our purpose is to pioneer new communities around the world built on commerce, sustained by trust and inspired by opportunity. To achieve our purpose, we operate three primary business segments: Marketplaces, Payments and Communications. We provide online marketplaces for the sale of goods and services, online payments services and online communication offerings to a diverse community of individuals and businesses. Our Marketplaces segment enables online commerce through a variety of platforms, including the traditional eBay.com platform and our other online platforms, such as Shopping.com, classifieds websites and Rent.com. The wide array of websites that comprise our Marketplaces segment bring together millions of buyers and sellers every day on a local, national and international basis. Our Payments segment, which consists of PayPal, enables individuals and businesses to securely, easily and quickly send and receive payments online. Our Communications segment, which consists of Skype, enables VoIP calls between Skype users, and also provides Skype users low-cost connectivity to traditional fixed-line and mobile telephones.
Marketplaces
Our Marketplaces segment is comprised of online commerce platforms that enable a global community of buyers and sellers to interact and trade with one another. Our goal is to create, maintain, and expand the functionality, safety, ease-of-use and reliability of our online commerce platforms while, at the same time, supporting the growth and success of our community of users. On any given day, there are more than a hundred million items available through auction-style and fixed-price trading.
Marketplaces Value Proposition
We seek to attract buyers and sellers to our community by offering:
We believe our Marketplaces segment websites make inefficient markets more efficient because:
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Our global community of users can easily and inexpensively communicate, exchange information and complete transactions;
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Our Marketplaces include more than a hundred million items, creating a wide variety and selection of goods;
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We bring buyers and sellers together for lower fees than traditional intermediaries; and
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Our Marketplaces provide for efficient information exchange.
In particular, large markets with broad buyer and seller bases, wide product ranges, and moderate shipping costs have been successful on our Marketplaces platforms. Generally speaking, our marketplaces are most effective, relative to available alternatives, at addressing markets of new and scarce goods, end-of-life products and used and vintage items.
Global Community of Buyers and Sellers
We have aggregated a significant number of buyers, sellers, and items listed for sale, which, in turn, has resulted in a vibrant online commerce environment. Our sellers generally enjoy high conversion rates and our buyers enjoy an extensive selection of broadly-priced goods and services. Key components of our community philosophy are maintaining honest and open marketplaces and treating individual users with respect. We seek to maintain the satisfaction and loyalty of our buyers and sellers by offering a variety of community and support features, such as announcement and bulletin boards, customer support boards and personal pages, as well as other topical or category-specific information exchanges. By applying a consistent set of policies to our community, we seek to create a level playing field that lets individuals and businesses of all types and sizes access broad markets and compete equally.
Our success has resulted largely from the growth of our community of confirmed registered users, which has increased in size from approximately two million at the end of 1998 to approximately 222 million as of December 31, 2006. As of December 31, 2006, we had approximately 82 million active users on the eBay.com platforms, compared to approximately 72 million at the end of 2005. We define an active user as any user who bid on, bought, or listed an item during the most recent 12-month period.
Marketplaces Platforms
Our Marketplaces platforms are fully automated, topically arranged, and easy-to-use online services that seek to provide availability 24 hours a day, seven days a week, enabling sellers to list items for sale and buyers to bid for and purchase items of interest, and all users to browse through listed items from any place in the world at any time. The platforms include software tools and services, available either for no charge or for a fee, that allow buyers and sellers to trade with one another more easily and efficiently. The Marketplaces platforms consist of our core online commerce platform, eBay.com, and adjacent platforms consisting of Shopping.com, our classifieds websites and Rent.com. Marketplaces earns revenue from listing, feature and final value fees paid by sellers, lead referral fees and advertising fees.
eBay.com Platform
Our Marketplaces core platform, eBay.com, includes our traditional auction format, fixed price format and eBay Stores. We offer the core platform on localized sites in 24 countries.
Auction Listing Format
At the core of our Marketplaces platform are our traditional auction format listings, in which a seller will select a minimum price for opening bids, with the option to set a reserve price for the item, which is the minimum price at which the seller is willing to sell the item. A seller with appropriate feedback ratings can also sell in a “Multiple Item Auction” format, which allows a seller to sell multiple identical items to the highest bidders.
Fixed Price Listing Format
Our fixed price format allows for a faster selling and buying experience as opposed to waiting for the auction period to expire. Sellers with appropriate feedback ratings can choose to use the Buy-It-Now feature at the time of the listing, which allows sellers to name a price at which they would be willing to sell the item to any buyer. Our Half.com subsidiary also provides a fixed price, person-to person e-commerce website that allows people to buy and sell previously owned books, movies, music and games at discounted prices. In 2006, all fixed priced trading accounted for approximately 36% of eBay’s gross merchandise volume, or GMV, which is the total value of all successfully closed listings on eBay.com’s trading platforms.
eBay Stores
eBay Stores enables sellers to show all of their listings and to describe their respective businesses through customized pages. eBay Stores provide useful tools for sellers to build, manage, promote, and track their business. “Store Inventory Format” listings allow sellers to list items at a lower insertion fee and higher final value fee than regular auction and fixed price listings, for a minimum 30-day listing duration. As of December 31, 2006, there were nearly 600,000 online storefronts established by users in locations around the world.
Other Marketplaces Platforms
Shopping.com
Shopping.com is a comparison shopping website that allows shoppers to compare millions of products from thousands of stores and helps merchants increase their sales. Shopping.com offers one of the largest product catalogs on the Internet - searchable by thousands of attributes - along with a consumer review service through Epinions.com, which helps users make informed buying decisions.
Classifieds Websites
Our classifieds websites are available in hundreds of cities and regions around the world and are designed to help people meet, share ideas and trade on a local level. Our classifieds websites include Kijiji, Gumtree.com, LoQUo.com, Intoko, Marktplaats.nl and mobile.de. In addition, we have a minority equity investment in craigslist, Inc., which operates the craigslist classifieds websites around the world.
Rent.com
Rent.com is a leading U.S. Internet listing website in the apartment and rental housing industry. The website is designed as a more effective means of bringing apartments seekers and apartment managers together.
Key Services for Buyers and Sellers
We have developed a number of features in our eBay.com platform in the areas of Trust and Safety, Customer Support and Value-Added Tools and Services, as well as a Loyalty Program. These features are designed to make users more comfortable dealing with unknown trading partners and completing commerce transactions on the Internet.
Trust and Safety
Feedback Forum: Our Feedback Forum encourages each user to provide comments on other users with whom he or she trades and lets every user view other users’ profiles, which include feedback ratings and comments by other users. Every registered user has a feedback profile that may contain compliments, criticisms and other comments by users who have conducted business with that person. The Feedback Forum requires feedback to be related to specific transactions and provides an easy tool for users to match specific transactions with the user names of their trading partners. This information is recorded in a profile that includes a feedback rating for the person with feedback sorted according to whether it was given over the past month, six months, or twelve months. Users who develop positive reputations have color-coded star symbols displayed next to their user names to indicate the number of positive feedback ratings they have received. The Feedback Forum has several automated features
designed to detect and prevent some forms of abuse, such as a user leaving positive feedback about himself or herself through multiple accounts.
SafeHarbor Program: We also offer the SafeHarbor program, which provides guidelines for trading, provides information to resolve user disputes and responds to reports of misuse of the eBay service. eBay’s SafeHarbor staff investigates users’ complaints of possible misuse of the eBay service and takes appropriate action, including issuing warnings to users, ending and removing listings, or suspending users from bidding on or listing items for sale. The complaints the SafeHarbor staff investigates include various forms of bid manipulation, malicious posting of negative feedback and posting of illegal items for sale.
Verified Rights Owner (VeRO) Program: The Verified Rights Owner (VeRO) Program lets intellectual property rights owners request the removal of listings that offer items or contain materials that infringe on their rights. This helps protect community members from purchasing items that may be counterfeit or otherwise unauthorized.
Customer Support
We devote resources to providing personalized, accurate and timely support services to our community of users. Buyers and sellers can contact us through a variety of means, including email, online text chat and, in certain circumstances, telephone. We are focusing our resources on increasing our accessibility and capacity, expanding our category-specific support, extending our online self-help features, and improving our systems and processes to allow us to provide the most efficient and effective support possible.
Value-Added Tools and Services
eBay users have access to a variety of “pre-trade” and “post-trade” tools and services to enhance their user experience and to make trading faster, easier and safer for them. “Pre-trade” tools and services are intended to simplify the listing process. “Post-trade” tools and services are designed to make transactions easier and more convenient to complete.
These tools and services include: Turbo Lister, eBay Blackthorne, ProStores, Selling Manager and Selling Manager Pro, which help automate the selling process; Picture Services, which enables sellers to include pictures in their listings; the Shipping Calculator, which makes it easier for buyers and sellers to calculate shipping costs; Shipping Labels, which allows sellers to print certain postage and UPS labels; Shipment Tracking, which enables sellers to track their shipped packages; the eBay Toolbar, which helps eBay users stay connected with eBay wherever they are on the Internet; eBay Sales Reports and eBay Sales Reports Plus, which provide sales and fee information to sellers; eBay Market Research, which enables sellers to analyze sales in categories across the site; Reviews and Guides, which assists shoppers in making more informed choices; and PayPal, which facilitates the online exchange of funds. We currently provide these services directly or through contractual arrangements with third parties.
Loyalty Program
PowerSeller program: PowerSellers are eBay’s top sellers who have sustained a consistent high volume of monthly sales and who have a high level of positive feedback. Members of the PowerSeller program get a range of special benefits, including prioritized customer support, promotional offers, eBay promotional merchandise, advanced selling education, opportunities to participate in research, and other special rewards. The PowerSeller program is free of charge and a special PowerSeller icon is located next to the seller’s user name if the seller qualifies for the program.
Marketplaces Growth Strategy
We intend to achieve our mission of creating the world’s leading e-commerce franchise by building upon our core Marketplaces business and building our adjacent businesses.
We will continue to grow our core Marketplaces business by enhancing our products, improving Trust and Safety and extending our product offerings into new formats, categories and geographies. Our product
enhancements are focused on improving the user experience to increase buyer satisfaction and activity levels which we believe will improve our conversion rates and, in turn, lead to higher GMV. For example, in 2006, we introduced eBay Express, a specialty destination site for buyers looking to purchase new merchandise at fixed prices. eBay Express targets existing registered users in an effort to increase their purchasing activity. Improvements to our Trust and Safety policies are designed to ensure that buyers have a safe trading experience to drive repeat business.
Another element of our growth strategy is to build adjacent businesses. These adjacencies, which offer opportunities for growth beyond our core GMV businesses, include new formats and new monetization models. We will continue to grow our alternative format businesses - Shopping.com and our classifieds websites. In addition, we intend to expand our monetization models through advertising partnerships and the development of a pay-per-call platform.
Payments
Our global payments platform, PayPal, enables any individual or business with an email address to securely, easily and quickly send and receive payments online. We believe our global payments platform makes online commerce more efficient compared to traditional payment methods such as checks, money orders, and credit cards via merchant accounts. These traditional payment methods present various obstacles to the online commerce experience, including lengthy processing time, inconvenience, and high costs. PayPal delivers a product well-suited for all online merchants and individuals by allowing them to send and receive online payments securely, conveniently and cost-effectively. The PayPal network builds on the existing financial infrastructure of bank accounts and credit cards to create a global, real-time payment solution.
PayPal Value Proposition
Providing more efficient and effective payment methods is essential to creating a faster, easier and safer online commerce experience. Traditional payment methods such as checks, money orders and credit cards processed through merchant accounts, all present various obstacles to the online commerce experience, including lengthy processing time, inconvenience and high costs. Our PayPal online payments solution allows its account holders, as well as users of other online businesses, to pay for their transactions securely, easily and quickly.
Buyer Value Proposition
PayPal enables buyers to pay merchants without sharing their sensitive financial information with them. To make payments, buyers need to disclose only their email addresses to recipients. Many buyers wary of disclosing financial information online find this high level of personal privacy attractive. Buyers also benefit from PayPal’s buyer protection program.
Seller Value Proposition
PayPal offers online merchants an all-in-one payment processing solution that is less expensive than most merchant accounts, offers industry-leading fraud prevention, and enables merchants to conduct business with approximately 133 million PayPal customer accounts in over 100 markets. PayPal also offers merchants the ability to maintain a direct relationship with their customers.
A merchant can open a PayPal account and begin accepting credit card payments within a few minutes. Merchants are approved instantly for a PayPal account, and do not need to provide a personal guaranty, acquire any specialized hardware, prepare an application, contact a payment gateway or encrypt customer data. Furthermore, PayPal charges lower transaction fees than most merchant accounts, and charges no setup fees and no recurring monthly fees.
The account-based nature of PayPal’s network helps us to detect and prevent fraud when funds enter the PayPal network, as funds move within the network, and when they leave. Sellers can also reduce the risk of transaction losses due to unauthorized credit card use and fraudulent chargebacks, if they comply with PayPal’s Seller Protection Policy.
PayPal Overview
Joining the Network
PayPal offers three types of accounts: Personal, Business, and Premier. A new account holder typically opens an account to send money for an eBay purchase or a purchase on another website, a payment for services rendered, or for a payment to an individual in lieu of cash. Allowing new account holders to join the network when they make or receive payments encourages PayPal’s natural, user-driven growth. PayPal’s account sign-up process asks each new account holder to provide PayPal his or her name, street address, phone number, and email address. The account holder’s email address serves as the unique account identifier. PayPal also offers customers who sell on their own websites the ability to accept credit card payments from buyers without requiring the buyer to open a PayPal account.
Buyers make payments at the PayPal website, at an item listing on eBay.com or another online business or platform where the seller has integrated PayPal’s Instant Purchase Feature, or at the sites of merchants that have integrated PayPal’s Website Payments feature. To make a payment at PayPal’s website, a buyer logs in to his or her account and enters the recipient’s email address and the amount of the payment. To make a payment through Instant Purchase or Website Payments, a buyer selects an item for purchase, confirms the payment information and enters his or her email address and password to authorize the payment. PayPal debits the money from the buyer’s PayPal balance, credit card, or bank account and credits it to the recipient’s PayPal balance. In the case of an eCheck payment, the transaction is held until the funds have cleared the sender’s bank, which typically takes three to five business days. In turn, the recipient can make payments to others or withdraw his or her funds at any time via check (in the U.S.), electronic funds transfer, or via a PayPal-branded debit card (which is only available to U.S. users).
PayPal earns revenues in five ways. First, PayPal earns transaction fees when a Business or Premier account receives a payment. Second, PayPal earns a foreign exchange fee when an account holder converts a balance from one currency to another. Third, PayPal may earn fees when a user withdraws money to a non-U.S. bank account, depending on the amount of the withdrawal. Fourth, PayPal earns a return on certain customer balances. Finally, PayPal may earn ancillary revenues from a suite of financial products, including the PayPal-branded debit card, the PayPal-branded credit card and the PayPal Buyer Credit offering.
We incur funding costs on payments at varying levels based on the source of the payment, with costs associated with credit card and debit card funded payments being significantly higher than bank account or balance-funded payments. U.S. account holders who choose to maintain PayPal balances in U.S. dollars have the ability to sweep balances into the PayPal Money Market Fund. This Money Market Fund, which is invested in a portfolio managed by Barclays Global Fund Advisors, bore a current compound annual yield of 5.02% as of January 3, 2007.
Verification of Account Holders
To fund payments from their bank accounts in the United States, account holders must first become verified by PayPal. The primary method for verification is our Random Deposit technique. Under this technique, PayPal makes two deposits ranging from 1 to 99 cents to the account holder’s bank account. To verify ownership of the account, the account holder then enters the two amounts as a four-digit code at the PayPal website. In addition to allowing funding through bank accounts, verification also removes some spending limits on account holders’ accounts and gives them reputational advantages when transacting with other members of the PayPal community.
Withdrawing Money
Each account holder in the U.S. and, as of December 31, 2006, in 34 other markets, may withdraw money from his or her PayPal account through an electronic fund transfer to his or her bank account or, in the U.S., by a mailed check from PayPal. Automated Clearing House, or ACH, withdrawals may take three to five business days to arrive in the account holder’s bank account, depending on the bank. However, everyone who can receive funds can withdraw to a U.S. bank account. Mailed checks may take one to two weeks to arrive, and PayPal charges $1.50 per check. Qualifying PayPal business users in the U.S. can receive a PayPal ATM/debit card, which provides instant liquidity to their PayPal account balances. ATM/debit cardholders can withdraw cash, for a $1.00 fee per
transaction, from any ATM connected to the Cirrus or Maestro networks and can make purchases at any merchant accepting MasterCard.
PayPal’s Trust and Safety Programs
We have developed a number of PayPal trust and safety programs, including PayPal’s Seller Protection and Buyer Protection Programs. These programs provide additional protection to certain account holders who pay, or receive payment, for their transactions through PayPal. PayPal’s Seller Protection Program covers sellers for up to $5,000 per year on certain reversed transactions. PayPal’s Buyer Protection Program covers qualified purchases on eBay.com for up to $2,000 coverage at no cost (with different terms for transactions denominated in non-U.S. currencies). In addition, our Fraud Investigation Team focuses on identifying and preventing fraud before it occurs, detecting fraud in process, mitigating loss if fraud does occur and delivering information to law enforcement around the world to better combat online fraud.
PayPal Growth Strategy
We seek to extend our leading position and become the online payment network of choice around the world. To establish PayPal as the global payment standard in online payments, we intend to focus on, among other things, increased adoption of PayPal on Marketplaces, expansion of PayPal’s Merchant Services, which are services for merchants who sell through their own websites, and further development of online financial products.
Marketplaces
PayPal’s services are integrated into the checkout flow of the eBay.com platform in our key markets, including the U.S., Germany, the U.K. and Canada. In 2006, eBay.com generated more than $52 billion in GMV. PayPal, in turn, generated over $24 billion of total payment volume from eBay.com transactions.
We intend to increase PayPal’s penetration of GMV on the eBay.com platform through product innovation, integrate PayPal onto the other platforms within our Marketplaces segment and expand PayPal’s global presence. We intend to strengthen PayPal’s penetration into the payments area on the Marketplaces platforms by continuing to integrate with eBay listings and new formats, focus on buyer protection programs and adding product features important to the Marketplaces community. Our expansion into an increased number of international markets and currencies makes cross-border transactions easier and more efficient, benefiting both Marketplaces and PayPal.
Merchant Services
We intend to continue to market our global payments solution to spur our growth as a payment solution for sole proprietors and small, medium, and large businesses. Our Merchant Services business offers a differentiated product solution for each merchant segment - sole proprietor, small and medium businesses, and large merchants - while providing a cost-effective and safe payment solution in all segments.
We intend to grow our global Merchant Services business by enhancing our product offering, leveraging our multiple sales channels to expand our network of merchants and developing our global footprint.
Financial Products
We will continue to identify transactions and markets not served adequately by existing payment systems and seek to develop product features that improve upon those legacy systems. In addition, we will seek to expand the breadth of products and services available to our account holders and have begun offering financial products like the PayPal branded debit card, PayPal branded credit card and the PayPal Buyer Credit Offering. Furthermore, we are developing a mobile payments solution and launched Go Mobile with PayPal during 2006 as a foundation for our mobile platform.
Communications
We added the Communications segment upon our acquisition of Skype in October 2005. Skype is a Luxembourg-based company that was established in 2003.
Skype Value Proposition
Our vision is to give our users the ability to communicate freely at home, at work and on the move. Skype offers a simple, convenient and cost-effective way for people anywhere in the world to call landlines and mobile phones over the Internet. People around the world using Skype can make free voice and video calls to anyone else on Skype, as well as send instant messages, transfer files and participate in Skypecasts, which are live, moderated conversations with up to 100 people.
Skype Overview
Skype is one of the world’s fastest-growing Internet communication products, providing free and unlimited voice, video and instant messaging conversations between people using the Skype software. Skype earns revenues from premium features such as making and receiving calls to and from landline and mobile phones, voicemail, call forwarding and personalization including ringtones and avatars. Skype is available in 28 languages.
User Base
As of December 31, 2006, Skype had approximately 171 million registered users and is used in almost every country around the world. The Skype software is easy to download and install, and enables people to make free voice and video calls to any other person on Skype, as well as send instant messages and transfer files.
In addition to free calls to other registered Skype users, people can also take advantage of Skype’s premium features, including SkypeOut (calls from Skype to traditional landlines or mobile phones), SkypeIn (a number which can be called from a normal phone anywhere in the world) and Skype Voicemail (takes calls when users are busy or offline).
In 2006, we launched several promotions globally as well as locally, and they drove significant user growth in registered users, especially in Asia. We intend to migrate users to higher value premium offerings.
Ecosystem
Skype has a large and expanding ecosystem of hardware and software products created by third parties that extend, enable or improve the experience of using Skype. We are focused on further developing this ecosystem of more than 50 hardware partners and more than 150 Skype Certified devices to broaden the appeal of Skype to a wider group of people who want to use Skype away from the computer, no matter where they happen to be. This is especially true for people who want to take advantage of the mobile Skype experience, which has already been downloaded more than five million times and is available on more than 120 different models of mobile devices.
Skype Growth Strategy
To expand upon Skype’s position as a leading, global Internet communications company, we will continue to focus on new user acquisition and conversion of users to premium offerings, while further developing around two broad areas of Skype’s business: existing telephony products and new e-commerce opportunities. Part of our strategy to acquire new users is to achieve a desktop presence. In order to do this, we have partnered with certain computer manufacturers to include Skype in their new computers.
Existing Telephony Products
Our strategy for driving growth from existing telephony products relies on new user acquisition, a better product and innovative new features. In 2007, we launched a new global pricing structure that gives users an easy-to-understand all-in-one Skype package. This packages offers a simple, convenient and cost-effective way for consumers worldwide to call landlines and mobile phones over the Internet.
To continue growing the number of people using Skype, and to improve the Skype experience, we will work with our partners to introduce new Skype Certified devices and accessories, many of which eliminate the need for a computer to make Skype calls over the Internet.
In addition to working with our partners we will continue to make Skype Certified products available directly to our users through Skype’s webstore as well as through other retail channels.
New E-Commerce Opportunities
We plan on expanding Skype’s presence within our existing businesses because communication via e-mail - the traditional way for buyers and sellers to communicate - can be a source of friction in the online shopping experience, primarily because of delays in response time. Skype enables us to create new channels for e-commerce activity by reducing friction in the online shopping experience. Communication via Skype allows buyers and sellers to benefit from being able to communicate directly with each other in an instantaneous and private environment.
Other Items
Employees
As of December 31, 2006, eBay Inc. and its subsidiaries employed approximately 13,200 people (including approximately 600 temporary employees), approximately 7,900 of whom were located in the U.S. (including approximately 300 temporary employees).
Competition
We encounter vigorous competition in our businesses from numerous sources. Our users can find, buy, sell, and pay for similar items through a variety of competing channels. These include, but are not limited to, online and offline retailers, distributors, liquidators, import and export companies, auctioneers, catalog and mail-order companies, classifieds, directories, search engines, products of search engines, virtually all online and offline commerce participants (consumer-to-consumer, business-to-consumer and business-to-business), online and offline shopping channels and networks. As our product offerings continue to broaden into new categories of items and new commerce formats, we expect to face additional competition from other online and offline channels for those new offerings. We also compete on the basis of price, product selection, and services. For our PayPal service, our users may choose to pay through a variety of alternative means, including other online payment services, offline payment methods such as cash, check or money order, and traditional online or offline credit card merchant accounts. For our Communications segment, our users may choose to use their local telephone companies, cable providers, and other VoIP providers. To compete effectively, we may need to expend significant resources in technology and marketing. These efforts may be expensive and could reduce our margins and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, operating results, and cash flows and reduce the trading price of our stock. We believe that we will be able to maintain profitability by preserving and expanding the abundance and diversity of our users’ online community and enhancing our user experience, but we may not be able to continue to manage our operating expenses to mitigate a decline in consolidated net income. For more information regarding these risks, see the information in “Item 1A:
ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS
The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial also may affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our operating results may fluctuate.
Our operating results have varied on a quarterly basis during our operating history. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control. Factors that may affect our operating results include the following:
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our ability to retain an active user base, to attract new users, and to encourage existing users to list items for sale, purchase items through our websites, or use our payment service or communication software and products;
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the volume, size, timing, and completion rate of transactions using our websites or technology;
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the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures relating to the maintenance and expansion of our businesses, operations, and infrastructure;
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our ability to integrate, manage, and profitably expand and further monetize the Skype business;
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our ability to successfully integrate and manage other recent and prospective acquisitions;
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regulatory actions imposing obligations on our businesses or our users;
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the actions of our competitors, including the introduction of new sites, services, and products;
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consumer confidence in the safety and security of transactions using our websites or technology and our ability to manage the costs of our user protection programs;
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the costs and results of litigation that involves us;
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the cost and availability of online and traditional advertising, and the success of our brand building and marketing campaigns;
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new laws or regulations, or interpretations of existing laws or regulations, that harm our business models or restrict the Internet, electronic commerce, online payments, or online communications;
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our ability to comply with the requirements of entities whose services are required for our operations, such as credit card associations;
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our ability to develop product enhancements at a reasonable cost and to develop programs and features in a timely manner;
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our ability to upgrade and develop our systems, infrastructure, and customer service capabilities to accommodate growth and to improve our websites at a reasonable cost while maintaining 24/7 operations;
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technical difficulties or service interruptions involving our websites or services provided to us or our users by third parties;
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our ability to increase the acceptance of PayPal by online merchants outside of the eBay Marketplaces;
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our ability to expand PayPal’s product offerings outside of the U.S. (including our ability to obtain any necessary regulatory approvals);
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our ability to manage PayPal’s transaction loss and credit card chargeback rates and payment funding mix;
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our ability to continue Skype’s growth and to find mechanisms to more effectively monetize it;
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our ability to attract new personnel in a timely and effective manner and to retain key employees;
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the continued financial strength of our technology suppliers and other parties with whom we have commercial relations;
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continued consumer acceptance of the Internet as a medium for commerce and communication in the face of increasing publicity about fraud, spoofing, viruses, and other dangers of the Internet;
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general economic conditions and those economic conditions specific to the Internet and e-commerce industries; and
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geopolitical events such as war, threat of war, or terrorist actions.
The increased variety of services offered on our websites makes it difficult for us to forecast the level or source of our revenues or earnings accurately. In view of the rapidly evolving nature of our business and our limited operating history, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful, and you should not rely upon them as an indication of future performance. We do not have backlog, and substantially all of our net revenues each quarter come from transactions involving sales or payments during that quarter. Due to the inherent difficulty in forecasting revenues it is also difficult to forecast income statement expenses as a percentage of net revenues. Quarterly and annual income statement expenses as a percentage of net revenues may be significantly different from historical or projected rates. Our operating results in one or more future quarters may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In that event, the trading price of our common stock would almost certainly decline.
We may not maintain our level of profitability or rates of growth.
We believe that our continued profitability and growth will depend in large part on our ability to do the following:
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attract new users, keep existing users active on our websites and services, and increase the activity levels of our active users;
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react to changes in consumer use of the Internet and develop new services, as well as new sources of revenues from our existing services;
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manage the costs of our business, including the costs associated with maintaining and enhancing our websites, customer support, transaction and chargeback rates, user protection programs, and international and product expansion;
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maintain sufficient transaction volume to attract buyers and sellers;
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cost effectively increase the awareness of our brands; and
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provide our customers with superior community, customer support, and trading, communication, and payment experiences.
We invest heavily in marketing and promotion, customer support, and further development of the operating infrastructure for our core and recently acquired operations. Some of this investment entails long-term contractual commitments. As a result, we may be unable to adjust our spending rapidly enough to compensate for any unexpected revenue shortfall, which may harm our profitability. In addition, we are spending in advance of anticipated growth, which may also harm our profitability. Growth rates in our most established markets, such as Germany and the U.S., have declined over time and may continue to do so as the existing base of users and transactions becomes larger. As our penetration in established markets grows, we will increasingly need to rely on keeping existing users active and increasing their activity level on our sites for growth in those markets. In addition, our Marketplaces business is facing increased competitive pressure, particularly in Asia. Because a large percentage of PayPal transactions originate on the eBay platform, declines in growth rates in major eBay Marketplace markets also adversely affect PayPal’s growth rate. The expected future growth of our PayPal, Skype, and Shopping.com businesses may also cause downward pressure on our profit margin because those businesses have lower gross margins than our eBay trading platforms.
There are many risks associated with our international operations.
Our international expansion has been rapid and our international business, especially in Germany, the U.K., and South Korea, has also become critical to our revenues and profits. Net revenues outside the United States accounted for approximately 46% and 48%, respectively, of our net revenues in 2005 and 2006. Expansion into international markets requires management attention and resources and requires us to localize our services to
conform to local cultures, standards, and policies. The commercial, Internet, and transportation infrastructure in lesser-developed countries may make it difficult for us to replicate our business model. In many countries, we compete with local companies that understand the local market better than we do, and we may not benefit from first-to-market advantages. We may not be successful in expanding into particular international markets or in generating revenues from foreign operations. For example, in 2002 we withdrew our eBay marketplace offering from the Japanese market, and in late 2006 we announced a change to our strategy in China by entering into a joint venture with a local Chinese company. Even if we are successful in developing new markets, we expect the costs of operating new sites to exceed our net revenues for at least 12 months in most countries. As we continue to expand internationally, including through the expansion of PayPal, Skype, Shopping.com, and Kijiji, we are subject to risks of doing business internationally, including the following:
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regulatory requirements, including regulation of Internet services, communications, auctioneering, professional selling, distance selling, banking, and money transmitting, that may limit or prevent the offering of our services in some jurisdictions, prevent enforceable agreements between sellers and buyers, prohibit the listing of certain categories of goods, require product changes, require special licensure, subject us to special taxes, or limit the transfer of information between eBay and our affiliates;
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legal uncertainty regarding our liability for the listings and other content provided by our users, including uncertainty as a result of legal systems that are less developed with respect to the Internet, unique local laws, and lack of clear precedent or applicable law;
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difficulties in integrating with local payment providers, including banks, credit and debit card associations, and electronic fund transfer systems or with the local telecommunications infrastructure;
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differing levels of retail distribution, shipping, communications, and Internet infrastructures;
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different employee/employer relationships and the existence of workers’ councils and labor unions;
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difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;
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challenges associated with joint venture relationships, including dependence on our joint venture partners;
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difficulties in implementing and maintaining adequate internal controls;
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longer payment cycles, different accounting practices, and greater problems in collecting accounts receivable;
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potentially adverse tax consequences, including local taxation of our fees or of transactions on our websites;
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higher telecommunications and Internet service provider costs;
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strong local competitors;
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different and more stringent user protection, data protection, and other laws;
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cultural ambivalence towards, or non-acceptance of, online trading;
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seasonal reductions in business activity;
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expenses associated with localizing our products, including offering customers the ability to transact business in the local currency;
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laws and business practices that favor local competitors or prohibit foreign ownership of certain businesses;
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profit repatriation restrictions, foreign currency exchange restrictions, and exchange rate fluctuations;
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volatility in a specific country’s or region’s political or economic conditions; and
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differing intellectual property laws.
Some of these factors may cause our international costs of doing business to exceed our comparable domestic costs. As we expand our international operations and have additional portions of our international revenues denominated in foreign currencies, we also could become subject to increased difficulties in collecting accounts
receivable, repatriating money without adverse tax consequences, and risks relating to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The impact of currency exchange rate fluctuations is discussed in more detail under “We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates,” below.
We are continuing to expand PayPal’s services internationally. We have limited experience with the payments business outside of the U.S. In some countries, expansion of PayPal’s business may require a close commercial relationship with one or more local banks or a shared ownership interest with a local entity. We do not know if these or other factors may prevent, delay, or limit PayPal’s expansion or reduce its profitability. Any limitation on our ability to expand PayPal internationally could harm our business.
We maintain a portion of Shopping.com’s research and development facilities and personnel in Israel, and as a result, political, economic and military conditions in Israel affect those operations. During 2006, hostilities escalated between Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip and between Israel and Hezbollah, based in Lebanon. The future of peace efforts between Israel and its neighboring countries remains uncertain. Increased hostilities or terrorism within Israel or armed hostilities between Israel and neighboring states could make it more difficult for us to continue our operations in Israel, which could increase our costs. In addition, many of Shopping.com’s employees in Israel could be required to serve in the military for extended periods of time under emergency circumstances. Shopping.com’s Israeli operations could be disrupted by the absence of employees due to military service, which could adversely affect its business.
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.
Because we conduct a significant and growing portion of our business outside the United States but report our results in U.S. dollars, we face exposure to adverse movements in currency exchange rates. In connection with its multi-currency service, PayPal fixes exchange rates twice per day, and may face financial exposure if it incorrectly fixes the exchange rate or if exposure reports are delayed. PayPal also holds some corporate and customer funds in non-U.S. currencies, and thus its financial results are affected by the translation of these non-U.S. currencies into U.S. dollars. In addition, the results of operations of many of our internationally focused websites are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations as the financial results of the applicable subsidiaries are translated from the local currency into U.S. dollars upon consolidation. If the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currency denominated transactions will result in increased net revenues, operating expenses, and net income. Similarly, our net revenues, operating expenses, and net income will decrease if the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies. Net revenues in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006 were positively impacted by foreign currency translation of $40 million, compared to the same period of the prior year. Operating income in the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006 was positively impacted by foreign currency translation of $14 million, compared to the same period of the prior year. As exchange rates vary, net sales and other operating results, when translated, may differ materially from expectations. In particular, to the extent the U.S. dollar strengthens against the Euro and British Pound, our European revenues and profits will be reduced as a result of these translation adjustments. In addition, to the extent the U.S. dollar strengthens against the Euro and the British Pound, cross-border trade related to purchases of dollar-denominated goods by non-U.S. purchasers may decrease, and that decrease may not be offset by a corresponding increase in cross-border trade involving purchases by U.S. buyers of goods denominated in other currencies. While we from time to time enter into transactions to hedge portions of our foreign currency translation exposure, it is impossible to perfectly predict or completely eliminate the effects of this exposure.
We are subject to patent litigation.
We have repeatedly been sued for allegedly infringing other parties’ patents. Some of these suits are ongoing, as described under the heading “Item 3: Legal Proceedings,” below. We have been notified of several other potential patent disputes, and expect that we will increasingly be subject to patent infringement claims as our services expand in scope and complexity. In particular, we expect that we may face additional patent infringement claims involving various aspects of our Payments and Communications businesses. These claims, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and costly to resolve, and could require expensive changes in our methods of doing business, or could require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements.
Government inquiries may lead to charges or penalties.
A large number of transactions occur on our websites. We believe that government regulators have received a substantial number of consumer complaints about both eBay and PayPal, which, while small as a percentage of our total transactions, are large in aggregate numbers. As a result, we have from time to time been contacted by various foreign and domestic governmental regulatory agencies that have questions about our operations and the steps we take to protect our users from fraud. PayPal has received inquiries regarding its restriction and disclosure practices from the Federal Trade Commission regarding these and other business practices from the attorneys general of a number of states. In September 2006, PayPal entered into a settlement agreement with the attorneys general of a number of states under which it agreed to pay $1.7 million to the attorneys general, shorten and streamline its user agreement, increase educational messaging to users about funding choices, and communicate more information regarding protection programs to users. Both eBay and PayPal are likely to receive additional inquiries from regulatory agencies in the future, which may lead to action against either company. We have responded to all inquiries from regulatory agencies by describing our current and planned antifraud efforts, customer support procedures, operating procedures and disclosures. If one or more of these agencies is not satisfied with our response to current or future inquiries, we could be subject to enforcement actions, fines or other penalties, or forced to change our operating practices in ways that could harm our business.
We are subject to laws relating to the use and transfer of personally identifiable information about our users, especially for financial information and for users located outside of the U.S. New laws in this area have been passed by several jurisdictions, and other jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions. Violation of these laws, which in many cases apply not only to third-party transactions but also to transfers of information between ourselves and our subsidiaries, and between ourselves, our subsidiaries, and other parties with which we have commercial relations, could subject us to significant penalties and negative publicity and could adversely affect us.
The listing or sale by our users of pirated or counterfeit items may harm our business.
We have received in the past, and we anticipate receiving in the future, communications alleging that certain items listed or sold through our service by our users infringe third-party copyrights, trademarks and trade names, or other intellectual property rights. Although we have sought to work actively with the owners of intellectual property rights to eliminate listings offering infringing items on our websites, some rights owners have expressed the view that our efforts are insufficient. Content owners and other intellectual property rights owners have been active in asserting their rights against online companies, including eBay. Allegations of infringement of intellectual property rights have resulted in litigation against us from time to time, including litigation brought by Tiffany & Co. and Robespierre, Inc. (doing business as Nanette Lepore) in the U.S., Rolex S.A. in Germany, Louis Vuitton Malletier and Christian Dior Couture in France, and a number of other owners of intellectual property rights. The plaintiffs in these cases seek to hold eBay liable for counterfeit items listed on our sites by third parties, for the misuse of trademarks in listings or in connection with paid search advertisements, or for alleged violations of selective distribution channel laws. Tiffany seeks, among other things, injunctive relief and damages. A trial in the Tiffany case has been scheduled for May 2007. Nanette Lepore sought, among other things, to require eBay to block all listings offering Nanette Lepore items, as well as damages. The court denied Nanette Lepore’s request for a preliminary injunction, and found that eBay’s process for addressing the listing of counterfeit items by third parties on its site was both reasonable and adequate. Nanette Lepore initially appealed the ruling, but subsequently abandoned its appeal. Other luxury brand owners have also filed suit against us or have threatened to do so. In addition, we may be subject to criminal penalties if the authorities feel we have aided in the sale of counterfeit goods. While to date we have been largely successful in defending against such litigation, more recent cases have been based, at least in part, on different legal theories than those of earlier cases, and there is no guarantee that we will continue to be successful in defending against such litigation. In particular, plaintiffs in recent cases have argued that we are not entitled to safe harbors under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the U.S. or as a hosting provider in the European Union because of the active nature of our involvement with our sellers, and that, whether or not such safe harbors are available, we should be found liable because we have not adequately removed counterfeit listings or effectively suspended users who have created such listings. In addition, a public perception that counterfeit or pirated items are commonplace on our site could damage our reputation and our business. Litigation and negative publicity may increase as our sites gain prominence in markets outside of the U.S., where
the laws may be unsettled or less favorable to us. Such litigation is costly for us, could result in damage awards or increased costs of doing business through adverse judgment or settlement, could require us to change our business practices in expensive ways, or could otherwise harm our business. Litigation against other online companies could result in interpretations of the law that could also require us to change our business practices or otherwise increase our costs.
We are subject to general litigation and regulatory disputes.
From time to time, we are involved in other disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. The number and significance of these disputes and inquiries are increasing as our business expands and our company grows larger. We have in the past been forced to litigate such claims. We may also become more vulnerable to third-party claims as laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Lanham Act and the Communications Decency Act are interpreted by the courts and as we expand geographically into jurisdictions where the underlying laws with respect to the potential liability of online intermediaries such as ourselves are either unclear or less favorable. Any claims or regulatory actions against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, and result in the diversion of significant operational resources.
Acquisitions could result in operating difficulties, dilution, and other harmful consequences.
We have acquired a number of businesses in the past, and we expect to continue to evaluate and consider a wide array of potential strategic transactions, including business combinations, acquisitions and dispositions of businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets. At any given time we may be engaged in discussions or negotiations with respect to one or more of these types of transactions. Any of these transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. The process of integrating any acquired business may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and is itself risky. The areas where we may face difficulties include:
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diversion of management time, as well as a shift of focus from operating the businesses to issues related to integration and administration, particularly given the large number and size and varying scope of our recent acquisitions, and, in the case of Skype, the complex earn-out structure associated with the transaction;
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declining employee morale and retention issues resulting from changes in, or acceleration of, compensation, or changes in management, reporting relationships, future prospects, or the direction of the business;
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the need to integrate each company’s accounting, management, information, human resource and other administrative systems to permit effective management, and the lack of control if such integration is delayed or not implemented;
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the need to implement controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a larger public company at companies that prior to acquisition had lacked such controls, procedures and policies; and
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in some cases, the need to transition operations, users, and customers onto our existing platforms.
Foreign acquisitions involve special risks, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks, and the particular economic, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any or all of our acquisitions, or may not realize them in the time frame expected. For example, we have yet to realize significant revenue benefits from the integration of Skype into listings on eBay sites. Future acquisitions or mergers may result in a need to issue additional equity securities, spend our cash, or incur debt, liabilities, or amortization expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could reduce our profitability and harm our business.
System failures could harm our business.
We have experienced system failures from time to time, and any interruption in the availability of our websites will reduce our current revenues and profits, could harm our future revenues and profits, and could subject us to regulatory scrutiny. eBay’s primary website has been interrupted for periods of up to 22 hours, and our PayPal site
has suffered intermittent unavailability for periods as long as five days. Any unscheduled interruption in our services results in an immediate, and possibly substantial, loss of revenues. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our services could cause current or potential users to believe that our systems are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our sites, and could permanently harm our reputation and brands. Reliability is particularly critical for PayPal, especially as it seeks to expand its Merchant Services business. Because PayPal is a regulated financial entity, frequent or persistent site interruptions could lead to regulatory inquiries. These inquiries could result in fines, penalties, or mandatory changes to PayPal’s business practices, and ultimately could cause PayPal to lose existing licenses it needs to operate or prevent it from obtaining additional licenses that it needs to expand. Finally, because our customers may use our products for critical transactions, any system failures could result in damage to our customers’ businesses. These customers could seek significant compensation from us for their losses. Even if unsuccessful, this type of claim likely would be time consuming and costly for us to address.
Although our systems have been designed around industry-standard architectures to reduce downtime in the event of outages or catastrophic occurrences, they remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, terrorist attacks, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, and similar events. Some of our systems, including our Shopping.com and Skype websites, are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. Our systems are also subject to break-ins, sabotage, and intentional acts of vandalism. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision by any of our third-party hosting providers to close a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons, or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could result in lengthy interruptions in our services. We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures.
Our growth will depend on our ability to develop our brands, and these efforts may be costly.
Our historical growth has been largely attributable to word of mouth, and to frequent and high visibility national and local media coverage. We believe that continuing to strengthen our brands will be critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our services, and will require an increased focus on active marketing efforts across all of our brands. The demand for and cost of online and traditional advertising have been increasing, and may continue to increase. Accordingly, we will need to spend increasing amounts of money on, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing, and other efforts to create and maintain brand loyalty among users. During 2004 and 2005, we significantly increased the number of brands we are supporting, adding Rent.com, Shopping.com, Kijiji, and Skype, among others. Each of these brands requires its own resources, increasing the costs of our branding efforts. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues, and even if they do, any increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred in building our brands. If we do attract new users to our services, they may not conduct transactions using our services on a regular basis. If we fail to promote and maintain our brands, or if we incur substantial expenses in an unsuccessful attempt to promote and maintain our brands, our business would be harmed.
Our business and users may be subject to sales tax and other taxes.
The application of indirect taxes (such as sales and use tax, value-added tax, or VAT, goods and services tax, business tax, and gross receipt tax) to e-commerce businesses such as eBay and to our users is a complex and evolving issue. Many of the fundamental statutes and regulations that impose these taxes were established before the growth of the Internet and e-commerce. In many cases, it is not clear how existing statutes apply to the Internet or electronic commerce or communications conducted over the Internet. In addition, some jurisdictions have implemented or may implement laws specifically addressing the Internet or some aspect of electronic commerce or communications on the Internet. The application of existing, new, or future laws could have adverse effects on our business.
Several proposals have been made at the U.S. state and local level that would impose additional taxes on the sale of goods and services through the Internet. These proposals, if adopted, could substantially impair the growth of e-commerce, and could diminish our opportunity to derive financial benefit from our activities. The U.S. federal government’s moratorium on states and other local authorities imposing access or discriminatory taxes on the Internet is scheduled to expire in November 2007. This moratorium does not prohibit federal, state, or local authorities from collecting taxes on our income or from collecting taxes that are due under existing tax rules.
In conjunction with the Streamlined Sales Tax Project - an ongoing, multi-year effort by U.S., state, and local governments to require collection and remittance of distant sales tax by out-of-state sellers - bills have been introduced in the U.S. Congress to overturn the Supreme Court’s Quill decision, which limits the ability of state governments to require sellers outside of their own state to collect and remit sales taxes on goods purchased by in-state residents. An overturning of the Quill decision would harm our users and our business.
We do not collect taxes on the goods or services sold by users of our services. One or more states or the federal government or foreign countries may seek to impose a tax collection or reporting or record-keeping obligation on companies such as eBay and PayPal that engage in or facilitate e-commerce. Such an obligation could be imposed by legislation intended to improve tax compliance or if eBay were ever deemed to be the legal agent of eBay sellers by a jurisdiction in which eBay operates. Imposition of a record keeping or tax collecting requirement would harm our business. Foreign authorities may also require eBay to help ensure compliance by our users with local laws regulating professional sellers, including tax requirements. In addition, we have periodically received requests from tax authorities in some foreign jurisdictions for information regarding the transactions of large classes of sellers on our sites, and in some cases we may be legally obligated to provide this data. Requirements that we disclose sellers’ transaction records to tax authorities, and any use of those records to investigate, collect taxes from, or prosecute sellers, could decrease seller activity on our sites and harm our business.
In July 2003, in compliance with the changes brought about by the European Union, or EU, VAT directive on “electronically supplied services,” eBay began collecting VAT on the fees charged to EU sellers on eBay sites catering to EU residents. eBay also pays input VAT to suppliers within the various countries the company operates. In most cases, eBay is entitled to reclaim input VAT from the various countries with regard to our own payments to suppliers or vendors. However, because of our unique business model, the application of the laws and rules that allow such reclamation is sometimes uncertain. A successful assertion by one or more countries that eBay is not entitled to reclaim VAT would harm our business.
We continue to work with the relevant tax authorities and legislators to clarify eBay’s obligations under new and emerging laws and regulations. Passage of new legislation and the imposition of additional tax or tax-related reporting requirements could harm our users and our business. There have been, and will continue to be, substantial ongoing costs associated with complying with the various indirect tax requirements in the numerous markets in which eBay conducts or will conduct business.
Failure to deal effectively with fraudulent transactions and customer disputes would increase our loss rate and harm our business.
PayPal’s highly automated and liquid payment service makes PayPal an attractive target for fraud. In configuring its service, PayPal faces an inherent trade-off between customer convenience and security. Identity thieves and those committing fraud using stolen credit card or bank account numbers can potentially steal large amounts of money from businesses such as PayPal. We believe that several of PayPal’s current and former competitors in the electronic payments business have gone out of business or significantly restricted their businesses largely due to losses from this type of fraud. While PayPal uses advanced anti-fraud technologies, we expect that technically knowledgeable criminals will continue to attempt to circumvent PayPal’s anti-fraud systems. In addition, PayPal’s service could be subject to employee fraud or other internal security breaches, and PayPal would be required to reimburse customers for any funds stolen as a result of such breaches. Merchants could also request reimbursement, or stop using PayPal, if they are affected by buyer fraud.
PayPal incurs substantial losses from merchant fraud, including claims from customers that merchants have not performed or that their goods or services do not match the merchant’s description. PayPal also incurs losses from claims that the customer did not authorize the purchase, from buyer fraud, from erroneous transmissions, and from customers who have closed bank accounts or have insufficient funds in them to satisfy payments. In addition to the direct costs of such losses, if they are related to credit card transactions and become excessive they could result in PayPal losing the right to accept credit cards for payment. If PayPal were unable to accept credit cards, the velocity of trade on eBay could decrease, in which case our business would further suffer. PayPal has been assessed substantial fines for excess charge-backs in the past, and excessive charge-backs may arise in the future. PayPal has taken measures to detect and reduce the risk of fraud, but these measures need to be continually improved and may
not be effective against new forms of fraud or in connection with new product offerings. If these measures do not succeed, our business will suffer. PayPal’s fraud loss rate increased significantly in the second half of 2006.
PayPal offers a buyer protection program that refunds to buyers up to $1,000 in certain eBay transactions if they do not receive the goods they purchased or if the goods differ significantly from what was described by the seller. In January 2007, this program was revised to refund buyers who use PayPal up to $200 in most eBay transactions, and up to $2,000 in certain eBay transactions, if they do not receive the goods they purchased or if the goods differ significantly from what was described by the seller. If PayPal makes such a refund, it may seek to collect reimbursement from the seller, but may not be able to receive any funds from the seller. The PayPal buyer protection program has increased PayPal’s loss rate and could cause future fluctuations in PayPal’s loss rate. For the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2006, PayPal’s transaction loss totaled $73.8 million and $126.4 million, representing 0.27% and 0.33% of PayPal’s total payment volume, respectively.
eBay faces similar risks with respect to fraudulent activities on its websites. eBay periodically receives complaints from users who may not have received the goods that they had purchased. In some cases individuals have been arrested and convicted for fraudulent activities using our websites. eBay also receives complaints from sellers who have not received payment for the goods that a buyer had contracted to purchase. Non-payment may occur because of miscommunication, because a buyer has changed his or her mind and decided not to honor the contract to purchase the item, or because the buyer bid on the item maliciously, in order to harm either the seller or eBay. In some European jurisdictions, buyers may also have the right to withdraw from a sale made by a professional seller within a specified time period.
While eBay can suspend the accounts of users who fail to fulfill their payment or delivery obligations to other users, eBay does not have the ability to require users to make payment or deliver goods, or otherwise make users whole other than through our limited buyer protection programs. Other than through these programs, eBay does not compensate users who believe they have been defrauded by other users, although users who pay through PayPal may have reimbursement rights from their credit card company or bank, which in turn will seek reimbursement from PayPal. eBay also periodically receives complaints from buyers as to the quality of the goods purchased. We expect to continue to receive communications from users requesting reimbursement or threatening or commencing legal action against us if no reimbursement is made. Our liability for these sort of claims is only beginning to be clarified and may be higher in some non-U.S. jurisdictions than it is in the U.S. Litigation involving liability for third-party actions could be costly for us, divert management attention, result in increased costs of doing business, lead to adverse judgments, or otherwise harm our business. In addition, affected users will likely complain to regulatory agencies that could take action against us, including imposing fines or seeking injunctions.
Negative publicity and user sentiment generated as a result of fraudulent or deceptive conduct by users of our eBay and PayPal services could damage our reputation, reduce our ability to attract new users or retain our current users, and diminish the value of our brand names.
The current regulatory environment for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is uncertain, and Skype’s business could be harmed by new regulations or the application of existing regulations to its products.
The current regulatory environment for VoIP is uncertain and rapidly changing. Skype’s voice communications products are currently subject to very few, if any, of the same regulations that apply to traditional telephony and to VoIP-based telephone replacement services. VoIP companies are generally subject to different regulatory regimes in different countries, and in most cases are subject to lower, or no, regulatory fees and lesser, or no, specific regulatory requirements. Governments may impose new or increased fees, taxes, and administrative burdens on VoIP companies, or Skype may change its product offerings in a manner that makes it become subject to telecommunications regulations. Increased fees could include access and other charges payable to local exchange carriers to carry and terminate traffic, contributions to federal or state Universal Service Funds in the United States and elsewhere, and other charges. New laws and regulations may require Skype to meet various emergency service requirements, disability access requirements, user protection requirements, number assignment and portability requirements, and interception or wiretapping requirements, such as the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act in the U.S. and similar laws in other jurisdictions. Such regulations could result in substantial costs depending on the technical changes required to accommodate the requirements, and any increased costs could erode
Skype’s pricing advantage over competing forms of communication. Regulations that decrease the degree of privacy for users of Skype’s products could also slow its adoption. The increasing growth and popularity of the VoIP telephony and Internet communications market heighten the risk that governments will seek to regulate VoIP and Internet communications. Competitors, including the incumbent telephone companies, may devote substantial lobbying efforts to seek greater protection for their existing businesses and increased regulation of VoIP. In the United States, various state legislatures and regulatory agencies are considering whether to impose their own requirements and taxes on VoIP. Increased regulatory requirements on VoIP would increase Skype’s costs, and, as a result, our business would suffer.
Regulatory agencies may require Skype to conform to rules that are difficult or impossible for it to comply with due to the nature of its communications technologies, which could adversely affect its business. For example, while suitable alternatives may be developed in the future, Skype is currently unable to identify the exact geographic origin of the traffic traversing the Internet or to provide detailed calling information about computer-to-computer communications, either of which may make complying with future regulatory requirements, such as emergency service requirements, difficult or impossible.
In many countries in which Skype operates or provides VoIP products, the laws that may relate to its offerings are unclear. We cannot be certain that Skype or its customers are currently in full compliance with regulatory or other legal requirements in all countries in which Skype is used. Skype’s failure or the failure of those with whom Skype transacts business to comply with these requirements could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
New rules and regulations with respect to VoIP are being considered in various countries around the world. Such new rules and regulations could increase our costs of doing business or prevent us from delivering our products and offerings over the Internet, which could adversely affect Skype’s customer base, and thus its revenue.
Skype depends on key technology that is licensed from third parties.
Skype licenses technology underlying certain key components of its software from third parties it does not control, including the technology underlying its peer-to-peer architecture and firewall traversal technology, and the audio and video compression/decompression used to provide high sound and video quality. Although Skype has contracts in place with its third party technology providers, there can be no assurance that the licensed technology or other technology that we may seek to license in the future will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of, or inability to maintain, existing licenses could result in a decrease in service quality until equivalent technology or suitable alternatives can be developed, identified, licensed and integrated. While we believe Skype has the ability to either extend these licenses on commercially reasonable terms or identify and obtain or develop suitable alternative products, the costs associated with licensing or developing such products could be high. Any failure to maintain these licenses on commercially reasonable terms or to license or develop alternative technologies would harm Skype’s business.
Our businesses depend on continued and unimpeded access to the Internet. Internet service providers may be able to block, degrade, or charge us for our users’ additional fees for our offerings.
Our customers rely on access to the Internet to use our products and services. In many cases that access is provided by companies that compete with at least some of our offerings, including incumbent telephone companies, cable companies, mobile communications companies, and large Internet service providers. Some of these providers have stated that they may take measures that could degrade, disrupt, or increase the cost of customers’ use of our offerings by restricting or prohibiting the use of their lines for our offerings, by filtering, blocking, delaying, or degrading the packets containing the data associated with our products, or by charging increased fees to us or our users for use of their lines to provide our offerings. Some of these providers have contractually restricted their customers’ access to Skype’s offerings through their terms of service with their customers. These activities are technically feasible and may be permitted by applicable law. In addition, Internet service providers could attempt to charge us each time our customers use our offerings. Worldwide, a number of companies have announced plans to take such actions or are selling products designed to facilitate such actions. Interference with our offerings or higher
charges for access to our offerings, whether paid by us or by our customers, could cause us to lose existing customers, impair our ability to attract new customers, and harm our revenue and growth.
Changes to credit card association fees, rules, or practices could harm PayPal’s business.
Because PayPal is not a bank, it cannot belong to or directly access credit card associations, such as Visa and MasterCard. As a result, PayPal must rely on banks or payment processors to process transactions, and must pay a fee for this service. From time to time, credit card associations may increase the interchange fees that they charge for each transaction using one of their cards. MasterCard and Visa each implemented increases in their interchange fees for credit cards in April 2005. PayPal’s credit card processors have the right to pass any increases in interchange fees on to PayPal as well as increase their own fees for processing. These increased fees increase PayPal’s operating costs and reduce its profit margins. PayPal is also required by its processors to comply with credit card association operating rules, and PayPal has agreed to reimburse its processors for any fines they are assessed by credit card associations as a result of any rule violations by PayPal. The credit card associations and their member banks set and interpret the credit card rules. Some of those member banks compete with PayPal. Visa, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover could adopt new operating rules or re-interpret existing rules that PayPal or its processors might find difficult or even impossible to follow. As a result, PayPal could lose its ability to give customers the option of using credit cards to fund their payments. If PayPal were unable to accept credit cards, its business would be seriously damaged. In addition, the velocity of trade on eBay could decrease and our business would further suffer.
PayPal is required to comply with credit card associations’ special operating rules for Internet payment services. PayPal and its credit card processors have implemented specific business processes for merchant customers in order to comply with these rules, but any failure to comply could result in fines, the amount of which would be within Visa’s and MasterCard’s discretion. PayPal also could be subject to fines from MasterCard and Visa if it fails to detect that merchants are engaging in activities that are illegal or that are considered “high risk,” primarily the sale of certain types of digital content. For “high risk” merchants, PayPal must either prevent such merchants from using PayPal or register such merchants with MasterCard and Visa and conduct additional monitoring with respect to such merchants. PayPal has incurred fines from its credit card processor relating to PayPal’s failure to detect the use of its service by “high risk” merchants. The amount of these fines has not been material, but any additional fines in the future would likely be for larger amounts, could become material, and could result in a termination of PayPal’s ability to accept credit cards or changes in PayPal’s process for registering new customers, which would seriously damage PayPal’s business.
Changes in PayPal’s funding mix could adversely affect PayPal’s results.
PayPal pays significant transaction fees when senders fund payment transactions using credit cards, nominal fees when customers fund payment transactions by electronic transfer of funds from bank accounts, and no fees when customers fund payment transactions from an existing PayPal account balance. Senders fund a significant portion of PayPal’s payment volume using credit cards, and PayPal’s financial success will remain highly sensitive to changes in the rate at which its senders fund payments using credit cards. Senders may prefer funding using credit cards rather than bank account transfers for a number of reasons, including the ability to dispute and reverse charges if merchandise is not delivered or is not as described, the ability to earn frequent flier miles or other incentives offered by credit cards, the ability to defer payment, or a reluctance to provide bank account information to PayPal. In addition, some products that PayPal is introducing as it expands its business are expected to have a higher rate of credit card funding than PayPal’s current rate. In September 2006, PayPal entered into a settlement agreement with the attorneys general of a number of states under which it agreed to pay $1.7 million to the attorneys general, shorten and streamline its user agreement, and communicate more information regarding protection programs to users. Also in September 2006, PayPal announced that it had reached a preliminary settlement agreement under which it agreed to pay approximately $3.5 million into a settlement fund for the benefit of a class represented by plaintiffs in a suit that alleged, among other things, that PayPal’s disclosure regarding the effects of users’ choice of funding mechanism was deceptive. Although PayPal did not admit any liability for any of the allegations in the two cases, the required changes to our disclosure practices under the settlement agreements could result in increased use of credit card funding, which would harm PayPal’s business.
If PayPal were found to be subject to or in violation of any U.S. laws or regulations governing banking, money transmission, or electronic funds transfers, it could be subject to liability and forced to change its business practices.
A number of U.S. states have enacted legislation regulating money transmitters. To date, PayPal has obtained licenses in 36 of these jurisdictions and interpretations in nine states that licensing is not required under their existing statutes. As a licensed money transmitter, PayPal is subject to bonding requirements, restrictions on its investment of customer funds, reporting requirements, and inspection by state regulatory agencies. In July 2005, PayPal entered into a settlement agreement and agreed to pay $225,000 to the California Department of Financial Institutions in connection with alleged violations of the California Financial Code relating to the use of a receipt form for international payments that had not been pre-approved by the Department, and incomplete reporting to the Department. If PayPal were found to be in violation of other money services laws or regulations, PayPal could be subject to liability, forced to cease doing business with residents of certain states, or forced to change its business practices. Any change to PayPal’s business practices that makes the service less attractive to customers or prohibits its use by residents of a particular jurisdiction could decrease the velocity of trade on eBay, which would further harm our business. Even if PayPal is not forced to change its business practices, it could be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on PayPal.
We believe that the licensing or approval requirements of the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board, and other federal or state agencies that regulate banks, bank holding companies, or other types of providers of e-commerce services do not apply to PayPal, except for certain money transmitter licenses mentioned above. However, one or more states may conclude that PayPal is engaged in an unauthorized banking business. If PayPal is found to be engaged in an unauthorized banking business in one or more states, it might be subject to monetary penalties and adverse publicity and might be required to cease doing business with residents of those states or could be subject to fines and penalties. The need to comply with state laws prohibiting unauthorized banking activities could also limit PayPal’s ability to enhance its services in the future. Any change to PayPal’s business practices that makes the service less attractive to customers or prohibits its use by residents of a particular jurisdiction could decrease the velocity of trade on eBay, which would further harm our business.
Although there have been no definitive interpretations to date, PayPal has assumed that its service is subject to the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E of the Federal Reserve Board. As a result, among other things, PayPal must provide advance disclosure of changes to its service, follow specified error resolution procedures and absorb losses above $50 from transactions not authorized by the consumer. In addition, PayPal is subject to the financial privacy provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, state financial privacy laws, and related regulations. As a result, some customer financial information that PayPal receives is subject to limitations on reuse and disclosure. Existing and potential future privacy laws may limit PayPal’s ability to develop new products and services that make use of data gathered through its service. The provisions of these laws and related regulations are complicated, and PayPal does not have extensive experience in complying with them. Even technical violations of these laws can result in penalties of up to $1,000 for each non-compliant transaction. PayPal processed an average of approximately 1.7 million transactions per day during the year ended December 31, 2006, and any violations could expose PayPal to significant liability. Any negative change in the public’s perception of PayPal’s compliance with privacy laws and policies could also negatively impact PayPal’s business.
PayPal’s status under banking or financial services laws or other laws in markets outside the U.S. is unclear.
PayPal currently allows its customers with credit cards to send payments from 103 markets, and to receive payments in 49 of those markets. In 35 of these 49 markets, customers can withdraw funds to local bank accounts, and in eight of these markets customers can withdraw funds by receiving a bank draft in the mail. PayPal offers customers the ability to send or receive payments denominated in 17 currencies. 25 of the 103 markets whose residents can use the PayPal service are members of the European Union, and PayPal provides localized versions of its service to customers in the EU through PayPal (Europe) Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of PayPal that is licensed in the United Kingdom to operate as an Electronic Money Institution. PayPal (Europe) implements its localized services in EU countries through an expedited “passport” notification process through the United Kingdom regulator to regulators in other EU member states, pursuant to EU Directives. PayPal (Europe) has
completed the “passport” notice process in all EU member countries. The regulators in these countries could notify PayPal (Europe) of local consumer protection laws that will apply to its business, in addition to United Kingdom consumer protection law. Any such responses from these regulators could increase the cost of, or delay, PayPal’s plans for expanding its business. PayPal (Europe) is subject to significant fines or other enforcement action if it violates the disclosure, reporting, anti-money laundering, capitalization, funds management or other requirements imposed on electronic money institutions.
In markets other than the U.S., European Union, Australia and China, PayPal serves its customers through PayPal Private Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of PayPal that is based in Singapore. In many of these markets, it is not clear whether PayPal’s Singapore-based service is subject to local law or, if it is subject to local law, whether such local law requires a payment processor like PayPal to be licensed as a bank or financial institution or otherwise. Even if PayPal is not currently required to obtain a license in those countries, future localization or targeted marketing of PayPal’s service in those countries could require licensure and other laws of those countries (such as data protection and anti-money laundering laws) may apply. If PayPal were found to be subject to and in violation of any foreign laws or regulations, it could be subject to liability, forced to change its business practices or forced to suspend providing services to customers in one or more countries. Alternatively, PayPal could be required to obtain licenses or regulatory approvals that could impose a substantial cost on it and involve considerable delay to the provision or development of its product. Delay or failure to receive such a license would require PayPal to change its business practices or features in ways that would adversely affect PayPal’s international expansion plans and could require PayPal to suspend providing services to customers in one or more countries.
PayPal’s failure to manage customer funds properly would harm its business.
PayPal’s ability to manage and account accurately for customer funds requires a high level of internal controls. PayPal has a limited operating history and management experience in managing these internal controls. As PayPal’s business continues to grow, it must strengthen its internal controls accordingly. PayPal’s success requires significant public confidence in its ability to handle large and growing transaction volumes and amounts of customer funds. Any failure to maintain necessary controls or to manage accurately customer funds could diminish customer use of PayPal’s product severely.
New and existing regulations could harm our business.
We are subject to the same foreign and domestic laws as other companies conducting business on and off the Internet. Today, there are still relatively few laws specifically directed towards online services. However, due to the increasing popularity and use of the Internet and online services, many laws relating to the Internet are being debated at all levels of government around the world. Adopted and proposed laws and regulations cover issues such as user privacy, freedom of expression, pricing, fraud, content and quality of products and services, taxation, tax-related reporting of business activity, advertising, intellectual property rights, and information security. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, copyrights and other intellectual property issues, taxation, libel and defamation, obscenity, and personal privacy apply to online businesses. The majority of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the Internet and related technologies and, as a result, do not contemplate or address the unique issues of the Internet and related technologies. Those laws that do reference the Internet, such as the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the European Union’s Directive on Distance Selling and Electronic Commerce, have begun to be interpreted by the courts and implemented by the EU Member States, but their applicability and scope remain somewhat uncertain. As our activities and the types of goods listed on our websites expand, including through acquisitions such as our recent acquisition of StubHub, an online ticket marketplace, regulatory agencies or courts may claim or hold that we or our users are either subject to licensure or prohibited from conducting our business in their jurisdiction, either with respect to our services in general, or in order to allow the sale of certain items, such as real estate, event tickets, cultural goods, boats, and automobiles.
Numerous states and foreign jurisdictions, including the State of California, where our headquarters are located, have regulations regarding “auctions” and the handling of property by “secondhand dealers” or “pawnbrokers.” No final legal determination has been made as to whether the California regulations apply to our business (or that of our users) and little precedent exists in this area. Several states and some foreign jurisdictions have attempted, and may attempt in the future, to impose such regulations upon us or our users. Attempted enforcement
of these laws against some of our users appears to be increasing and such attempted enforcements could harm our business. In 2002, Illinois amended its auction law to provide for a special regulatory regime for “Internet auction listing services,” and we have registered as an Internet auction listing service in Illinois. Although this registration has not had a negative impact on our business to date, other regulatory and licensure claims could result in costly litigation or could require us to change the way we or our users do business in ways that increase costs or reduce revenues or force us to prohibit listings of certain items for some locations. We could also be subject to fines or other penalties, and any of these outcomes could harm our business.
In addition, because our services are accessible worldwide, and we facilitate sales of goods to users worldwide, foreign jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws. For example, the Australian high court has ruled that a U.S. website in certain circumstances must comply with Australian laws regarding libel. A number of the lawsuits against us relating to trademark issues seek to have our websites subject to unfavorable local laws. As we expand and localize our international activities, we become obligated to comply with the laws of the countries in which we operate. Laws regulating Internet companies outside of the U.S. may be less favorable than those in the U.S., giving greater rights to consumers, content owners, and users. Compliance may be more costly or may require us to change our business practices or restrict our service offerings relative to those in the U.S. In addition, we may be subject to overlapping legal or regulatory regimes that impose conflicting requirements on us. Our failure to comply with foreign laws could subject us to penalties ranging from criminal prosecution to bans on our services.
Our tickets business is subject to regulatory, competitive, and other risks that could harm this business.
Our tickets business, which includes our recently-acquired StubHub business, is subject to numerous risks. Many jurisdictions have laws and regulations covering the resale of event tickets, and some jurisdictions prohibit the resale of event tickets at prices above the face value of the tickets. In addition, new laws and regulations may be passed that would limit our or our users’ ability to continue this business. Regulatory agencies or courts may claim or hold that we are responsible for ensuring that our users comply with these laws and regulations or that we or our users are either subject to licensure or prohibited from reselling event tickets in their jurisdictions.
Some event organizers and professional sports teams have expressed concern about the resale of their event tickets on our sites, and in November 2006 the New England Patriots filed suit against StubHub alleging that StubHub’s resale activities violate Massachusetts’ ticket resale laws and constitute intentional interference with the team’s relationship with its season ticket holders. Such litigation could result in damage awards, could require us to change our business practices in harmful ways, or could otherwise negatively affect our tickets business. Our tickets business is also subject to seasonal fluctuations and the general economic and business conditions that impact the sporting events and live entertainment industries. Our tickets business also faces significant competition from a number of sources, including ticketing service companies (such as TicketMaster and Tickets.com), event organizers (such as professional sports teams and leagues), ticket brokers, and other online and offline ticket resellers (such as TicketsNow and RazorGator). If we are unable to effectively compete with these competitors, our tickets business could be harmed.
Our business is subject to online security risks, including security breaches and identity theft.
To succeed, online commerce and communications must provide a secure transmission of confidential information over public networks. Our security measures may not detect or prevent security breaches that could harm our business. Currently, a significant number of our users authorize us to bill their credit card accounts directly for all transaction fees charged by us. PayPal’s users routinely provide credit card and other financial information. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to provide the security and authentication to effect secure transmission of confidential information, including customer credit card numbers. Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology used by us to protect transaction data. In addition, any party who is able to illicitly obtain a user’s password could access the user’s transaction data. An increasing number of websites have reported breaches of their security. Any compromise of our security could harm our reputation and, therefore, our business. In addition, a party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate proprietary information, cause interruption in our operations, damage our computers or those of our users, or otherwise damage
our reputation and business. Under credit card rules and our contract with our card processors, if there is a breach of credit card information that we store, or that is stored by PayPal’s direct credit card processing customers, we could be liable to the credit card issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses.
Our servers are also vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions, and we have experienced “denial-of-service” type attacks on our system that have made all or portions of our websites unavailable for periods of time. We may need to expend significant resources to protect against security breaches or to address problems caused by breaches. These issues are likely to become more difficult as we expand the number of places where we operate. Security breaches could damage our reputation and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. Our insurance policies carry low coverage limits, which may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches.
Our users, as well as those of other prominent Internet companies, have been and will continue to be targeted by parties using fraudulent “spoof” emails to misappropriate passwords, credit card numbers, or other personal information or to introduce viruses through “trojan horse” programs to our users’ computers. These emails appear to be legitimate emails sent by eBay, PayPal, Skype, or a user of one of those businesses, but direct recipients to fake websites operated by the sender of the email or request that the recipient send a password or other confidential information via email or download a program. Despite our efforts to mitigate “spoof” e-mails through product improvements and user education, “spoof” remains a serious problem that may damage our brand, discourage use of our websites, and increase our costs.
Some businesses and security consultants have expressed concern over the potential for Skype’s software to create security vulnerabilities on its users’ computers. While we believe Skype’s software is safe and does not pose a security risk to its users, the perception that Skype’s software is unsafe could hamper its adoption, and any actual security breach could damage Skype’s reputation and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability.
Our failure to manage growth could harm our business.
We are currently expanding our headcount, facilities, and infrastructure in the U.S. and internationally. We anticipate that further expansion will be required as we continue to expand into new lines of business and geographic areas. This expansion has placed, and we expect it will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources. The areas that are put under strain by our growth include the following:
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Our Websites. We must constantly add new hardware, update software and add new engineering personnel to accommodate the increased use of our and our subsidiaries’ websites and the new products and features we regularly introduce. This upgrade process is expensive, and the increased complexity of our websites and the need to support multiple platforms as our portfolio of brands grows increases the cost of additional enhancements. Failure to upgrade our technology, features, transaction processing systems, security infrastructure, or network infrastructure to accommodate increased traffic or transaction volume could harm our business. Adverse consequences could include unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, degradation in levels of customer support, impaired quality of users’ experiences of our services, impaired quality of services for third-party application developers using our externally accessible Application Programming Interface, or API, and delays in reporting accurate financial information. We may be unable to effectively upgrade and expand our systems in a timely manner or smoothly integrate any newly developed or purchased technologies or businesses with our existing systems, and any failure to do so could result in problems on our sites. For example, in October 2004, we experienced unscheduled downtime on the PayPal website over a period of five days related to system upgrades. Despite our efforts to increase site scalability and reliability, our infrastructure could prove unable to handle a larger volume of customer transactions. Some of our more recently acquired businesses may be particularly subject to this risk given their shorter histories and, in some cases, higher growth rates. Any failure to accommodate transaction growth could impair customer satisfaction, lead to a loss of customers, impair our ability to add customers, or increase our costs, all of which would harm our business. Further, steps to increase the reliability and redundancy of our systems are expensive, reduce our margins, and may not be successful in reducing the frequency or duration of unscheduled downtime.
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Customer Account Billing. Our revenues depend on prompt and accurate billing processes. Problems with our conversion to a new billing system during the second and third quarters of 2004 caused incorrect account balance totals to be displayed for some users. While these problems have been corrected and we believe that no users were overcharged, our failure to grow our transaction-processing capabilities to accommodate the increasing number of transactions that must be billed on any of our websites would harm our business and our ability to collect revenue.
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Customer Support. We are expanding our customer support operations to accommodate the increased number of users and transactions on our websites and the increased level of user protection activity we provide worldwide. If we are unable to provide these operations in a cost-effective manner, users of our websites may have negative experiences, current and future revenues could suffer, and our operating margins may decrease.
We must continue to hire, train, and manage new employees at a rapid rate. If our new hires perform poorly, if we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing, and integrating these new employees, or if we are not successful in retaining our existing employees, our business may be harmed. To manage the expected growth of our operations and personnel, we will need to improve our transaction processing, operational and financial systems, procedures, and controls. This is a special challenge as we acquire new operations with different systems. Our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures, and controls may not be adequate to support our future operations. The additional headcount and capital investments we are adding increase our cost base, which will make it more difficult for us to offset any future revenue shortfalls by expense reductions in the short term.
Use of our services for illegal purposes could harm our business.
The law relating to the liability of providers of online services for the activities of their users on their service is currently unsettled in the United States and internationally. We are aware that certain goods, such as weapons, adult material, tobacco products, alcohol, and other goods that may be subject to regulation, have been listed and traded on our service. We may be unable to prevent our users from selling unlawful goods or selling goods in an unlawful manner, and we may be subject to allegations of civil or criminal liability for unlawful activities carried out by users through our service. We have been subject to several lawsuits based upon such allegations. In December 2004, an executive of Baazee.com, our Indian subsidiary, was arrested in connection with a user’s listing of a pornographic video clip on that site. Similarly, our Korean subsidiary and one of its employees were found criminally liable for listings on the Korean subsidiary’s website. In order to reduce our exposure to this liability, we have prohibited the listing of certain items and increased the number of personnel reviewing questionable items. In the future, we may implement other protective measures that could require us to spend substantial resources or discontinue certain service offerings. Any costs incurred as a result of potential liability relating to the sale of unlawful goods or the unlawful sale of goods could harm our business. In addition, we have received significant and continuing media attention relating to the listing or sale of unlawful goods using our services. This negative publicity could damage our reputation and diminish the value of our brand names. It also could make users reluctant to continue to use our services.
PayPal’s payment system is also susceptible to potentially illegal or improper uses. These may include illegal online gambling, fraudulent sales of goods or services, illicit sales of prescription medications or controlled substances, piracy of software and other intellectual property, money laundering, bank fraud, child pornography trafficking, prohibited sales of alcoholic beverages or tobacco products, and online securities fraud. PayPal’s acceptable use policy enables PayPal to fine users in certain jurisdictions up to $500 or take legal action to recover its losses for certain violations of that policy, including online gambling and illegal sales of prescription medications. Despite measures PayPal has taken to detect and lessen the risk of this kind of conduct, illegal activities could still be funded using PayPal.
PayPal is subject to anti-money laundering laws and regulations that prohibit, among other things, its involvement in transferring the proceeds of criminal activities. Although PayPal has adopted a program to comply with these laws and regulations, any errors or failure to implement the program properly could lead to lawsuits, administrative action, and prosecution by the government. In July 2003, PayPal agreed with the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri that it would pay $10 million as a civil forfeiture to settle allegations that its
provision of services to online gambling merchants violated provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act and further agreed to have its compliance program reviewed by an independent audit firm. PayPal is also subject to regulations that require it to report suspicious activities involving transactions of $2,000 or more and may be required to obtain and keep more detailed records on the senders and recipients in certain transfers of $3,000 or more. The interpretation of suspicious activities in this context is uncertain. Future regulations under the USA PATRIOT Act may require PayPal to revise the procedures it uses to verify the identity of its customers and to monitor international transactions more closely. As PayPal localizes its service in other countries, additional verification and reporting requirements could apply. These regulations could impose significant costs on PayPal and make it more difficult for new customers to join its network. PayPal could be required to learn more about its customers before opening an account, to obtain additional verification of customers and to monitor its customers’ activities more closely. These requirements, as well as any additional restrictions imposed by credit card associations, could raise PayPal’s costs significantly and reduce the attractiveness of its product. Failure to comply with federal, state or foreign country money laundering laws could result in significant criminal and civil lawsuits, penalties, and forfeiture of significant assets.
We are subject to risks associated with information disseminated through our service.
The law relating to the liability of online services companies for information carried on or disseminated through their services is currently unsettled. Claims could be made against online services companies under both U.S. and foreign law for defamation, libel, invasion of privacy, negligence, copyright or trademark infringement, or other theories based on the nature and content of the materials disseminated through their services. Several private lawsuits seeking to impose liability upon us under a number of these theories have been brought against us. In addition, domestic and foreign legislation has been proposed that would prohibit or impose liability for the transmission over the Internet of certain types of information. Our service features a Feedback Forum, which includes information from users regarding other users. Although all such feedback is generated by users and not by us, claims of defamation or other injury have been made in the past and could be made in the future against us for content posted in the Feedback Forum. Several recent court decisions have narrowed the scope of the immunity provided to Internet service providers like us under the Communications Decency Act. This trend, if continued, may increase our potential liability to third parties for the user-provided content on our site. Our liability for such claims may be higher in jurisdictions outside the U.S. where laws governing Internet transactions are unsettled. If we become liable for information provided by our users and carried on our service in any jurisdiction in which we operate, we could be directly harmed and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to discontinue certain service offerings, which would negatively affect our financial results. In addition, the increased attention focused upon liability issues as a result of these lawsuits and legislative proposals could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred as a result of this potential liability could harm our business.
Customer complaints or negative publicity about our customer service could diminish use of our services.
Customer complaints or negative publicity about our customer service could severely diminish consumer confidence in and use of our services. Measures we sometimes take to combat risks of fraud and breaches of privacy and security can damage relations with our customers. These measures heighten the need for prompt and accurate customer service to resolve irregularities and disputes. Effective customer service requires significant personnel expense, and this expense, if not managed properly, could significantly impact our profitability. Failure to manage or train our customer service representatives properly could compromise our ability to handle customer complaints effectively. If we do not handle customer complaints effectively, our reputation may suffer and we may lose our customers’ confidence.
Because it is providing a financial service and operating in a more regulated environment, PayPal, unlike eBay, must provide telephone as well as email customer service and must resolve certain customer contacts within shorter time frames. As part of PayPal’s program to reduce fraud losses, it may temporarily restrict the ability of customers to withdraw their funds if those funds or the customer’s account activity are identified by PayPal’s anti-fraud models as suspicious. PayPal has in the past received negative publicity with respect to its customer service and account restrictions, and has been the subject of purported class action lawsuits and state attorney general inquiries alleging,
among other things, failure to resolve account restrictions promptly. If PayPal is unable to provide quality customer support operations in a cost-effective manner, PayPal’s users may have negative experiences, PayPal may receive additional negative publicity, its ability to attract new customers may be damaged, and it could become subject to additional litigation. As a result, current and future revenues could suffer, or its operating margins may decrease. In addition, negative publicity about or experiences with PayPal’s customer support could cause eBay’s reputation to suffer or affect consumer confidence in the eBay brands as a whole.
Problems with third parties who provide services to us or to our users could harm our business.
A number of parties provide services to us or to our users that benefit us. Such services include seller tools that automate and manage listings, merchant tools that manage listings and interface with inventory management software, storefronts that help our users list items, and caching services that make our sites load faster, among others. In some cases we have contractual agreements with these companies that give us a direct financial interest in their success, while in other cases we have none. PayPal is dependent on the processing companies and banks that link PayPal to the credit card and bank clearing networks. Financial, regulatory, or other problems that prevent these companies from providing services to us or our users could reduce the number of listings on our websites or make completing transactions or payments on our websites more difficult, and thereby harm our business. Any security breach at one of these companies could also affect our customers and harm our business. Although we generally have been able to renew or extend the terms of contractual arrangements with these third party service providers on acceptable terms, there can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to do so in the future.
We depend on key personnel.
Our future performance depends substantially on the continued services of our senior management and other key personnel and our ability to retain and motivate them. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could harm our business. We do not have long-term employment agreements with any of our key personnel, we do not maintain any “key person” life insurance policies, and our Chief Executive Officer and many other members of our senior management team have fully vested the vast majority of their in-the-money equity incentives. Our new businesses all depend on attracting and retaining key personnel. Our future success also will depend on our ability to attract, train, retain and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, marketing, and customer support personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, and we may be unable to successfully attract, integrate, or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. In making employment decisions, particularly in the Internet and high-technology industries, job candidates often consider the value of the stock options they are to receive in connection with their employment. Fluctuations in our stock price may make it more difficult to retain and motivate employees whose stock option strike prices are substantially above current market prices. Similarly, decreases in the number of unvested in-the-money stock options held by existing employees, whether because our stock price has declined, options have vested, or because the size of follow-on option grants has declined, may make it more difficult to retain and motivate employees.
Skype’s future success depends substantially upon the continued services of its senior management and key personnel, and the loss of their services could harm our business. Several key members of Skype’s engineering team are consultants, not full-time employees, who provide services to us and third parties. A number of Skype’s employees had equity in Skype prior to its acquisition by eBay. Skype equity holders were given the option of receiving their portion of the acquisition consideration in the form of a lump-sum up- front payment or receiving a lower up-front payment in exchange for the possibility of receiving additional consideration in the form of potential earn-out payments tied to the achievement of certain performance targets prior to June 30, 2009. Several key members of Skype’s senior management and key employees chose to receive less up-front consideration in exchange for the possibility of receiving the performance-based earn-out payments. Although eligible Skype employees have also been granted eBay stock options, the earn-out payments are not tied to continued employment with Skype or eBay, and key Skype employees may choose to depart because of differences in corporate culture, because they believe the earn-out targets will be achieved without their contributions, or because they believe the earn-out targets are not achievable. The loss of the services of any of Skype’s senior management or key personnel could delay the development and introduction of new features and products, and could harm our ability to grow Skype’s business.
Our industry is intensely competitive, and other companies or governmental agencies may allege that our behavior is anti-competitive.
Marketplaces
Marketplaces businesses currently or potentially compete with a number of companies providing both particular categories of goods and broader ranges of goods. The Internet provides new, rapidly evolving and intensely competitive channels for the sale of all types of goods. We expect competition to intensify in the future. The barriers to entry into these channels are relatively low, and current offline and new competitors can easily launch online sites at a nominal cost using commercially available software or partnering with any one of a number of successful e-commerce companies.
Our broad-based competitors include the vast majority of traditional department, warehouse, discount, and general merchandise stores (as well as the online operations of these traditional retailers), emerging online retailers, online classified services, and other shopping channels such as offline and online home shopping networks. These include most prominently: Wal-Mart, Target, Sears, Macy’s, JC Penney, Costco, Office Depot, Staples, OfficeMax, Sam’s Club, Amazon.com, Buy.com, AOL.com, Yahoo! Shopping, MSN, QVC, and Home Shopping Network.
A number of companies have launched a variety of services that provide new channels for buyers to find and buy items from sellers of all sizes, including online aggregation and classifieds sites such as Oodle.com, Google Base, and Microsoft Live Expo. In 2005, we acquired Shopping.com Ltd., an online shopping comparison site. Shopping.com competes with sites such as Buy.com, Google’s Froogle, Nextag.com, Pricegrabber.com, Shopzilla, and Yahoo! Product Search, which offer shopping search engines that allow consumers to search the Internet for specified products. Similarly, sellers are increasingly acquiring new customers by paying for search-related advertisements on search engine sites such as Google and Yahoo!. We use product search engines and paid search advertising to channel users to our sites, but these services also have the potential to divert users to other online shopping destinations.
We also compete with many local, regional, and national specialty retailers and exchanges in each of the major categories of products offered on our site. For example, category-specific competitors to offerings in our Home & Garden category include: Ace Hardware, Baby Style, Baby Universe, Bed, Bath & Beyond, Brookstone, Burpee.com, Crate & Barrel, Do-It-Best Hardware, Ethan Allen, Frontgate, Harbor Freight, IKEA, HomeBase, Home Depot, Kohl’s, Lamps Plus, Lowes, Linens ’n Things, OSH, Pier One, Pottery Barn, Restoration Hardware, Smith & Hawken, Spiegel, Tuesday Morning, True Value Hardware, and Williams-Sonoma.
Our international Marketplaces websites compete with similar online and offline channels in each of their vertical categories in most countries. In addition, they compete with general online e-commerce sites, such as Quelle and Otto in Germany, Yahoo-Kimo in Taiwan, Daum and Gmarket in South Korea, and Amazon in the United Kingdom and other countries. In some of these countries, there are online sites that have much larger customer bases and greater brand recognition than we do, and in certain of these jurisdictions there are competitors that may have a better understanding of local culture and commerce than we do.
The principal competitive factors for Marketplaces include the following:
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ability to attract buyers and sellers;
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volume of transactions and price and selection of goods;
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customer service; and
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brand recognition.
With respect to our online competition, additional competitive factors include:
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community cohesion, interaction and size;
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website ease-of-use and accessibility;
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system reliability;
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reliability of delivery and payment;
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level of service fees; and
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quality of search tools.
Some current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases and greater brand recognition in other business and Internet sectors than we do. Other online trading services may be acquired by, receive investments from, or enter into other commercial relationships with larger, well-established and well-financed companies. As a result, some of our competitors with other revenue sources may be able to devote more resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to website and systems development than we can. Some of our competitors have offered services for free and others may do this as well. We may be unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors. In addition, certain offline competitors may encourage manufacturers to limit or cease distribution of their products to dealers who sell through online channels such as eBay, or may attempt to use existing or future government regulation to prohibit or limit online commerce in certain categories of goods or services. The adoption by manufacturers or government authorities of policies or regulations discouraging the sales of goods or services over the Internet could force eBay users to stop selling certain products on our websites. Increased competition or anti-Internet distribution policies or regulations may result in reduced operating margins, loss of market share and diminished value of our brand.
Conversely, other companies and government agencies have in the past and may in the future allege that our actions violate the antitrust or competition laws of the U.S. or other countries, or otherwise constitute unfair competition. Such claims, even if without foundation, typically are very expensive to defend, involve negative publicity and diversion of management time and effort, and could result in significant judgments against us.
In order to respond to changes in the competitive environment, we may, from time to time, make pricing, service or marketing decisions or acquisitions that could harm our profitability. For example, PayPal has implemented a buyer protection program generally covering losses for eBay transactions paid with PayPal up to $200 and covering losses from selected eBay sellers up to $2,000, with no deductible. Depending on the amount and size of claims we receive under these programs, these product offerings could harm our profitability. Similarly, in July 2006 we announced pricing and product changes related to our store inventory format that may reduce the revenue and profits of that format. In addition, certain competitors may offer or continue to offer free shipping or other transaction related services, which could be impractical or inefficient for eBay users to match. New technologies may increase the competitive pressures by enabling our competitors to offer a lower cost service.
Although we have established Internet traffic arrangements with several large online services and search engine companies, these arrangements may not be renewed on commercially reasonable terms or these companies may decide to promote competitive services. Even if these arrangements are renewed, they may not result in increased usage of our services. In addition, companies that control user access to transactions through network access, Internet browsers, or search engines, could promote our competitors, channel current or potential users to their vertically integrated electronic commerce sites or their advertisers’ sites, attempt to restrict our access, or charge us substantial fees for inclusion. Search engines may increasingly become a starting point for online shopping, and as the costs of operating an online store decline, online sellers may increasingly sell goods through multiple channels, which could reduce the number and value of transactions these sellers conduct through our sites.
PayPal
The market for PayPal’s product is emerging, intensely competitive, and characterized by rapid technological change. PayPal competes with existing online and off-line payment methods, including, among others:
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credit card merchant processors that offer their services to online merchants, including Cardservice International, Chase Paymentech, First Data, iPayment and Wells Fargo; and payment gateways, including CyberSource and Authorize.net;
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money remitters such as MoneyGram and Western Union;
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bill payment services, including CheckFree;
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processors that provide online merchants the ability to offer their customers the option of paying for purchases from their bank account, including Certegy, PayByTouch and TeleCheck, a subsidiary of First Data, or to pay on credit, including Bill Me Later;
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providers of traditional payment methods, particularly credit cards, checks, money orders, and Automated Clearing House transactions;
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issuers of stored value targeted at online payments, including VisaBuxx, NetSpend and Next Estate; and
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Google Checkout, which enables the online payment of merchants using credit cards.
Some of these competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, marketing, customer service and other resources, greater name recognition, or a larger base of customers in affiliated businesses than PayPal. PayPal’s competitors may respond to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements faster and more effectively than PayPal. They may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services than PayPal, and they may offer lower prices. For example, Google Checkout recently extended its free payment processing promotion through the end of 2007. Promotions such as this may force PayPal to lower its prices in response. Competing services tied to established banks and other financial institutions may offer greater liquidity and engender greater consumer confidence in the safety and efficacy of their services than PayPal.
Overseas, PayPal faces competition from similar channels and payment methods. In each country, numerous banks provide standard online credit card acquiring and processing services, and these banks typically have leading market share. In addition, PayPal faces competition from Visa’s Visa Direct, MasterCard’s MoneySend, and Royal Bank of Scotland’s World Pay and Webpay International’s Click & Buy in the European Community, NOCHEX, Moneybookers, NETeller and FirePay in the United Kingdom, CertaPay and HyperWallet in Canada, Paymate in Australia, Alipay and 99Bill in China and Inicis in South Korea. In addition, in certain countries, such as Germany and Australia, electronic funds transfer is a leading method of payment for both online and offline transactions. As in the U.S., established banks and other financial institutions that do not currently offer online payments could quickly and easily develop such a service.
Skype
The market for Skype’s products is also emerging, intensely competitive, and characterized by rapid technological change. Many traditional telecommunications carriers and cable providers offer, or have indicated that they plan to offer, VoIP products or services that compete with the software Skype provides. In addition, many established Internet companies, including AOL, Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo, as well as newer companies, offer, or have indicated that they plan to offer in the near future, products that are similar to Skype’s. We expect competitors to continue to improve the performance of their current products and introduce new products, software, services, and technologies. If Skype’s competitors successfully introduce new products or enhance their existing products, this could reduce the market for Skype’s products, increase price competition, or make Skype’s products obsolete, which could lower Skype’s adoption rates, decrease its ability to attract new users or cause its current users to migrate to a competing company. In addition, some of Skype’s competitors, such as telecommunications carriers and cable television providers, may be able to bundle services and products that Skype does not offer. These could include various forms of wireless communications, voice and data services, Internet access, and cable television. This form of bundling would put Skype at a competitive disadvantage if these providers can combine a variety of service offerings at a single attractive price. Furthermore, competitors may choose to make their services interoperable with one another, rather than proprietary, which could increase the attractiveness of their services relative to Skype and decrease the value of Skype’s network of users.
Many of Skype’s current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, are substantially larger, and have greater financial, marketing, technical, and other resources. Some also have greater name recognition and a larger installed base of customers than Skype has. As a result of their greater resources, many current and potential competitors may be able to lower their prices substantially, thereby eroding some or all of Skype’s cost advantage.
Our operations in China are subject to risks and uncertainties relating to the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China.
Our operations in the People’s Republic of China, or PRC, are conducted through our EachNet subsidiary, a recently announced joint venture between EachNet and Tom Online, and a PayPal subsidiary. EachNet and PayPal are Delaware corporations and foreign persons under the laws of the PRC are subject to many of the risks of doing business internationally described above in “There are many risks associated with our international operations.” The PRC currently regulates its Internet sector through regulations restricting the scope of foreign investment and through the enforcement of content restrictions on the Internet. While many aspects of these regulations remain unclear, they purport to limit and require licensing of various aspects of the provision of Internet information services. These regulations have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of foreign investments in PRC Internet companies, including the entities through which we do business in the PRC, and the business operations of such companies. In order to meet local ownership and regulatory licensing requirements, EachNet is operated through a foreign-owned enterprise indirectly owned by eBay’s European operating entity, which acts in cooperation with a local PRC company owned by certain local employees. The PayPal China website is operated through a foreign-owned enterprise owned by a PayPal subsidiary, which acts in cooperation with a local PRC company owned by certain local employees. We believe the current ownership structures of EachNet, the joint venture between EachNet and Tom Online, and PayPal comply with all existing PRC laws, rules, and regulations. There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation of current PRC laws and regulations, and it is possible that the PRC government will ultimately take a view contrary to ours. The People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, has recently proposed guidelines for payment settlement organizations which may require PayPal to identify and negotiate a new business relationship to act in cooperation with a local PRC entity that is not owned by local employees and has a substantial operating history, and to obtain prior approval of the relationship from the PBOC. There are also uncertainties regarding EachNet’s and PayPal’s ability to enforce contractual relationships they have entered into with respect to management and control of the company’s business. If any of the entities through which we do business in the PRC were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, they could be subject to fines and other financial penalties, have their business and Internet content provider licenses revoked, or be forced to discontinue business entirely. In addition, any finding of a violation of PRC laws or regulations by any of the entities through which we do business in the PRC could make it more difficult for us to launch new or expanded services in the PRC.
Although Skype does not conduct operations in the PRC directly, it makes its software available through a joint venture with Tom Online and its software is used by residents of the PRC. PRC regulations surrounding VoIP telephony are unclear and the PRC or one or more of its provinces may adopt regulations or enforce existing regulations that restrict or prohibit the use of Skype’s software.
Our business may be adversely affected by factors that cause our users to spend less time on our websites, including seasonal factors, national events and increased usage of other websites.
Anything that diverts our users from their customary level of usage of our websites could adversely affect our business. We would therefore be adversely affected by geopolitical events such as war, the threat of war, or terrorist activity, and natural disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes. Similarly, our results of operations historically have been seasonal because many of our users reduce their activities on our websites with the onset of good weather during the summer months, and on and around national holidays. In addition, increased usage of social networking or other entertainment websites may decrease the amount of time users spend on our websites, which could adversely affect our financial results.
We depend on the continued growth of online commerce and communications.
The business of selling goods over the Internet, particularly through online trading, is dynamic and relatively new. Concerns about fraud, privacy, and other problems may discourage additional consumers from adopting the Internet as a medium of commerce. In countries such as the U.S. and Germany, where our services and online commerce generally have been available for some time and the level of market penetration of our services is high, acquiring new users for our services may be more difficult and costly than it has been in the past. In order to expand our user base, we must appeal to and acquire consumers who historically have used traditional means of commerce
to purchase goods. If these consumers prove to be less active than our earlier users, and we are unable to gain efficiencies in our operating costs, including our cost of acquiring new customers, our business could be adversely impacted.
The success of Skype depends on continued growth in its number of users, which in turn depends on wider public acceptance of VoIP. The VoIP communications medium is still in its early stages, and it may not develop a broad audience. Skype users may be required to purchase computer headsets, or leave a personal computer on to communicate, and they may believe that the price advantage for VoIP is insufficient to justify the perceived inconvenience. Potential users may also view more familiar online communication methods, such as e-mail or instant messaging, as sufficient for their communications needs. Managers of some large private branch exchange, or PBX, systems in businesses, universities, government agencies, and other institutions may refuse to allow the use of Skype due to concerns over security, server usage, or for other reasons. If VoIP does not achieve wide public acceptance, our Skype business will be adversely affected.
Our business depends on the development and maintenance of the Internet infrastructure.
The success of our services will depend largely on the development and maintenance of the Internet infrastructure. This includes maintenance of a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, and security, as well as timely development of complementary products, for providing reliable Internet access and services. The Internet has experienced, and is likely to continue to experience, significant growth in the numbers of users and amount of traffic. The Internet infrastructure may be unable to support such demands. In addition, increasing numbers of users, increasing bandwidth requirements, or problems caused by “viruses,” “worms,” and similar programs may harm the performance of the Internet. The backbone computers of the Internet have been the targets of such programs. The Internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure, and it could face outages and delays in the future. These outages and delays could reduce the level of Internet usage generally as well as the level of usage of our services.
We may be unable to protect or enforce our own intellectual property rights adequately.
We regard the protection of our trademarks, copyrights, patents, domain names, trade dress, and trade secrets as critical to our success. We aggressively protect our intellectual property rights by relying on a combination of trademark, copyright, patent, trade dress and trade secret laws, and through the domain name dispute resolution system. We also rely on contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights in products and services. We have entered into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to and disclosure of our proprietary information. These contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not prevent misappropriation of our technology or deter independent development of similar technologies by others. We pursue the registration of our domain names, trademarks, and service marks in the U.S. and internationally. Effective trademark, copyright, patent, domain name, trade dress, and trade secret protection is very expensive to maintain and may require litigation. We must protect our trademarks, patents, and domain names in an increasing number of jurisdictions, a process that is expensive and may not be successful in every location. For example, Skype is in the process of applying to register the Skype name as a trademark worldwide. In the EU, Skype’s application is being opposed. If this opposition to Skype’s application were to be successful, Skype might be forced to apply for trademark registration in each individual EU country, resulting in increased expenditures and damage to its business if its application were rejected in individual countries. We have licensed in the past, and expect to license in the future, certain of our proprietary rights, such as trademarks or copyrighted material, to others. These licensees may take actions that diminish the value of our proprietary rights or harm our reputation.
We are subject to the risks of owning real property.
We own real property, including land and buildings related to our operations. We have little experience in managing real property. Ownership of this property subjects us to risks, including:
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the possibility of environmental contamination and the costs associated with fixing any environmental problems;
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adverse changes in the value of these properties, due to interest rate changes, changes in the neighborhoods in which the properties are located, or other factors;
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the possible need for structural improvements in order to comply with zoning, seismic, disability act, or other requirements; and
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possible disputes with tenants, neighboring owners, or others.
Some anti-takeover provisions may affect the price of our common stock.
Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock and to determine the preferences, rights and privileges of those shares without any further vote or action by the stockholders. The rights of the holders of common stock may be harmed by rights granted to the holders of any preferred stock that may be issued in the future. Some provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could have the effect of making it more difficult for a potential acquirer to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. These include provisions that provide for a classified board of directors, prohibit stockholders from taking action by written consent and restrict the ability of stockholders to call special meetings. We are also subject to provisions of Delaware law that prohibit us from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years from the date the person became an interested stockholder, unless certain conditions are met. This restriction could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control.
ITEM 1B:
ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2:
ITEM 2: PROPERTIES
We own and lease various properties in the United States and in 24 other countries around the world. We use the properties for executive and administrative offices, data centers, product development offices and customer service offices. Our corporate headquarters of approximately 150,000 square feet are located in San Jose, California. As of December 31, 2006, our owned and leased properties provided us with aggregate square footage of approximately 1.5 million and 1.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2006, the total square footage generally used by our Marketplaces, Payments and Communications segments was approximately 1.7 million, 1.1 million and 100,000 respectively.
From time to time we consider various alternatives related to our long-term facilities needs. While we believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our immediate needs, it may become necessary to lease or acquire additional or alternative space to accommodate any future growth.
ITEM 3:
ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In April 2001, two of our European subsidiaries, eBay GmbH and eBay International AG, were sued by Montres Rolex S.A. and certain of its affiliates in the regional court of Cologne, Germany. The suit subsequently was transferred to the regional court in Düsseldorf, Germany. Rolex alleged that our subsidiaries were infringing Rolex’s trademarks as a result of users selling counterfeit Rolex watches through our German website. The suit also alleged unfair competition. Rolex sought an order enjoining the sale of Rolex-branded watches on the website as well as damages. In December 2002, a trial was held in the matter and the court ruled in favor of eBay on all causes of action. Rolex appealed the ruling to the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf, and the appeal was heard in October 2003. In February 2004, the court rejected Rolex’s appeal and ruled in our favor. Rolex appealed the ruling to the German Federal Supreme Court, a hearing took place before that court in December 2006, and a decision is
expected in the first half of 2007. In September 2004, the German Federal Supreme Court issued its written opinion in favor of Rolex in a case involving an unrelated company, ricardo.de AG, but somewhat comparable legal theories. Although it is not yet clear what the ultimate effect of the reasoning of the German Federal Supreme Court’s ricardo.de decision will have when applied to eBay, we believe the Court’s decision has resulted in an increase in similar litigation against us in Germany, although we do not currently believe that it will require a significant change in our business practices.
In August 2006, Louis Vuitton Malletier and Christian Dior Couture filed two lawsuits in the Paris Court of Commerce against eBay Inc. and eBay International AG. The complaint alleges we have violated French tort law by negligently broadcasting listings posted by third parties offering counterfeit items bearing plaintiffs’ trademarks, and by purchasing certain advertising keywords. The plaintiffs seek approximately EUR 35 million in damages. In or about September 2006 Parfums Christian Dior, Kenzo Parfums, Parfums Givenchy, and Guerlain Société also filed a lawsuit in the Paris Court of Commerce against eBay Inc. and eBay International AG. The complaint alleges that we have interfered with the selective distribution network plaintiffs’ have set up in France and the European Union by allowing third parties to post listings offering genuine perfumes and cosmetics for sale on our sites. The plaintiffs in this suit seek approximately EUR 9 million in damages and injunctive relief. We filed our initial briefs responding to the first complaint in February 2007, and initial briefs in response to the second complaint are due in April 2007. We believe that we have meritorious defenses to these suits and intend to defend ourselves vigorously. Other luxury brand owners have also filed suit against us or have threatened to do so.
In September 2001, MercExchange LLC filed a complaint against us, our Half.com subsidiary and ReturnBuy, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (No. 2:01-CV-736) alleging infringement of three patents (relating to online consignment auction technology, multiple database searching and electronic consignment systems) and seeking a permanent injunction and damages (including treble damages for willful infringement). Following a trial in 2003, the jury returned a verdict finding that we had willfully infringed the patents relating to multiple database searching and electronic consignment systems, and the court entered judgment for MercExchange in the amount of approximately $30 million, plus pre-judgment interest and post-judgment interest. In May 2006, following appeals to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court remanded the case back to the district court for further action. In parallel with the federal court proceedings, at our request, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office agreed to reexamine each of the patents in suit, finding that substantial questions existed regarding the validity of the claims contained in them. In separate actions in 2005, the Patent and Trademark Office initially rejected all of the claims contained in the three patents in suit. In March 2006, the Patent and Trademark Office reiterated its earlier ruling rejecting the claims contained in the patent that underlies the jury verdict, which relates to electronic consignment systems. We have requested that the district court stay all proceedings in the case pending the final outcome of the reexamination proceedings, and MercExchange has renewed its request that the district court grant an injunction. The district court recently allowed additional discovery regarding these matters, and final briefs regarding both claims are due in March 2007. Even if successful, our litigation of these matters will continue to be costly. As a precautionary measure, we have modified certain functionality of our websites and business practices in a manner which we believe avoids any infringement of the consignment patent. For this reason, we believe that any injunction that might be issued by the district court will not have any impact on our business. We also believe we have appropriate reserves for this litigation. Nonetheless, if the modifications to the functionality of our websites and business practices are not sufficient to make them non-infringing, we would likely be forced to pay significant additional damages and licensing fees and/or modify our business practices in an adverse manner.
In June 2006, Net2Phone, Inc. filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (No. 06-2469) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Inc. infringed five patents owned by Net2Phone relating to point-to-point Internet protocol. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, including treble damages for willful infringement, and interest, costs, and fees. We have filed an answer and counterclaims asserting that the patents are invalid, unenforceable, and not infringed. The parties are in the process of conducting discovery, and we expect a trial date to be scheduled for 2008. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
In August 2006, Peer Communications Corporation filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (No. 6-06CV-370) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Inc. infringed two
patents owned by Peer Communications relating to uniform network access. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, and interest, costs, and fees. The parties are in the process of conducting discovery, and a trial date has been scheduled for October 2008. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
In September 2006, Mangosoft Intellectual Property, Inc. filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (No. 2-06CV-390) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Software S.a.r.l. infringed a patent owned by Mangosoft relating to dynamic directory services. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, and interest, costs, and fees. We have filed an answer and counterclaims asserting that the patents are invalid, unenforceable, and not infringed. We expect to receive the court’s scheduling order shortly. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
Other third parties have from time to time claimed, and others may claim in the future, that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. We are subject to additional patent disputes, and expect that we will increasingly be subject to patent infringement claims as our services expand in scope and complexity. In particular, we expect that we may face additional patent infringement claims involving various aspects of our Payments and Communications businesses. We have in the past been forced to litigate such claims. We may also become more vulnerable to third-party claims as laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Lanham Act and the Communications Decency Act are interpreted by the courts, and as we expand geographically into jurisdictions where the underlying laws with respect to the potential liability of online intermediaries like ourselves are either unclear or less favorable. We believe that additional lawsuits alleging that we have violated copyright or trademark laws will be filed against us, especially in Europe. Intellectual property claims, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and costly to resolve, could require expensive changes in our methods of doing business, or could require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements.
From time to time, we are involved in other disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. The number and significance of these disputes and inquiries are increasing as our business expands and our company grows larger. Any claims or regulatory actions against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, and result in the diversion of significant operational resources.
ITEM 4:
ITEM 4: SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
There were no submissions of matters to a vote of security holders during the quarter ended December 31, 2006.
PART II
ITEM 5:
ITEM 5:
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Price Range of Common Stock
Our common stock has been traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (formerly the Nasdaq National Market) under the symbol “EBAY” since September 24, 1998. The following table sets forth the high and low per share prices of our common stock (after giving retroactive effect to all previous stock splits for the periods indicated), as reported by The Nasdaq Global Select Market.
As of February 16, 2007, there were approximately 4,300 holders of record of our common stock, although we believe that there are a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid cash dividends on our stock and currently anticipate that we will continue to retain any future earnings for the foreseeable future.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table gives information about shares of our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under all of our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2006, including our 1996 Stock Option Plan, 1997 Stock Option Plan, 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, 1998 Equity Incentive Plan, 1998 Directors Stock Option Plan, 1999 Global Equity Incentive Plan, 2001 Equity Incentive Plan, and 2003 Deferred Stock Unit Plan, as well as shares of our common stock that may be issued under individual compensation arrangements that were not approved by our stockholders, also referred to as our non-plan grants. No warrants are outstanding under any of the foregoing plans.
(1)
Includes 36,056 shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to deferred stock units, or DSUs, under our 2003 Deferred Stock Unit Plan, and 508,150 shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to restricted stock units under our 1998 Equity Incentive Plan. DSUs and restricted stock units represent an unfunded, unsecured right to receive shares of eBay common stock (or, in the case of DSUs, the equivalent value thereof in cash or property), and the value of DSUs and restricted stock units varies directly with the price of eBay’s common stock.
(2)
Because DSUs and restricted stock units do not have an exercise price, the 36,056 shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to DSUs under our 2003 Deferred Stock Unit Plan and 508,150 shares of our common stock issuable pursuant to restricted stock units under our 1998 Equity Incentive Plan are not included in the calculation of weighted average exercise price.
(3)
Includes 5,575,774 shares of our common stock remaining reserved for future issuance under our 1998 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, as of December 31, 2006. Our ESPP contains an “evergreen” provision that automatically increases, on each January 1, the number of securities reserved for issuance under the ESPP by the number of shares purchased under the ESPP in the preceding calendar year, provided that the aggregate number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP may not exceed 36,000,000 shares. As of December 31, 2006, an aggregate amount of 9,785,222 shares had been purchased under the ESPP since its inception. An aggregate amount of 1,624,226 shares was purchased under the ESPP in 2006, and the number of securities available for issuance under the ESPP was increased by that number on January 1, 2007, bringing the total number of shares reserved for future issuance on January 1, 2007 to 7,200,000. None of our other equity compensation plans has an “evergreen” provision.
(4)
Does not include: (i) 7,050 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $2.73 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the Half.com, Inc. 1999 Equity Compensation Plan; (ii) 37,726 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $0.77 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the X.com Corporation 1999 Stock Plan; (iii) 494,108 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $9.14 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the PayPal, Inc. 2001 Equity Incentive Plan; (iv) 184,562 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $9.47 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the Shopping.com Ltd. 2003 Omnibus Stock Option and Restricted Stock Incentive Plan; (v) 944,682 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $36.30 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the Shopping.com Ltd. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan; or (vi) 1,118,794 shares of our common stock, with a weighted average exercise price of $3.88 per share, to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options assumed by us under the Skype Technologies S.A. Stock Option Plan Rules. All of the options and related plans referenced above were assumed by us in connection with acquisitions. We cannot make subsequent grants or awards of our equity securities under any of these plans. Prior to each acquisition, the stockholders of the acquired company approved the acquired company’s plan. Our stockholders, however, did not approve any of the plans in connection with the acquisitions.
The only outstanding non-plan grant as of December 31, 2006 relates to an individual compensation arrangement that was made prior to the initial public offering of our common stock in 1998. At the time of this non-plan grant, members of our Board of Directors, or Board, and their affiliates beneficially owned in excess of 90% of our then outstanding equity and voting interests. This non-plan grant was initially disclosed in our initial public offering prospectus filed with the SEC on September 25, 1998 under the headings “Management - Director Compensation” and “- Compensation Arrangements.” Except as set forth below, the terms and conditions of this non-plan grant are identical to the terms of options granted under our 1997 Stock Option Plan, a copy of which was filed as an exhibit to our S-1 Registration Statement (No. 33-59097) filed in connection with our initial public offering.
The outstanding non-plan grant involved the Board’s grant of an option to purchase 3,600,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.39 to Scott Cook upon his joining our Board in June 1998 as an independent director. These options granted to Mr. Cook were non-qualified options and were immediately exercisable, with a term of 10 years. These options fully vested in June 2002. Mr. Cook exercised options to purchase 480,000 shares in
2002, exercised options to purchase 1,430,000 shares in 2003, exercised options to purchase 307,272 shares during 2005 and exercised options to purchase 614,544 shares during 2006. As of December 31, 2006, options to purchase 768,184 shares remain outstanding under the non-plan grant.
Performance Measurement Comparison
The graph below shows the cumulative total stockholder return of an investment of $100 (and the reinvestment of any dividends thereafter) on December 31, 2001 in (i) our common stock, (ii) the Nasdaq National Market Index, (iii) the S&P 500 Index and (iv) the GSTI Internet Index. We were added to the S&P 500 Index on July 19, 2002. The GSTI Internet Index is a modified-capitalization weighted index of 14 stocks representing the Internet industry, including Internet content and access providers, Internet software and service companies and e-commerce companies. Our stock price performance shown in the graph below is not indicative of future stock price performance.
The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or be deemed to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Stock repurchase activity during the three months ended December 31, 2006 was as follows:
(1)
In July 2006, our Board authorized a stock repurchase program for up to $2.0 billion of our common stock within two years from the date of authorization. The stock repurchase program was announced in July 2006. Under this program, in 2006, we repurchased approximately 54.5 million shares at an average price of $30.56 per share. As of December 31, 2006, $333 million remained available for further purchases under this program. In January 2007, our Board authorized the expansion of the stock repurchase program to provide for the repurchase of up to an additional $2.0 billion of our common stock by January 2009.
(2)
Includes 1,840 shares of restricted stock repurchased from employees, in addition to the 30.5 million shares repurchased pursuant to our stock repurchase program.
ITEM 6:
ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial and supplemental operating data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statement of income and the consolidated balance sheet data for the years ended, and as of, December 31, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements.
(1)
These results include acquired company results of operations beginning on the date of acquisition. See Note 3 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for a summary of recent significant acquisitions. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year’s presentation.
(2)
Net income for 2006 included stock-based compensation expense under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (“FAS 123(R)”) of $219.8 million, net of tax. Because we implemented FAS 123(R) as of January 1, 2006, prior periods do not reflect stock-based compensation expense related to this new accounting standard. See “Note 12 - Stock-Based Plans” to the consolidated financial statements included in this report.
(3)
The cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle arises from the adoption of FIN 46, “Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities.”
(4)
Includes a lease obligation totaling $122.5 million that was reclassified as short-term in 2004 as the lease expired on March 1, 2005, at which time we purchased the facility.
(5)
Working capital is calculated as the difference between total current assets and total current liabilities.
ITEM 7:
ITEM 7:
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains statements that involve expectations, plans or intentions (such as those relating to future business or financial results, new features or services, or management strategies). These statements are forward-looking and are subject to risks and uncertainties, so actual results may vary materially. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan” and other similar expressions. You should consider our forward- looking statements in light of the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A above as well as our consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements.
You should read the following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this document.
Overview
About eBay Inc.
We operate three primary business segments, Marketplaces, Payments and Communications. We provide online marketplaces for the sale of goods and services, online payments services and online communication offerings to a diverse community of individuals and businesses. Our Marketplaces segment provides the infrastructure to enable online commerce in a variety of platforms, including the traditional eBay.com platform, along with our other online platforms, such as Shopping.com, classifieds websites and Rent.com. Our wide array of marketplaces websites brings together millions of buyers and sellers every day on a local, national and international basis. Our Payments segment, which consists of PayPal, enables individuals or businesses to securely, easily and quickly send and receive payments online. Our Communications segment, which consists of Skype, enables VoIP calls between Skype users, and also provides Skype users low-cost connectivity to traditional fixed-line and mobile telephones.
Executive Operating and Financial Summary
Our focus is on key operating and financial metrics
Members of our senior management team regularly review key operating metrics such as registered users, active users, listings, gross merchandise volume, eBay stores, total accounts, active accounts, total number of payments, total payment volume, and transaction rates. Members of our senior management also regularly review key financial information including net revenues, operating income margins, earnings per share, cash flows from operations and free cash flows, which we define as operating cash flows less purchases of property and equipment, net. These operating and financial measures allow us to monitor the health and vibrancy of our Marketplaces, Payments, and Communications segments and the profitability of our business and to evaluate the effectiveness of investments that we have made and continue to make in the areas of marketing, product development, international expansion, customer support and site operations. We believe that an understanding of these key operating and financial measures and how they change over time is important to investors, analysts and other parties analyzing our business results and future market opportunities.
summary
In 2006, we generated nearly $6.0 billion in net revenues, representing a 31% year-over-year growth rate; we earned nearly $1.4 billion in operating income; and we closed the year with $3.5 billion in cash, cash equivalents and investments after taking into account the repurchase of approximately 54.5 million shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $1.7 billion. During 2006, we focused on integrating the businesses we acquired in 2005, which allowed us to strengthen our leadership position in each of our three key business areas in the U.S. and abroad. We expanded our user base in all three business segments, and as of December 31, 2006 we had 222 million eBay registered users; 133 million PayPal accounts; and 171 million Skype registered users.
Our expectations for growth
We expect that growth in our net revenues during 2007 will result primarily from increased net transaction revenues across our Marketplaces, Payments and Communications segments. We expect to continue our investments in the areas of product development, customer support and international expansion across all segments. We believe these investments are necessary to support the long-term demands of our growing business. In addition, to the extent that the U.S. dollar fluctuates against foreign currencies, and, in particular, the Euro, British pound and Korean won, the remeasurement of these foreign currency denominated transactions into U.S. dollars will impact our consolidated net revenues and, to the extent that they are not hedged successfully, our net income.
The discussion of our consolidated financial results contained herein is intended to assist those reading this report to better understand the key operating and financial measures summarized above as well as the changes in our consolidated results of operations from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes.
Seasonality
The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, our total net revenues and the sequential quarterly growth of these net revenues.
We expect transaction activity patterns on our websites to increasingly mirror general consumer buying patterns, both online and offline, as our business expands, with the strongest sequential growth occurring in the fourth quarter. Our expectation is that Skype’s business will experience seasonally slower growth during holiday and vacation periods.
Results of Operations
Net Revenues
The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, the breakdown of net revenues by type, segment and geography. In addition, we have provided a table of key metrics that drive our revenue results.
In 2006, our reportable segments were changed to combine the U.S. and International Marketplaces segments into one global Marketplaces operating segment. We have recast our 2004 and 2005 segment data to conform to the current year’s presentation.
(1)
Rent.com, Shopping.com, and our classifieds websites are not included in these metrics.
(2)
Cumulative total of all users who have completed the registration process on one of eBay.com’s platforms.
(3)
All users, excluding users of Half.com and Internet Auction, who bid on, bought, or listed an item within the previous 12-month period.
(4)
All store inventory listings on eBay.com’s platforms during the period, regardless of whether the listing subsequently closed successfully.
(5)
Total value of all successfully closed items between users on eBay’s trading platforms during the period, regardless of whether the buyer and seller actually consummated the transaction.
(6)
Cumulative total of all accounts opened, including users who made payments using PayPal but have not registered, excluding accounts that have been closed or locked and the payment gateway business accounts.
(7)
All accounts, and users whether registered or not, that sent or received at least one payment through the PayPal system during the period.
(8)
Total number of payments initiated through the PayPal system during the period, excluding the payment gateway business, regardless of whether the payment was actually sent successfully, or was reversed, rejected, or pending at the end of the period.
(9)
Total dollar volume of payments initiated through the PayPal system during the period, excluding the payment gateway business, regardless of whether the payment was actually sent successfully, or was reversed, rejected, or was pending at the end of the period.
(10)
Cumulative number of unique user accounts created on Skype.
Our net transaction revenues from our Marketplaces segment are derived primarily from listing, feature and final value fees paid by sellers and lead referral fees. For our Payments segment, net transaction revenues are generated primarily by fees from payment processing services. Our Communications segment primarily generates net transaction revenues from fees charged to users to connect Skype’s VoIP network to traditional telecommunication networks. These fees are charged on a per minute basis and we refer to these minutes as SkypeOut minutes. Net revenues from advertising are derived principally from the sale of advertisements for cash and through barter arrangements. Other net revenues are derived principally from contractual arrangements with third parties that provide transaction services to eBay and PayPal users and interest earned from banks on certain PayPal customer account balances.
Marketplaces Net Transaction Revenues
Total net transaction revenues from Marketplaces increased 24% in 2006 and 36% in 2005, compared to the respective prior year. The growth in net transaction revenues was the result of increased auction transaction activity, reflected in the growth of the number of registered users, active users, listings and gross merchandise volume.
The number of registered users increased 23% during 2006 to 221.6 million at December 31, 2006. The number of registered users increased 33% during 2005 to 180.6 million at December 31, 2005. The number of active users on eBay.com increased 14% during 2006 to 81.8 million at December 31, 2006. Active users increased 28% during 2005 to 71.8 million at December 31, 2005. We believe that increases in user activity are largely the result of our promotional efforts, our emphasis on helping our user community be successful through the introduction of new site features and functionality, our international expansion, and expanded trust and safety programs.
The number of items listed on eBay.com’s platforms increased 26% to 2.4 billion in 2006, from 1.9 billion in 2005, and increased 33% in 2005 from 1.4 billion in 2004. This percentage growth in listings was experienced across our U.S. and international platforms. The number of stores increased by 55% and 51% in 2006 and 2005, compared to the respective prior year, due to the cost effective nature for sellers to list items on our eBay Stores format.
Gross merchandise volume increased 18% in 2006 and 30% in 2005, compared to the respective prior year. The increases in 2006 and 2005 resulted from the domestic and international growth in the number of registered users, active users and listings. In addition, there was gross merchandise volume growth across all major categories, with the motors, consumer electronics, clothing & accessories, computers, home & garden, books/movies/music, sports, and collectibles categories having the most significant dollar impact.
Marketplaces net transaction revenues earned internationally totaled $2.1 billion in 2006, $1.7 billion in 2005 and $1.2 billion in 2004, representing 50%, 49% and 46% of total Marketplaces net transaction revenues, respectively. Marketplaces net revenues were positively impacted by foreign currency translation of approximately $30.6 million and $6.7 million in 2006 and 2005, respectively. Changes in foreign currency rates will impact our operating results and, to the extent that the U.S. dollar strengthens, our foreign currency denominated net revenues will be negatively impacted.
In 2007, we expect Marketplaces net transaction revenues to continue to increase due to continued growth in the global e-commerce market.
Payments Net Transaction Revenues
Payments net transaction revenues increased 40% in 2006 and 47% in 2005, compared to the respective prior year. Payments net transaction revenues as a percentage of total net transaction revenues were 24% in 2006, 23% in 2005, and 21% in 2004. During 2006, over $37.8 billion in total payment volume was transacted on the PayPal platform as compared to $27.5 billion during 2005 and $18.9 billion during 2004. As of December 31, 2006, PayPal had 133.0 million accounts, compared to 96.2 million at December 31, 2005 and 63.8 million accounts at December 31, 2004. Net transaction revenues as a percentage of total payment volume was 4% in all years presented.
The growth in our Payments net transaction revenues, in all years, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of total net transaction revenues, was primarily the result of increases in PayPal transaction volume driven by the growth in PayPal Merchant Services transactions, the higher penetration of PayPal in the Marketplaces platforms and growth in gross merchandise volume in the Marketplaces segment.
In 2006, our global Merchant Services total payment volume increased 59% compared to 2005, generating total payment volume of $13.3 billion. In 2005, our global Merchant Services total payment volume increased 48% compared to 2004, generating total payment volume of $8.4 billion. Furthermore, the growth in Payments net transactions revenues in 2006 was positively affected by PayPal’s continued penetration of Marketplaces transactions which increased to 57.2% in 2006 from 52.7% in 2005 and 46.7% in 2004. Payments net transaction revenues have grown in connection with the increase in our Marketplaces gross merchandise volume which increased to $52.5 billion in 2006 compared to $44.3 billion in 2005 and $34.2 billion in 2004.
Net transaction revenues from Payments earned internationally totaled $533.2 million in 2006, $364.5 million in 2005 and $207.6 million in 2004, representing 38.0%, 36.4% and 30.5% of total Payments segment net transaction revenues, respectively. Payments net revenues were positively impacted by foreign currency translation of approximately $4.3 million and $5.3 million in 2006 and 2005, respectively. Changes in foreign currency rates will impact our operating results and, to the extent that the U.S. dollar strengthens, our foreign currency denominated net revenues will be negatively impacted.
In 2007, we expect the Payments net transaction revenues to increase in total and for net transaction revenues earned internationally to increase in total and as a percentage of Payments net transaction revenues. We expect to grow our merchant service business and continue to drive higher penetration rates on Marketplaces platforms. We also expect that Payments net transaction revenues will increase as a percentage of total net transaction revenues in 2007.
Communications Net Transaction Revenues
Communications net transaction revenues were $192.8 million in 2006 as compared to $24.8 million in 2005 (net revenues from the acquisition date of October 14, 2005 through the end of 2005). The increase in net revenues was primarily due to a full year of revenues generated from our VoIP offerings in 2006. The cumulative number of Skype registered users increased to 171.2 million at December 31, 2006 from 74.7 million at December 31, 2005. Additionally, SkypeOut minutes increased to 4.1 billion, which resulted in $177.7 million in revenue in 2006. The growth was due to rapid user expansion.
Net transaction revenues from Communications earned internationally totaled $163.7 million in 2006 and $21.4 million in 2005, representing 85% and 87% of total Communications net transaction revenues, respectively. Communications net revenue was positively impacted by foreign currency translation of approximately $5.1 million in 2006. Changes in foreign currency rates will impact our operating results and, to the extent that the U.S. dollar strengthens, our foreign currency denominated net revenues will be negatively impacted.
We expect Communications net transaction revenues to increase during 2007 as we expect to continue to increase both our user base and product offerings.
Advertising and Other Net Revenues
Advertising and other net revenues totaled $171.8 million in 2006, $123.4 million in 2005 and $94.3 million in 2004. These amounts represented 3% of total net revenues for all years presented. We continue to view our business as primarily transaction-driven and we expect advertising and other net revenues to continue to represent a relatively small proportion of total net revenues during 2007.
Summary of cost of net revenues, operating expenses, non-operating items and provision for income taxes
The following table summarizes changes in cost of net revenues, sales and marketing expense, product development expense, general and administrative expense, amortization of acquired intangible assets, interest and other income, net, interest expense, provision for income taxes and minority interest (note that 2006 amounts reflect the modified prospective adoption of FAS 123(R)):
As of January 1, 2006, we began accounting for stock-based compensation under FAS 123(R), which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. We adopted FAS 123(R) using the modified prospective method which requires the application of the accounting standard as of January 1, 2006. In accordance with the modified prospective method, the consolidated financial statements for 2004 and 2005 have not been restated to reflect, and do not include, the impact of FAS 123(R). Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and employee stock purchases for 2004, 2005 and 2006 was allocated as follows (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2006, there was approximately $418.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, excluding tax benefits, related to stock-based incentive awards granted under our equity incentive plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of three years.
Cost of Net Revenues
Cost of net revenues consists primarily of costs associated with payment processing, customer support and site operations, and Skype telecommunications costs. Significant cost components include bank charges, credit card interchange and assessments, other payment processing costs, employee compensation, consultant costs and
facilities costs for our customer support and site operations, depreciation of equipment and amortization of capitalized product development costs and telecommunication costs.
The increase in cost of net revenues of $438.7 million during 2006 was primarily due to an increase in payment processing costs, Skype telecommunication costs, the development and expansion of our customer support and site operations infrastructure, and the effect of stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and employee stock purchases under FAS 123(R). Payment processing costs increased approximately $114.5 million, or 30%, in 2006 compared to the prior year, due to the 37% increase in PayPal’s total payment volume and increases in the proportion of customer transactions funded with credit cards. Skype telecommunications costs increased by $105.5 million in 2006 compared to the prior year due to the inclusion of a full year of Skype’s costs. Aggregate customer support and site operations costs (including stock-based compensation) increased approximately $202.8 million, or 52%, in 2006 compared to the prior year. Expanding our global site and support infrastructure contributed $161.2 million of this increase as employee costs increased approximately $44.7 million; we increased the use of contractors and consultants by approximately $32.9 million; facility costs increased approximately $28.9 million; and depreciation expense associated with computer equipment and capitalized software increased approximately $54.7 million. Stock-based compensation expense of $33.0 million was included in cost of revenues in 2006 compared to $1.9 million in 2005. Stock-based compensation expense increased due to our implementation of FAS 123(R) at the beginning of 2006.
The increase in cost of net revenues during 2005 was primarily due to an increase in the volume of transactions on the Marketplaces and Payments websites and continued development and expansion of our customer support and site operations infrastructure. Payment processing costs increased to $403.1 million in 2005 from $305.1 million in 2004, due to the increase in PayPal’s total payment volume and increased payment processing costs related to the growth of our Marketplaces activity. Aggregate customer support and site operations costs increased approximately $88.4 million during 2005, compared to the prior year.
Costs of net revenues are expected to increase in total and as a percentage of net revenues during 2007 primarily due to growth in Payments and Communications, each of which is growing faster and has a lower gross margin than Marketplaces.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising costs, marketing programs and employee compensation for sales and marketing staff.
Sales and marketing expenses increased in total and increased as a percentage of total net revenues in 2006 due to our continued investment in growing our global user base and the effect of stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and employee stock purchases under FAS 123(R). Growth in advertising and marketing costs as well as employee-related costs comprised the majority of the increases. Combined advertising and marketing costs increased $250.5 million in 2006, compared to the prior year, due to an increase in global television and online marketing campaigns. Employee-related costs, not including stock-based compensation expense, increased by $69.3 million in 2006 as we continued to expand our domestic and international operations. Sales and marketing staff increased from approximately 2,500 at December 31, 2005 to approximately 2,700 at December 31, 2006. Stock-based compensation expense of $96.5 million was included in sales and marketing expense in 2006 compared to $8.7 million in 2005. Stock-based compensation expense increased due to our implementation of FAS 123(R) at the beginning of 2006.
Sales and marketing expenses increased in total and increased as a percentage of total net revenues in 2005 due to our continued investment in growing our global user base. Growth in advertising and marketing costs as well as employee-related costs comprised the majority of the increases. Combined advertising and marketing costs increased $228.8 million in 2005, compared to the prior year. This increase, both in dollars and as a percentage of net revenues, was primarily the result of international expansion and industry-wide increases in Internet
marketing rates, partially offset by marketing efficiencies. Employee-related costs increased by $97.4 million in 2005 as we continued to expand our domestic and international operations.
Sales and marketing expenses are expected to increase in total during 2007 because of expected increases in our online marketing expense to attract new customers and increase user activity across our businesses. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues are expected to decrease during 2007 due to the growth in Payments and Communications, each of which, has lower sales and marketing expenses than Marketplaces.
Product Development
Product development expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, consultant costs, facilities costs and depreciation on equipment. Product development expenses are net of required capitalization of major site and other product development efforts, including the development of our next generation platform architecture, migration of certain platforms, seller tools and PayPal services integration projects. These capitalized costs totaled $67.9 million in 2006, $37.1 million in 2005 and $41.3 million in 2004, and are reflected as a cost of net revenues when amortized in future periods.
The increase in product development expense of $166.5 million during 2006 was primarily due to employees added, including contractors and consultants, to support various platform and software development initiatives in our Marketplaces, Payments and Communications segments and the effect of stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and employee stock purchases under FAS 123(R). Employee related and consultant costs, excluding stock-based compensation, increased by approximately $61.5 million in 2006 compared to the prior year. Our product development staff increased from approximately 2,200 at December 31, 2005 to approximately 2,500 at December 31, 2006. Stock-based compensation expense of $81.5 million was included in product development expense in 2006 compared to $6.5 million in 2005. Stock-based compensation expense increased due to our implementation of FAS 123(R) at the beginning of 2006.
The increase in product development expenses in 2005, as compared to the prior year, was primarily the result of increased headcount to support various platform development initiatives in our Marketplaces, Payments and Communications segments. Employee related costs increased by $63.9 million compared to the prior year. Our product development staff increased nearly 50% from approximately 1,500 at December 31, 2004 to approximately 2,200 at December 31, 2005.
Product development expenses are expected to increase in total and remain consistent as a percentage of net revenues in 2007, as we develop new site features and functionality and continue to improve and expand operations across all businesses.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee compensation, consultant costs, provisions for transaction losses associated with our Payments segment, facilities costs, depreciation of equipment, provision for doubtful accounts, payroll taxes on employee stock options, insurance and professional fees.
The increase in general and administrative expenses of $328.8 million during 2006 was primarily due to increased employee-related costs, consultant costs, higher Payments transaction loss expenses, and the effect of stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and employee stock purchases under FAS 123(R). Employee-related costs and consultant costs increased by approximately $112.6 million during 2006 as compared to the prior year due to our continued focus on user protection programs. We increased our general and administrative employee headcount from approximately 4,200 at December 31, 2005 to 4,900 at
December 31, 2006, of which, approximately 450 employees were added to support our consumer protection programs. Transaction loss rate in our Payments segment, which is the transaction loss expense as a percentage of total payment volume, increased to 0.33% in 2006 compared to 0.27% in 2005, causing an increase in expense of approximately $52.7 million. The increase in the transaction loss rate was primarily due to higher levels of credit card chargebacks from unauthorized credit card transactions. The higher levels of credit card chargebacks is due to strategically entering into new customer segments (new countries and direct card processing) which have higher loss rates. Stock-based compensation expense of $106.4 million was included in general and administrative expense in 2006 compared to $14.7 million in 2005. Stock-based compensation expense increased due to our implementation of FAS 123(R) at the beginning of 2006.
General and administrative expenses increased in total and remained consistent as a percentage of net revenues in 2005 as compared to the prior year. The dollar increase was due primarily to employee related and facilities costs. Employee-related costs increased by approximately $111.3 million during 2005 as compared to the prior year. We increased our general and administrative employees from approximately 2,700 at December 31, 2004 to approximately 4,200 at December 31, 2005. This increase related primarily to the addition of employees in our trust and safety and corporate functions. Facilities costs increased by approximately $48.2 million during 2005 as compared to the prior year. PayPal’s transaction loss expense increased by approximately $23.3 million, to $73.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2005, reflecting the increase in activity in the Payments segment in addition to the expansion of our PayPal Buyer Protection Program. PayPal’s transaction loss expense rate, which is the transaction loss expense as a percentage of PayPal’s total payment volume, was constant at 0.27% in 2005 and 2004.
With our continued investment across all areas of our business and related corporate functions, particularly in our consumer protection programs, we expect general and administrative expenses to increase during 2007, but decrease as a percentage of net revenues as general and administrative expenses are expected to grow slower than net revenues.
Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets
From time to time we have purchased, and we expect to continue purchasing, assets or businesses to accelerate category and geographic expansion, increase the features, functions, and formats available to our users and maintain a leading role in online e-commerce, payments and communications. These purchase transactions generally result in the creation of acquired intangible assets with finite lives and lead to a corresponding increase in the amortization expense in future periods. We amortize intangible assets over the period of estimated benefit, using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to eight years. The increase in amortization of acquired amortizable intangibles during 2006 and 2005 compared to prior years is due to the business acquisitions consummated during 2006, 2005 and 2004.
Amortization of acquired intangible assets may increase should we make additional acquisitions in the future.
Interest and Other Income, Net
Interest and other income, net consists primarily of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents and investments as well as foreign exchange transaction gains and losses and other non-operating transactions.
Our interest and other income, net increased in total and remained relatively constant as a percentage of net revenues during 2006 as compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of increased interest income due to increased cash, cash equivalents and investments balances and higher interest rates offset by the lower cash balances
due to our stock repurchase activity in 2006. The weighted-average interest rate of our portfolio increased to 3.8% in 2006 from 2.9% in 2005.
Our interest and other income, net increased in total and remained consistent as a percentage of net revenues during 2005 as compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of increased interest income due to increased cash, cash equivalents and investments balances and higher interest rates. The weighted-average interest rate of our portfolio increased to 2.9% in 2005 from 1.7% in 2004.
We expect that interest and other income, net, will decline slightly during 2007 compared to 2006, as a result of lower cash balances due to our stock repurchase program. Our expectation for interest and other income, net, for 2007 excludes the potential effects from any future acquisitions we may make.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists of interest charges on tax contingencies, legal accruals, capital leases and our consolidated lease arrangement related to our San Jose headquarters office facilities. In 2007, interest expense may be impacted by our decision to utilize our line of credit. See additional discussion of our line of credit in “Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory U.S. federal rate principally due to state taxes, subsidiary losses for which we have not provided a benefit and other factors that increase the effective tax rate, offset by decreases resulting from foreign income with lower effective tax rates and tax credits.
The lower effective tax rates in 2006 as compared to 2005 and 2004 resulted primarily from the expansion of our international businesses and from changes in our operations in international markets. We expect the effective tax rate for 2007 to be consistent with 2006.
Impact of Foreign Currency Translation
During 2006, 2005 and 2004, our international net revenues, based upon the country in which the seller, payment recipient, Skype user’s Internet protocol address, advertiser or other service provider is located, accounted for approximately 48%, 46% and 42%, of our consolidated net revenues, respectively. The growth in our international operations has increased our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. Net revenues and related expenses generated from most international locations are denominated in the functional currencies of the local countries, and primarily include Euros, British pounds, Korean won, Canadian dollars, Australian dollars, Chinese renminbi, and Indian rupees. Our results of operations and certain of our inter-company balances associated with our international locations are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The statements of income of our international operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates in each applicable period. If the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign-currency-denominated transactions will result in increased consolidated net revenues, operating expenses, and net income. Similarly, our net revenues, operating expenses, and net income will decrease if the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies.
Net revenues were positively impacted by foreign currency translation by approximately $40.1 million in 2006 and $12.0 million in 2005 as compared to the same periods of the prior year. Operating income was positively impacted by foreign currency translation by approximately $14.4 million in 2006 and $5.6 million in 2005, as compared to the same periods of the prior year.
We expect our international operations will continue to grow in significance. As a result, the impact of foreign currency fluctuations in future periods could become more significant and may have a negative impact on our consolidated net revenues and net income in the event the U.S. dollar strengthens relative to other currencies. See the information in “Item 7A:
ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments in a variety of securities, including government and corporate securities and money market funds. These securities are generally classified as available for sale and consequently are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of estimated tax.
Investments in both fixed-rate and floating-rate interest-earning instruments carry varying degrees of interest rate risk. The fair market value of our fixed-rate securities may be adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates. In general, securities with longer maturities are subject to greater interest-rate risk than those with shorter maturities. While floating rate securities generally are subject to less interest-rate risk than fixed-rate securities, floating-rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates decrease. Due in part to these factors, our investment income may fall short of expectations or we may suffer losses in principal if securities are sold that have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2006, our fixed-income investments earned a pretax yield of approximately 4.7%, with a weighted average maturity of two months. If interest rates were to instantaneously increase (decrease) by 100 basis points, the fair market value of our total investment portfolio could decrease (increase) by approximately $1.3 million.
Equity Price Risk
We are exposed to equity price risk on the marketable portion of equity instruments and equity method investments we hold, typically as the result of strategic investments in third parties that are subject to considerable market risk due to their volatility. We typically do not attempt to reduce or eliminate our market exposure in these equity investments. We did not record an impairment charge during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 or 2004 relating to the other-than-temporary impairment in the fair value of equity investments. At December 31, 2006, the total carrying value of our equity instruments and equity method investments was $65.5 million.
Foreign Currency Risk
International net revenues result from transactions by our foreign operations and are typically denominated in the local currency of each country. These operations also incur most of their expenses in the local currency. Accordingly, certain foreign operations use the local currency, which is primarily the Euro, and to a lesser extent, the British pound, as their functional currency. Our international operations are subject to risks typical of international operations, including, but not limited to, differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, other regulations and restrictions, and foreign exchange rate volatility. Accordingly, our future results could be materially adversely impacted by changes in these or other factors. In addition, at December 31, 2006, we held balances in cash, cash equivalents and investments outside the U.S. totaling approximately $2.3 billion.
Transaction Exposure
As of December 31, 2006, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange hedge contracts with notional values equivalent to approximately $188.4 million with maturity dates within 31 days. The hedge contracts are used to offset changes in the functional currency value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies as a result of currency fluctuations. Transaction gains and losses on the contracts and the assets and liabilities are recognized each period in our consolidated statement of income.
Translation Exposure
Foreign exchange rate fluctuations may adversely impact our financial position as the assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars in preparing our consolidated balance sheet. The effect of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our consolidated financial position for the year ended December 31, 2006, was a net translation gain of approximately $588.2 million. This gain is recognized as an adjustment to stockholders’ equity through accumulated other comprehensive income. Additionally, foreign exchange rate fluctuations may adversely impact our consolidated results of operations as exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in currencies other than our functional currencies result in gains and losses that are reflected in our consolidated statement of income.
We consolidate the earnings of our international subsidiaries by converting them into U.S. dollars in accordance with SFAS No. 52 “Foreign Currency Translation” (FAS 52). Such earnings will fluctuate when there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into transactions to hedge portions of our foreign currency denominated earnings translation exposure using either forward exchange contracts or other instruments. All contracts that hedge translation exposure mature ratably over the quarter in which they are executed. During the year ended December 31, 2006, the realized gains and losses related to these hedges were not significant.
A hypothetical uniform 10% strengthening or weakening in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Euro, British pound and Korean won in which our revenues and profits are denominated would result in a decrease/increase to operating income of approximately $110 million. There are inherent limitations in the sensitivity analysis presented, primarily due to the assumption that foreign exchange rate movements are linear and instantaneous. As a result, the analysis is unable to reflect the potential effects of more complex market changes that could arise, which may positively or negatively affect income.
Economic Exposure
We currently charge our international subsidiaries on a monthly basis for their use of intellectual property and technology and for certain corporate services provided by eBay and PayPal. These charges are denominated in Euros and these forecasted inter-company transactions represent a foreign currency cash flow exposure. To reduce foreign exchange risk relating to these forecasted inter-company transactions, we entered into forward exchange contracts or other instruments during the year ended December 31, 2006. The objective of the forward contracts is to ensure that the U.S. dollar-equivalent cash flows are not adversely affected by changes in the U.S. dollar/Euro exchange rate. Pursuant to SFAS No. 133 “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (FAS 133), we expect the hedge of certain of these forecasted transactions using the forward contracts to be highly effective in offsetting potential changes in cash flows attributed to a change in the U.S. dollar/Euro exchange rate. Accordingly, we record as a component of other comprehensive income all unrealized gains and losses related to the forward contracts that receive hedge accounting treatment. We record all unrealized gains and losses in interest and accumulated other income, net, related to the forward contracts that do not receive hedge accounting treatment pursuant to FAS 133. During the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the realized gains and losses related to these hedges were not significant. The notional amount of our economic hedges receiving hedge accounting treatment and the losses, net of gains, recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2004 was $140.2 million and $3.4 million, respectively. The notional amount of our economic hedges receiving hedge accounting treatment and the loss, net of gains, recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2005 was $203.0 million and $200,000 respectively. We did not have any economic hedges in place as of December 31, 2006.
ITEM 8:
ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes listed in Part IV, Item 15(a)(1) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
ITEM 9:
ITEM 9:
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A:
ITEM 9A:
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in the Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act) required by Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(b) or 15d-15(b), our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in internal controls. There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) that occurred during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2006. Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 9B:
ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10:
ITEM 10:
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2006.
Code of Ethics, Governance Guidelines and Committee Charters
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all eBay employees. We have also adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that applies to our senior financial officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers is posted on our website at http://investor.ebay.com/governance.cfm. We will post any amendments to or waivers from the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers at that location.
We have also adopted Governance Guidelines for the Board of Directors and a written committee charter for each of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. Each of these documents is available on our website at http://investor.ebay.com/governance.cfm.
ITEM 11:
ITEM 11:
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2006.
ITEM 12:
ITEM 12:
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2006.
ITEM 13:
ITEM 13:
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2006.
ITEM 14:
ITEM 14:
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the year ended December 31, 2006.
PART IV
ITEM 15:
ITEM 15: EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
All other schedules have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits.
+
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
(b)
See the Exhibits listed under Item 15 (a) (3) above.
(c)
The financial statement schedules required by this item are listed under Item 15 (a) (2) above.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of eBay Inc.:
We have completed integrated audits of eBay Inc.’s consolidated financial statements and of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our opinions, based on our audits, are presented below.
Consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(1) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of eBay Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit of financial statements includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for share-based compensation in 2006.
Internal control over financial reporting
Also, in our opinion, management’s assessment, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A, that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on those criteria. Furthermore, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made
only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
San Jose, California
February 27, 2007
eBay Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eBay Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eBay Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eBay Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eBay Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
eBay Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 - The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
The Company
eBay Inc. (“eBay”) was incorporated in California in May 1996, and reincorporated in Delaware in April 1998. eBay’s purpose is to pioneer new communities around the world, built on commerce, sustained by trust, and inspired by opportunity. eBay brings together millions of buyers and sellers every day on a local, national and international basis through an array of websites. eBay provides online marketplaces for the sale of goods and services, online payment services and online communication offerings to a diverse community of individuals and businesses.
eBay has three operating segments: Marketplaces, Payments and Communications. The Marketplaces segment enables online commerce through a variety of different platforms, including the traditional eBay auction site, our classifieds websites, and our comparison shopping site, Shopping.com. The Payments segment, which consists of our PayPal, Inc. (“PayPal”) business, enables individuals or businesses to securely, easily and quickly send and receive payments online. The Communications segment, which consists of our Skype Technologies SA (“Skype”) business, enables Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls between Skype users, as well as provides low-cost connectivity to traditional fixed-line and mobile telephones.
When we refer to “we,” “our,” “us” or “eBay” in this document, we mean the current Delaware corporation (eBay Inc.) and its California predecessor, as well as all of our consolidated subsidiaries.
Use of estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to provisions for doubtful accounts and authorized credits, the provision for transaction losses, legal contingencies, income taxes, advertising and other non-transaction revenues, and goodwill and intangible assets. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation
The accompanying financial statements are consolidated and include the financial statements of eBay and our majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The consolidated financial statements include 100% of the assets and liabilities of these majority-owned subsidiaries and the ownership interests of minority investors are recorded as minority interests. Investments in entities where we hold more than a 20% but less than a 50% ownership interest and have the ability to significantly influence the operations of the investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and the investment balance is included in long-term investments, while our share of the investees’ results of operations is included in interest and other income, net. Investments in entities where we hold less than a 20% ownership interest and where we do not have the ability to significantly influence the operations of the investee are accounted for using the cost method of accounting and are included in long-term investments.
Certain prior period balances have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Fair value of financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities of three months or less when purchased. Our financial instruments, including cash, cash equivalents, accounts
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
receivable, funds receivable, accounts payable, and funds payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments.
Short and long-term investments, which include marketable equity securities and government and corporate bonds, are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of related estimated tax provisions or benefits. Additionally, we assess whether an other-than-temporary impairment loss on our investments has occurred due to declines in fair value or other market conditions. Declines in fair value that are considered other than temporary are recorded as an impairment of investments in the consolidated statement of income.
Derivative instruments
We recognize all derivative instruments on the balance sheet at fair value. Changes in the fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of the derivatives are recorded each period in the consolidated statement of income or accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). For a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into the consolidated statement of income when the hedged transaction affects earnings. For derivatives recognized as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative in the period of change and the offsetting loss or gain of the hedged item attributed to the hedged risk, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. For derivatives not recognized as hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative in the period of change is recognized as interest and other income, net.
Concentrations of credit risk
Our cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and funds receivable are potentially subject to concentration of credit risk. Cash and cash equivalents are placed with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality. Our accounts receivable are derived from revenue earned from customers located in the U.S. and internationally. Accounts receivable balances are settled through customer credit cards, debit cards, and PayPal accounts, with the majority of accounts receivable collected upon processing of credit card transactions. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts receivable and authorized credits based upon our historical experience. Historically, such losses have been within our expectations. However, unexpected or significant future changes in trends could result in a material impact to future statements of income or cash flows. Due to the relatively small dollar amount of individual accounts receivable, we generally do not require collateral on these balances. The provision for doubtful accounts is recorded as a charge to general and administrative expense, while the provision for authorized credits is recognized as a reduction of net revenues.
During the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006, no customers accounted for more than 10% of net revenues. As of December 31, 2005 and 2006, no customers accounted for more than 10% of net accounts receivable.
Allowances for transaction losses
Our Payments segment is exposed to transaction losses due to fraud, as well as non-performance of customers. We establish allowances for estimated losses arising from processing customer transactions, such as charge-backs for unauthorized credit card use and merchant related charge-backs due to non-delivery of goods or services, Automated Clearing House, or ACH, returns, and debit card overdrafts. These allowances represent an accumulation of the estimated amounts necessary to provide for transaction losses incurred as of the reporting date, including those to which we have not yet been notified. The allowances, which involve the use of actuarial techniques, are monitored monthly and are updated based on actual claims data reported by our claims processors. The allowances are based on known facts and circumstances, internal factors including our experience with similar cases, historical trends involving loss payment patterns and the mix of transaction and loss types. Additions to the
eBay Inc.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
allowance, in the form of provisions, are reflected as a general and administrative expense in our consolidated statement of income. At December 31, 2005 and 2006, the allowance for transaction losses totaled $50.3 million and $79.5 million, respectively, and was included as an offset to other current assets and accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.
Foreign currency
The majority of our foreign subsidiaries use the local currency of their respective countries as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Revenues, costs and expenses are translated into United States dollars at average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses resulting from translation are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
Realized gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are recognized as interest and other income, net.
Funds receivable and funds payable to customers
Funds receivable and payable relate to our Payments segment and arise due to the time taken to clear transactions through external payment networks. When customers fund their account using their bank account or credit card, or withdraw money from their bank account or through a debit card transaction, there is a clearing period before the cash is received or sent by PayPal, usually one to three business days for U.S. transactions, and up to five business days for international transactions. Hence, these funds are treated as a receivable or payable until the cash is settled.
Customer accounts
Based on differences in regulatory requirements and commercial law in the jurisdictions where PayPal operates, PayPal holds customer balances either as direct claims against PayPal or as an agent or custodian on behalf of PayPal’s customers. Customer balances held as direct claims against PayPal are included on our consolidated balance sheet as customer accounts with an offsetting current liability in funds payable and amounts due to customers. The customer accounts can be invested only in specified types of liquid assets. Customer accounts on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2006 included approximately $180 million from direct non-custodial customer relationships established in conjunction with PayPal’s Asia Pacific headquarters during 2006.
All customer funds held by PayPal as an agent or custodian on behalf of our customers are not reflected in our consolidated balance sheet. These off-balance sheet funds total approximately $1.2 billion and $1.5 billion as of December 31, 2005 and 2006, respectively. These off-balance sheet funds include funds held in the U.S. that are deposited in bank accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and funds that customers choose to invest in PayPal’s Money Market Fund.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally, one to three years for computer equipment and software, up to 30 years for buildings and building improvements, ten years for aviation equipment, the shorter of five years or the term of the lease for leasehold improvements, three years for furniture and fixtures and three years for vehicles.
Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Intangible assets resulting from the acquisitions of entities accounted for using the purchase method of accounting are estimated by management based on the fair value of assets received. Identifiable intangible assets are comprised of purchased customer lists and user base, trademarks
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
and trade names, developed technologies, and other intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets are being amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and estimated useful lives ranging from one to eight years. Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is subject to at least an annual assessment for impairment, applying a fair-value based test.
Impairment of long-lived assets
We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a long-lived asset may not be recoverable. An asset is considered impaired if its carrying amount exceeds the future net cash flow the asset is expected to generate. If an asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair market value. We assess the recoverability of our long-lived and intangible assets by determining whether the unamortized balances can be recovered through undiscounted future net cash flows of the related assets. The amount of impairment, if any, is measured based on projected discounted future net cash flows.
We evaluate goodwill, at a minimum, on an annual basis and whenever events and changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment of goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level by comparing the reporting unit’s carrying amount, including goodwill, to the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using a combination of the income or discounted cash flows approach and the market approach, which utilizes comparable companies’ data. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and a second step is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. We conducted our annual impairment test as of August 31, 2006 and determined there was no impairment. There were no events or circumstances from that date through December 31, 2006 that would impact this assessment.
Revenue recognition
Our net revenues result from transaction, advertising and other fees generated in our Marketplaces, Payments and Communications segments. Revenues are recognized when evidence of an arrangement exists, the fee is fixed and determinable, no significant obligation remains and collection of the receivable is reasonably assured.
Our Marketplaces segment generates transaction revenues for listing and feature fees and lead referral fees. Listing and feature fee revenues are recognized ratably over the estimated period of the listing, while revenues related to final value fees are recognized at the time that the transaction is successfully concluded. A transaction is considered successfully concluded when at least one buyer has bid above the seller’s specified minimum price or reserve price, whichever is higher, at the end of the transaction term. Lead referral fee revenue is generated from lead referral fees based on the number of times a user clicks through to a merchant’s website from our websites. Lead referral fees are recognized in the period in which the user clicks through to the merchant’s website.
Our Payments segment earns transaction revenues from processing transactions for certain customers. Revenues resulting from a payment processing transaction is recognized once the transaction is complete.
Our Communications segment revenues are recognized when the related service offering is provided. The majority of Communications segment transaction revenues are prepaid. We record customer advances for prepaid amounts in excess of revenues recognized.
Our advertising revenues are derived principally from the sale of online advertisements. To date, the duration of our advertising contracts has ranged from one week to five years, but is generally one week to one year. Advertising revenues on contracts are recognized as “impressions” (i.e., the number of times that an advertisement appears in pages viewed by users of our websites) are delivered or ratably over the term of the agreement where such agreements provide for minimum monthly or quarterly advertising commitments or where such commitments are fixed throughout the term. Barter transactions are valued on amounts realized in similar cash transactions occurring within six months prior to the date of the barter transaction. To the extent that significant delivery obligations remain
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
at the end of a period or collection of the resulting account receivable is not considered probable, revenues are deferred until the obligation is satisfied or the uncertainty is resolved. These amounts are included in deferred revenues in our consolidated balance sheet. Revenue from barter arrangements totaled $13.3 million, $6.7 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively, with the reciprocal arrangements being recognized as an operating expense. In general, the services are received in the same period in which the reciprocal services are provided. In certain circumstances, we are required to record, as a reduction of revenue, payments to a party who is also a customer. These payments primarily consist of certain promotional activities which result in payments to our users.
Our other revenues are derived principally from contractual arrangements with third parties that provide transaction services to eBay and PayPal users and interest earned from banks on certain PayPal customer account balances. Revenues from contractual arrangements with third parties are recognized as the contracted services are delivered to end users. Revenues from interest income are recognized when earned.
We evaluate whether payments made to customers or revenues earned from vendors have a separate identifiable benefit and whether they are fairly valued in determining the appropriate classification of the related revenues and expense. For revenue agreements with multiple deliverables we ensure all undelivered elements are accounted for at fair value.
Provisions for doubtful accounts, transaction losses and authorized credits are made at the time of revenue recognition based upon our historical experience. The provision for doubtful accounts and transaction losses are recorded as charges to operating expense, while the provision for authorized credits is recognized as a reduction of net revenues.
Product development costs
Costs related to the planning and post implementation phases of our website development efforts are recorded as an operating expense. Direct costs incurred in the development phase are capitalized and amortized over the product’s estimated useful life of one to three years as charges to cost of net revenues.
Advertising expense
We expense the costs of producing advertisements at the time production occurs and expense the cost of communicating advertising in the period during which the advertising space or airtime is used. Internet advertising expenses are recognized based on the terms of the individual agreements, which is generally over the greater of the ratio of the number of impressions delivered over the total number of contracted impressions, pay-per-click, or on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Advertising expenses totaled $459.5 million, $665.1 million and $871.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively.
Stock-based compensation
On January 1, 2006, we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (FAS 123(R)), which requires companies to recognize in the statement of operations all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, based on their fair value. The statement eliminates the ability to account for share-based compensation transactions, as we formerly did, using the intrinsic value method as prescribed by Accounting Principles Board, or APB, Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees.”
We adopted FAS 123(R) using the modified prospective method, which requires the application of the accounting standard as of January 1, 2006. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2006 reflect the impact of adopting FAS 123(R). In accordance with the modified prospective method, the consolidated financial statements for prior periods have not been restated to reflect, and do not include, the impact of FAS 123(R). See “Note 12 - Stock-Based Plans” for further details.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the period is based on the value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest. Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statement of income during 2006 included compensation expense for stock-based payment awards granted prior to, but not yet vested as of, January 1, 2006 based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with the pro forma provisions of FAS No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation - Transition and Disclosures” (FAS 148) and compensation expense for the stock-based payment awards granted subsequent to December 31, 2005, based on the grant date fair value estimated in accordance with FAS 123(R). As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the statement of income for 2006 is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. FAS 123(R) requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. In the pro forma information required under FAS 148 for the periods prior to 2006, we accounted for forfeitures as they occurred.
FAS No. 123(R) prohibits recognition of a deferred tax asset for an excess tax benefit that has not been realized. We will recognize a benefit from stock-based compensation in equity if an incremental tax benefit is realized by following the ordering provisions of the tax law. In addition, we account for the indirect effects of stock-based compensation on the research tax credit and the foreign tax credit through the income statement.
Income taxes
We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The measurement of current and deferred tax assets and liabilities is based on provisions of enacted tax laws; the effects of future changes in tax laws or rates are not anticipated. If necessary, the measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced by the amount of any tax benefits that are not expected to be realized based on available evidence.
Recent accounting pronouncements
In July 2006, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Financial Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes - an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109” (“FIN 48”), which is a change in accounting for income taxes. Among other provisions, FIN 48 specifies how tax benefits for uncertain tax positions are to be recognized, measured, and derecognized in financial statements; requires certain disclosures of uncertain tax matters; specifies how reserves for uncertain tax positions should be classified on the balance sheet; and provides transition and interim-period guidance. FIN 48 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006 and as a result, is effective for us in the first quarter of 2007. We have not yet completed our evaluation of the impact of adoption on our consolidated financial statements.
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (FAS 157). FAS 157 establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The changes to current practice resulting from the application of this Statement relate to the definition of fair value, the methods used to measure fair value, and the expanded disclosures about fair value measurements. We will be required to adopt the provisions on FAS 157 beginning with our first quarter ending March 31, 2007. We do not believe that the adoption of the provisions of FAS 157 will materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
Effective December 31, 2006 we adopted the recognition and disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 158, “Employers Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans - an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R),” (FAS 158). These provisions did not materially impact our consolidated financial statements. FAS 158 requires an employer to recognize the over-funded or under-funded status of a defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan (other than a multiemployer plan) as an asset or liability in its statement of financial position and to recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through comprehensive income of a business entity. This statement also requires plan assets and obligations to be
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
measured as of the employer’s balance sheet date. The measurement provision of this statement will be effective for years beginning after December 15, 2008 with early adoption encouraged. We have not yet adopted the measurement date provisions of this statement.
In 2006, we adopted Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, “Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements” (SAB 108), which provides interpretive guidance on how the effects of the carryover or reversal of prior year misstatements should be considered in quantifying a current year misstatement. The adoption of SAB 108 did not impact our consolidated financial statements.
Note 2 - Net Income Per Share:
Basic net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive common stock outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding options, restricted stock units and nonvested stock is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method, which in 2006 includes consideration of stock-based compensation required by FAS 123(R). The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share amounts):
The calculation of diluted income per share excludes all anti-dilutive shares. For the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, the number of anti-dilutive shares, as calculated based on the weighted average closing price of our common stock for the period, amounted to approximately 3.4 million, 26.7 million and 73.7 million shares, respectively.
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Note 3 - Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets:
Through both domestic and international acquisitions, we have continued to expand our business. The following table summarizes our purchase acquisitions in 2005 and 2006 with aggregate purchase prices in excess of $50 million (in thousands, except percentages):
Tangible net assets were valued at their respective carrying amounts as we believe that these amounts approximated their current fair values at the respective acquisition dates. The valuation of identifiable intangible assets acquired reflects management’s estimates based on, among other factors, use of established valuation methods. Such assets consist of customer lists and user base, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies and other acquired intangible assets including contractual agreements. Identifiable intangible assets are amortized over the period of estimated benefit using the straight-line method and the estimated useful lives of one to eight years. We believe the straight-line method of amortization represents our best estimate of the distribution of the economic value of the identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. The following table summarizes our acquired intangible assets by type related to the above purchase acquisitions (in thousands):
The results of operations for periods prior to our acquisition for each acquisition during 2004, 2005 and 2006, both individually and in the aggregate, except for Skype, were not material to our consolidated statement of income and, accordingly, pro forma results of operations have not been presented.
Rent.com
On February 23, 2005, we acquired Viva Group, Inc., which does business under the name Rent.com, for a cash purchase price of approximately $415 million plus payments for net cash and investments of approximately $18 million. Rent.com is an Internet listing website in the apartment and rental housing industry. The acquisition better enables our expansion into the online real estate market and is consistent with our strategy of growing our global online marketplaces. The total purchase price recorded was approximately $435 million, including approximately $2 million in estimated acquisition-related expenses. We accounted for the acquisition as a non-
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taxable purchase transaction and, accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the basis of their respective estimated fair values on the acquisition date.
The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in the Rent.com acquisition are six years for the customer list, five years for the trade name, three years for the developed technology and the advertising relationships, and one year for the user base.
International Classifieds Websites
During the second quarter of 2005, we announced our acquisitions of three international classifieds websites, Gumtree.com, LoQUo, and opusforum, which operate in select international cities. These acquisitions were made to help us expand our global network of classifieds websites and to create a more efficient place for local consumers to come together online. The aggregate purchase price recorded for these acquisitions was approximately $81.6 million, including approximately $1.3 million in estimated acquisition-related expenses. We accounted for two of these acquisitions as non-taxable and one as a taxable purchase transaction and, accordingly, the purchase price for each acquisition has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the basis of their respective estimated fair values on the applicable acquisition date.
The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in these acquisitions are five years for both the trade names and for the customer lists.
Shopping.com
On August 30, 2005, we acquired Shopping.com Ltd., or Shopping.com, for a purchase price of approximately $685.3 million. We acquired all outstanding shares of Shopping.com’s common stock for $21 per share in cash totaling approximately $634.5 million and we assumed Shopping.com’s outstanding common stock options, valued at approximately $43.2 million. The total purchase price also includes approximately $7.6 million in estimated acquisition-related expenses. Shopping.com is a provider of online comparison shopping and consumer reviews. This acquisition is consistent with our strategy of growing our global online marketplaces and we believe that it will create a premier online shopping experience for individuals and businesses of all sizes. We accounted for the acquisition as a taxable purchase transaction and, accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the basis of their respective estimated fair values on the acquisition date.
The intrinsic value of Shopping.com’s unvested common stock options assumed in the acquisition totaled approximately $16.8 million and was recorded as unearned stock-based compensation. The unearned stock-based compensation relating to the unvested options is being amortized on an accelerated basis over the remaining vesting period of less than one year to four years, consistent with the graded vesting approach under FASB Interpretation No. 28.
The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in the Shopping.com acquisition are four years for the customer base and five years for the trade names and the developed technology.
Skype
On October 14, 2005, we acquired all of the outstanding securities of Skype Technologies S.A. (“Skype”), for a total initial consideration of approximately $2.6 billion, plus potential performance-based payments of up to approximately $1.3 billion (based on the Euro-dollar exchange rate at the time of the acquisition). In addition, we agreed to assume Skype’s stock options outstanding as of the closing date and convert them into options to acquire approximately 1.9 million shares of our common stock. The initial consideration of approximately $2.6 billion was comprised of approximately $1.3 billion in cash and 32.8 million shares of our common stock. For accounting purposes, the stock portion of the initial consideration was valued at approximately $1.3 billion based on the average closing price of our common stock surrounding the acquisition announcement date of September 12, 2005.
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The shares of our common stock issued in connection with the acquisition are subject to certain contractual restrictions on resale. Additionally, the assumed options have been valued at $64.6 million and were included as part of the purchase price. We accounted for the acquisition as a non-taxable purchase transaction, and accordingly, the purchase price was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values at the acquisition date.
In addition to the initial consideration, the maximum amount potentially payable under the performance-based earn-out is approximately 1.1 billion, or approximately $1.5 billion (based on a U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate of $1.32), and would be payable in cash or common stock, at our discretion. The earn-out payments are contingent upon Skype achieving certain net revenue, gross profit margin-based and active user targets. Base earn-out payments of up to an aggregate of approximately 877 million, or approximately $1.2 billion (based on a U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate of $1.32), weighted equally among the three targets, would be payable if the targets are achieved over any four-quarter period commencing on January 1, 2006 through June 30, 2009. Additional bonus earn-out payments of up to an aggregate of approximately 292 million, or approximately $386 million (based on a U.S. dollar to Euro exchange rate of $1.32), weighted equally among the three targets, would be payable if Skype exceeds the targets during calendar year 2008. Any contingent earn-out payments made would be accounted for as additional purchase price and would increase goodwill. As of December 31, 2006, the targets had not been met and accordingly, no payments had been made.
The intrinsic value of Skype’s unvested common stock options assumed in the acquisition totaled approximately $55.2 million and was recorded, prior to the adoption of FAS 123(R), as unearned stock-based compensation. The unearned stock-based compensation relating to the unvested options will be amortized on an accelerated basis over the remaining vesting period of approximately three years, consistent with the graded vesting approach under FASB Interpretation No. 28.
The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in the Skype acquisition are five years for registered user technology and trade names, two years for existing technology, and one year for network access agreements.
Supplemental information on an unaudited pro forma basis, as if the Skype acquisition were completed at the beginning of the years 2004 and 2005, is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
The unaudited pro forma supplemental information is based on estimates and assumptions, which eBay believes are reasonable. The average foreign exchange rates during years 2004 and 2005 were used in preparing the supplemental information. The unaudited pro forma supplemental information prepared by management is not necessarily indicative of the results of income in future periods or the results that actually would have been realized had eBay and Skype been a combined company during the specified periods.
VeriSign’s Payment Gateway Business
On November 18, 2005, we acquired VeriSign’s payment gateway business for a purchase price of approximately $373.8 million, consisting of $370.0 million in cash and $3.8 million in estimated acquisition-related expenses. The payment gateway is a real-time, scalable Internet payment platform that allows merchants to authorize, process and manage online payments. Additionally, we have signed a multi-year security technology agreement with VeriSign, Inc. that calls for us to invest in the deployment of its technologies that enable and better
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protect online transactions, including the purchase of up to one million two-factor authentication tokens that we will distribute to our customers.
We accounted for the acquisition as a taxable purchase transaction and, accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the basis of their respective estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in the acquisition are five years for registered user base and existing technology and one year for the trade names.
Tradera.com
On April 24, 2006, we acquired all of the outstanding equity securities of Tradera.com, an online auction-style marketplace in Sweden, for a total purchase price of approximately $52.3 million, including approximately $0.6 million in estimated acquisition-related expenses. We anticipate that this acquisition will allow us to expand our online auction-style marketplace in Sweden. We accounted for the acquisition as a taxable purchase transaction, and, accordingly, the purchase price has been allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the basis of their respective estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The estimated useful economic lives of the identifiable intangible assets acquired in the acquisition are four years for user base and one year for developed technology and trade name. The final purchase price allocation will depend upon the completion of our integration plan in the second quarter of 2007.
Goodwill
Goodwill information for each segment is as follows (in thousands):
The increase in goodwill acquired during the year ended December 31, 2006 resulted from our acquisition of the outstanding shares of Tradera.com. Adjustments to goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2006, resulted primarily from foreign currency translation adjustments.
Investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting are classified on our balance sheet as long-term investments. Such investments include identifiable intangible assets, deferred tax liabilities and goodwill. Goodwill related to our equity method investments totaled approximately $27.4 million as of December 31, 2005 and 2006.
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Intangible Assets
The components of acquired identifiable intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):
All of our acquired identifiable intangible assets are subject to amortization. Acquired identifiable intangible assets are comprised of customer lists and user base, trademarks and trade names, developed technologies, and other acquired intangible assets including patents and contractual agreements. No significant residual value is estimated for the intangible assets. The increase in intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2006 resulted primarily from certain intangible assets acquired as part of our acquisition of the outstanding shares of Tradera.com. The net carrying amount of intangible assets related to our equity investments, included above, totaled approximately $3.8 million and $2.5 million, as of December 31, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets totaled $70.2 million, $136.4 million and $220.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Included in amortization of intangibles for the year ended December 31, 2006 is a charge of $10.9 million for in-process research and development related to an asset purchase completed during the period.
Expected future intangible asset amortization from acquisitions completed as of December 31, 2006 is as follows (in thousands):
Note 4 - Segments:
Operating segments are based upon our internal organization structure, the manner in which our operations are managed, the criteria used by our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) to evaluate segment performance and the availability of separate financial information. As a result of developments in our business and changes in the manner in which our CODM evaluates the performance of our Marketplaces segment and determines the allocation of resources among segments, during the third quarter of 2006, the U.S. and International Marketplaces operating segments were considered components of one global Marketplaces operating segment. We have recast our operating segment data for 2004 and 2005 to reflect three segments: Marketplaces, Payments and Communications.
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The Marketplaces segment includes our global online commerce platforms. The Payments segment includes our global payments platform consisting of our PayPal subsidiary. The Communications segment includes the VoIP offerings provided by our Skype subsidiary. Since October 14, 2005, the results from our Communications segment reflect Skype operations.
Direct contribution consists of net revenues from external customers less direct costs. Direct costs include specific costs of net revenues, sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses over which segment managers have direct discretionary control, such as advertising and marketing programs, customer support expenses, bank charges, site operations expenses, product development expenses, billing operations, certain technology and facilities expenses, transaction expenses, provisions for doubtful accounts, authorized credits and transaction losses. Segment managers do not have discretionary control over expenses such as our corporate center costs (consisting of certain costs such as corporate management, human resources, finance and legal), amortization of intangible assets and stock-based compensation expenses, as they are not evaluated in the measurement of segment performance. We have also recast our direct costs to reflect changes in the current management of site operations cost, product development, billing operations, and certain technology and facilities expenses as direct costs.
The following table summarizes the financial performance of our reporting segments (in thousands):
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The following tables summarize the allocation of net revenues and the long-lived assets based on geography (in thousands):
Net revenues attributed to the U.S. and International geographies are based upon the country in which the seller, payment recipient, advertiser or end-to-end service provider is located. The United Kingdom and Germany accounted for greater than 10% of our total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Long-lived assets attributed to the U.S. and International geographies are based upon the country in which the asset is located or owned.
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Note 5 - Investments:
At December 31, 2005 and 2006, short and long-term investments were classified as available-for-sale securities, except for restricted cash, and are reported at fair value as follows (in thousands):
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The following table summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses of our short-term and long-term investments, aggregated by type of investment instrument and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2006 (in thousands):
Our investment portfolio consists of both corporate and government securities that have a maximum maturity of three years. The longer the duration of these securities, the more susceptible they are to changes in market interest rates and bond yields. As yields increase, those securities purchased with a lower yield-at-cost show a mark-to-market unrealized loss. All unrealized losses are due to changes in interest rates and bond yields. We expect to realize the full value of all these investments upon maturity or sale. As of December 31, 2006, the losses on these securities have an average remaining duration of approximately two months. Restricted cash is held primarily in money market funds and interest bearing accounts for letters of credit related primarily to various lease arrangements.
The estimated fair value of short and long-term investments classified by date of contractual maturity at December 31, 2006 are as follows (in thousands):
Equity and cost method investments
We have certain investments accounted for using the equity and cost method of accounting totaling $51.9 million in 2005 and $65.5 million in 2006. The total of these investments, including identifiable intangible assets, deferred tax liabilities and goodwill, are classified on our balance sheet as long-term investments. Our consolidated results of operations include, as a component of other income, our share of the net income or loss of the equity method investments together with amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets. Our share of the results of investees’ results of operations is not significant for any period presented.
Note 6 - Derivative Instruments:
Transaction Exposure
As of December 31, 2006, we had outstanding forward foreign exchange hedge contracts with notional values equivalent to approximately $188.4 million with maturity dates within 31 days. The hedge contracts are used to offset changes in non-US dollar denominated functional currency value of assets and liabilities as a result of foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Transaction gains and losses on the contracts and the assets and liabilities are recognized each period in interest and other income, net.
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Translation Exposure
We consolidate the earnings of our international subsidiaries by converting them into U.S. dollars in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards No. 52 “Foreign Currency Translation” (FAS 52). Such earnings will fluctuate when there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into transactions to hedge portions of our foreign currency denominated earnings translation exposure using either forward exchange contracts or other instruments. All contracts that hedge translation exposure mature ratably over the quarter in which they are executed. During the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2006, the realized gains and losses related to these hedges were not significant.
Economic Exposure
We currently charge our international subsidiaries on a monthly basis for their use of intellectual property and technology and for certain corporate services provided by eBay and by PayPal. These charges are denominated in Euros and these forecasted inter-company transactions represent a foreign currency cash flow exposure. To reduce foreign exchange risk relating to these forecasted inter-company transactions, we entered into forward foreign exchange contracts during the year ended December 31, 2006. The objective of the forward contracts is to better ensure that the U.S. dollar-equivalent cash flows are not adversely affected by changes in the U.S. dollar/Euro exchange rate. Pursuant to Financial Accounting Standards No. 133 “Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities” (FAS 133), we expect the hedge of certain of these forecasted transactions to be highly effective in offsetting potential changes in cash flows attributed to a change in the U.S. dollar/Euro exchange rate. Accordingly, we record as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income all unrealized gains and losses related to the forward contracts that receive hedge accounting treatment. We record all unrealized gains and losses in interest and other income, net, related to the forward contracts that do not receive hedge accounting treatment pursuant to FAS 133. During the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2006, the realized gains and losses related to these hedges were not significant. The notional amount of our economic hedges receiving hedge accounting treatment and the losses, net of gains, recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2005 was $203 million and $200,000, respectively. We did not have any economic hedges in place as of December 31, 2006.
Note 7 - Balance Sheet Components:
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During the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, we capitalized $41.3 million, $37.1 million and $79.6 million of software development costs, respectively, the majority of which relates to major site and other product development efforts. Total depreciation expense on our property and equipment was $183.5 million in 2004, $240.6 million in 2005 and $324.6 million in 2006. During 2005, we sold a corporate aircraft at net book value for proceeds of $28.3 million.
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Certain transactions that result in overdrafts are included in the transaction loss reserve and are recorded as an offset to other current assets. As of December 31, 2005 and December 31, 2006, these balances were $30.0 million and $47.5 million, respectively.
Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies:
Lease Arrangements
We have lease obligations under certain other non-cancelable operating leases. Future minimum rental payments under our non-cancelable operating leases, at December 31, 2006, are as follows (in thousands):
Rent expense in the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006 totaled $7.7 million, $14.4 million, and $25.8 million respectively. As a result of various subleasing arrangements that we have entered into, we are expecting approximately $9.4 million in sublease income through 2012. There were no material capital leases at December 31, 2005 and 2006.
Line of Credit
In November 2006, we entered into a credit agreement which provides for an unsecured $1 billion five-year revolving credit facility. Loans under the credit agreement will bear interest at either (i) LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 0.25 percent to 0.45 percent or (ii) a formula based on the Bank of America, or Agent’s, prime rate or on the federal funds effective rate. Subject to certain conditions stated in the credit agreement, we may borrow, prepay and reborrow amounts under the credit facility at any time during the term of the credit agreement. Funds borrowed under the credit agreement may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes of eBay and its subsidiaries. We entered into the credit agreement in order to enhance our financial flexibility. As of December 31, 2006, we had not borrowed any funds under the credit agreement.
Litigation and Other Legal Matters
In April 2001, two of our European subsidiaries, eBay GmbH and eBay International AG, were sued by Montres Rolex S.A. and certain of its affiliates in the regional court of Cologne, Germany. The suit subsequently
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was transferred to the regional court in Düsseldorf, Germany. Rolex alleged that our subsidiaries were infringing Rolex’s trademarks as a result of users selling counterfeit Rolex watches through our German website. The suit also alleged unfair competition. Rolex sought an order enjoining the sale of Rolex-branded watches on the website as well as damages. In December 2002, a trial was held in the matter and the court ruled in favor of eBay on all causes of action. Rolex appealed the ruling to the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf, and the appeal was heard in October 2003. In February 2004, the court rejected Rolex’s appeal and ruled in our favor. Rolex appealed the ruling to the German Federal Supreme Court, a hearing took place before that court in December 2006, and a decision is expected in the first half of 2007. In September 2004, the German Federal Supreme Court issued its written opinion in favor of Rolex in a case involving an unrelated company, ricardo.de AG, but somewhat comparable legal theories. Although it is not yet clear what the ultimate effect of the reasoning of the German Federal Supreme Court’s ricardo.de decision will have when applied to eBay, we believe the Court’s decision has resulted in an increase in similar litigation against us in Germany, although we do not currently believe that it will require a significant change in our business practices.
In August 2006, Louis Vuitton Malletier and Christian Dior Couture filed two lawsuits in the Paris Court of Commerce against eBay Inc. and eBay International AG. The complaint alleges we have violated French tort law by negligently broadcasting listings posted by third parties offering counterfeit items bearing plaintiffs’ trademarks, and by purchasing certain advertising keywords. The plaintiffs seek approximately EUR 35 million in damages. In or about September 2006 Parfums Christian Dior, Kenzo Parfums, Parfums Givenchy, and Guerlain Société also filed a lawsuit in the Paris Court of Commerce against eBay Inc. and eBay International AG. The complaint alleges that we have interfered with the selective distribution network plaintiffs’ have set up in France and the European Union by allowing third parties to post listings offering genuine perfumes and cosmetics for sale on our sites. The plaintiffs in this suit seek approximately EUR 9 million in damages and injunctive relief. We filed our initial briefs responding to the first complaint in February 2007, and initial briefs in response to the second complaint are due in April 2007. We believe that we have meritorious defenses to these suits and intend to defend ourselves vigorously. Other luxury brand owners have also filed suit against us or have threatened to do so.
In September 2001, MercExchange LLC filed a complaint against us, our Half.com subsidiary and ReturnBuy, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (No. 2:01-CV-736) alleging infringement of three patents (relating to online consignment auction technology, multiple database searching and electronic consignment systems) and seeking a permanent injunction and damages (including treble damages for willful infringement). Following a trial in 2003, the jury returned a verdict finding that we had willfully infringed the patents relating to multiple database searching and electronic consignment systems, and the court entered judgment for MercExchange in the amount of approximately $30 million, plus pre-judgment interest and post-judgment interest. In May 2006, following appeals to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court remanded the case back to the district court for further action. In parallel with the federal court proceedings, at our request, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office agreed to reexamine each of the patents in suit, finding that substantial questions existed regarding the validity of the claims contained in them. In separate actions in 2005, the Patent and Trademark Office initially rejected all of the claims contained in the three patents in suit. In March 2006, the Patent and Trademark Office reiterated its earlier ruling rejecting the claims contained in the patent that underlies the jury verdict, which relates to electronic consignment systems. We have requested that the district court stay all proceedings in the case pending the final outcome of the reexamination proceedings, and MercExchange has renewed its request that the district court grant an injunction. The district court recently allowed additional discovery regarding these matters, and final briefs regarding both claims are due in March 2007. Even if successful, our litigation of these matters will continue to be costly. As a precautionary measure, we have modified certain functionality of our websites and business practices in a manner which we believe avoids any infringement of the consignment patent. For this reason, we believe that any injunction that might be issued by the district court will not have any impact on our business. We also believe we have appropriate reserves for this litigation. Nonetheless, if the modifications to the functionality of our websites and business practices are not
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sufficient to make them non-infringing, we would likely be forced to pay significant additional damages and licensing fees and/or modify our business practices in an adverse manner.
In June 2006, Net2Phone, Inc. filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (No. 06-2469) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Inc. infringed five patents owned by Net2Phone relating to point-to-point Internet protocol. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, including treble damages for willful infringement, and interest, costs, and fees. We have filed an answer and counterclaims asserting that the patents are invalid, unenforceable, and not infringed. The parties are in the process of conducting discovery, and we expect a trial date to be scheduled for 2008. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
In August 2006, Peer Communications Corporation filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (No. 6-06CV-370) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Inc. infringed two patents owned by Peer Communications relating to uniform network access. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, and interest, costs, and fees. The parties are in the process of conducting discovery, and a trial date has been scheduled for October 2008. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
In September 2006, Mangosoft Intellectual Property, Inc. filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (No. 2-06CV-390) alleging that eBay Inc., Skype Technologies S.A., and Skype Software S.a.r.l. infringed a patent owned by Mangosoft relating to dynamic directory services. The suit seeks an injunction against continuing infringement, unspecified damages, and interest, costs, and fees. We have filed an answer and counterclaims asserting that the patents are invalid, unenforceable, and not infringed. We expect to receive the court’s scheduling order shortly. We believe that we have meritorious defenses and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.
Other third parties have from time to time claimed, and others may claim in the future, that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. We are subject to additional patent disputes, and expect that we will increasingly be subject to patent infringement claims as our services expand in scope and complexity. In particular, we expect that we may face additional patent infringement claims involving various aspects of our Payments and Communications businesses. We have in the past been forced to litigate such claims. We may also become more vulnerable to third-party claims as laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Lanham Act and the Communications Decency Act are interpreted by the courts, and as we expand geographically into jurisdictions where the underlying laws with respect to the potential liability of online intermediaries like ourselves are either unclear or less favorable. We believe that additional lawsuits alleging that we have violated copyright or trademark laws will be filed against us, especially in Europe. Intellectual property claims, whether meritorious or not, are time consuming and costly to resolve, could require expensive changes in our methods of doing business, or could require us to enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements.
From time to time, we are involved in other disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. The number and significance of these disputes and inquiries are increasing as our business expands and our company grows larger. Any claims or regulatory actions against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, and result in the diversion of significant operational resources.
Indemnification Provisions
In the ordinary course of business we have included limited indemnification provisions in certain of our agreements with parties with whom we have commercial relations, including our standard marketing, promotions and application-programming-interface license agreements. Under these contracts, we generally indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with claims by any third party with respect to domain names, trademarks, logos and other branding elements to the extent that such marks are applicable to our performance under the subject agreement. In a limited
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number of agreements, we have provided an indemnity for other types of third-party claims, substantially all of which are indemnities related to copyrights, trademarks, and patents. In our PayPal business, we have provided an indemnity to our payment processors in the event of certain third-party claims or card association fines against the processor arising out of conduct by PayPal. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential loss under these indemnification provisions due to our limited history of prior indemnification claims and unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular provision. To date, no significant costs have been incurred, either individually or collectively, in connection with our indemnification provisions.
Note 9 - Related Party Transactions:
We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors, executive officers and certain other officers. These agreements require us to indemnify such individuals, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, for certain liabilities to which they may become subject as a result of their affiliation with us.
All contracts with related parties are at rates and terms that we believe are comparable with those entered into with independent third parties. There were no material related party transactions in 2004, 2005 and 2006. As of December 31, 2006, there were no significant amounts payable or amounts receivable from related parties.
Note 10 - Preferred Stock:
We are authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by Delaware law: to issue Preferred Stock in one or more series; to establish the number of shares included within each series; to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any related qualifications, limitations or restrictions; and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any series (but not below the number of shares of a series then outstanding) without any further vote or action by the stockholders. At December 31, 2005 and 2006, there were 10 million shares of $0.001 par value Preferred Stock authorized for issuance, and no shares issued or outstanding.
Note 11 - Common Stock:
Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, authorizes us to issue 3,580 million shares of common stock. A portion of the shares outstanding are subject to repurchase or forfeiture over a four-year period from the earlier of the issuance date or employee hire date, as applicable. At December 31, 2005 and 2006 there were 40,000 and 551,676 shares subject to repurchase rights or forfeiture, respectively.
At December 31, 2006, we had reserved 235.7 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under our stock option plans, including 137.1 million shares related to outstanding stock options. In addition, as of December 31, 2006, we had reserved approximately 4.0 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under our deferred stock unit plan, and approximately 5.6 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under our employee stock purchase plan.
Treasury Stock
In July 2006, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $2.0 billion of the company’s common stock within two years from the date of authorization. The stock repurchase program was announced in July 2006. During 2006, we repurchased 54.5 million shares of our common stock at an average price of $30.56 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $1.7 billion. As of December 31, 2006, $0.3 billion remained available for further purchases under the July 2006 program. During 2006, we also repurchased approximately 88,000 shares from employees.
These repurchased shares are recorded as treasury stock and are accounted for under the cost method. No repurchased shares have been retired.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The stock repurchase program may be limited or terminated at any time without prior notice. Stock repurchases under this program may be made through a variety of open market and privately negotiated transactions, including structured stock repurchase transactions or other derivative transactions, at times and in such amounts as management deems appropriate and will be funded from the company’s working capital or other financing alternatives. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including corporate and regulatory requirements, price and other market conditions. The program is intended to comply with the volume, timing and other limitations set forth in Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Note 12 - Stock-Based Plans:
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We have an employee stock purchase plan for all eligible employees. Under the plan, shares of our common stock may be purchased over an offering period with a maximum duration of two years at 85% of the lower of the fair market value on the first day of the applicable offering period or on the last day of the six-month purchase period. Employees may purchase shares having a value not exceeding 10% of their gross compensation during an offering period. During the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005, and 2006, employees purchased approximately 1.2 million, 1.4 million, and 1.6 million shares at average prices of $20.66, $25.55 and $27.32 per share, respectively. At December 31, 2006, approximately 5.6 million shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance. Our employee stock purchase plan contains an “evergreen” provision that automatically increases, on each January 1, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the employee stock purchase plan by the number of shares purchased under this plan in the preceding calendar year.
Deferred Stock Unit Plan
We have a deferred stock unit plan under which deferred stock units have been granted to new non-employee directors elected to our Board of Directors after December 31, 2002. Under this plan, each new director receives a one-time grant of deferred stock units equal to the result of dividing $150,000 by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Each deferred stock unit constitutes an unfunded and unsecured promise by us to deliver one share of our common stock (or the equivalent value thereof in cash or property at our election). Each deferred stock unit award granted to a new non-employee director upon election to the Board vests 25% one year from the date of grant, and at a rate of 2.08% per month thereafter. If the services of the director are terminated at any time, all rights to the unvested deferred stock units shall also terminate. In addition, directors may elect to receive, in lieu of annual retainer and committee chair fees and at the time these fees would otherwise be payable (i.e., on a quarterly basis in arrears for services provided), fully vested deferred stock units with an initial value equal to the amount of these fees. Deferred stock units are payable following the termination of a director’s tenure as a director. All eBay officers, directors and employees are eligible to receive awards under the plan, although, to date, awards have been made only to new non-employee directors. As of December 31, 2006, 36,056 units have been awarded under this plan.
Other Equity Incentive Plans
We have equity incentive plans for directors, officers and employees. Stock options granted under these plans generally vest 25% one year from the date of grant (or 12.5% six months from the date of grant for grants to existing employees) and the remainder vest at a rate of 2.08% per month thereafter, and generally expire 7 to 10 years from the date of grant. Stock options issued prior to June 1998, were exercisable immediately, subject to repurchase rights held by us, which lapsed over the vesting period. At December 31, 2006, 614.8 million shares were authorized under our equity incentive plans. Shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units issued under these plans that have not vested are subject to repurchase by us or forfeiture at such times as determined by the Board of Directors, typically three to five years. At December 31, 2006, 98.5 million shares were available for future grant.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Employee Savings Plans
We have a savings plan, which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Participating employees may contribute up to 25% of their annual salary, but not more than statutory limits. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, we contributed one dollar for each dollar a participant contributed, with a maximum contribution of $1,500 per employee. Our non-U.S. employees are covered by various other savings plans. Our expenses for these plans were $5.6 million in 2004, $8.6 million in 2005 and $14.9 million in 2006.
Stock-Based Compensation
We adopted FAS 123(R) using the modified prospective transition method beginning January 1, 2006. Accordingly, during 2006, we recorded stock-based compensation expense for awards granted prior to, but not yet vested, as of January 1, 2006, as if the fair value method required for pro forma disclosure under FAS 123 were in effect for expense recognition purposes, adjusted for estimated forfeitures. For these awards, we have continued to recognize compensation expense using the accelerated amortization method under FIN 28. For stock-based awards granted after January 1, 2006, we have recognized compensation expense based on the estimated grant date fair value method using the Black-Scholes valuation model. For these awards, we have recognized compensation expense using a straight-line amortization method. As FAS 123(R) requires that stock-based compensation expense be based on awards that are ultimately expected to vest, stock-based compensation for 2006 has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. When estimating forfeitures, we consider voluntary termination behaviors as well as trends of actual option forfeitures.
Valuation Assumptions
We calculated the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for each respective period:
Our computation of expected volatility for 2006 was based on a combination of historical and market-based implied volatility from traded options on our stock. Prior to 2006, our computation of expected volatility was based on historical volatility. Our computation of expected life was determined based on historical experience of similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. The interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the award is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and employee stock purchases for 2004, 2005 and 2006 was allocated as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
Prior to adopting FAS 123(R), we presented all tax benefits resulting from the exercise of stock options as operating cash flows in our statements of cash flows. FAS 123(R) requires cash flows resulting from excess tax benefits to be classified as a part of cash flows from financing activities. Excess tax benefits are realized tax benefits from tax deductions for exercised options in excess of the deferred tax asset attributable to stock compensation costs for such options. As a result of adopting FAS 123(R), $92.4 million of excess tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2006 have been classified as a financing cash inflow. Cash received from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006, was $650.6 million, $599.8 million and $313.5 million, respectively. Total stock-based compensation costs included in capitalized development costs was $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. There was no stock-based compensation costs included in capitalized development costs during 2005 and 2004.
Prior to the adoption of FAS 123(R), the intrinsic value of Skype’s and Shopping.com’s unvested common stock options assumed in the acquisition were recorded as unearned stock-based compensation. Upon the adoption of FAS 123(R) in January 2006, the unearned stock-based compensation balance of $45.5 million was reclassified to additional paid-in capital.
Pro Forma Information for Periods Prior to the Adoption of FAS 123(R)
Pro forma information regarding option grants made to our employees and directors and employee stock purchases is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):
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Stock Option Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity under our equity incentive plans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2006 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
The aggregate intrinsic value was calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted price of our common stock for the 61.6 million options that were in-the-money at December 31, 2006.
The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2004, 2005 and 2006 was $12.12, $11.70 and $10.47, respectively. During the years 2004, 2005 and 2006, the aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised under our equity incentive plans was $1,017.3 million, $719.2 million and $283.6 million, respectively, determined as of the date of option exercise. As of December 31, 2006, there was approximately $395.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options granted under our equity incentive plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of three years.
Restricted Stock Units and Nonvested Shares
Restricted stock units and nonvested shares were awarded to employees under our equity incentive plans. In general, restricted stock units and nonvested shares vest over three to five years and are subject to the employees’ continuing service to the company. The cost of restricted stock units and nonvested shares is determined using the fair value of our common stock on the date of the grant. The compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Restricted Stock Units Activity
A summary of the status of and changes in restricted stock units granted under our equity incentive plans as of December 31, 2006 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2006 is presented below (in thousands, except per share amounts):
As of December 31, 2006, there was approximately $10.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units granted under our equity incentive plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of two years.
Nonvested Shares Activity
A summary of the status of and changes in nonvested shares granted under our equity incentive plans and assumed in acquisitions as of December 31, 2006 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2006 is presented below (in thousands, except per share amounts):
During the year ended December 31, 2006, the fair value of awards vested under our stock plans was $2.5 million, determined as of the date of vesting. There were no awards vesting in 2005 and 2004. As of December 31, 2006, there was approximately $12.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested shares granted under our equity incentive plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of three years.
Non-stockholder approved stock option grants
Prior to our initial public offering in 1998, our Board of Directors approved three stock option grants outside of formally approved stockholder plans to two independent directors upon their joining our Board of Directors and to an executive officer upon his hiring. All of such option grants vested over 25% one year from the date of grant, with the remainder vesting at a rate of 2.08% per month thereafter and expire 10 years from the date of grant. The options granted to the independent directors were immediately exercisable, subject to repurchase rights held by us, which lapse over the vesting period. The terms and conditions of such grants are otherwise identical to nonqualified option grants made under the stock option plan in effect at that time. At the time of such grants, members of our Board of Directors (and their affiliates) beneficially owned in excess of 90% of our then outstanding voting interests. We have
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
previously disclosed such option grants in our Prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 25, 1998 in connection with our initial public offering under the headings “Management - Director Compensation” and “Management - Compensation Arrangements.” Prior to 2004, one director and the executive officer had exercised all available options under their respective grants. At December 31, 2006, one grant remained outstanding to one independent director, with 768,184 shares to be issued upon exercise of the outstanding options at an average exercise price of $0.39. There were no shares remaining available under these non-stockholder approved plans for future grants as of December 31, 2006.
Note 13 - Income Taxes:
The components of pretax income before cumulative effect of accounting change and minority interest in consolidated companies for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2005 and 2006 are as follows (in thousands):
The provision for income taxes is composed of the following (in thousands):
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The following is a reconciliation of the difference between the actual provision for income taxes and the provision computed by applying the federal statutory rate of 35% for 2004, 2005, and 2006 to income before income taxes (in thousands):
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Significant deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
As of December 31, 2006, our federal, foreign and state net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, for income tax purposes were approximately $44.9 million, $324.6 million, and $54.4 million, respectively. The utilization of a portion of the NOLs is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code due to a change of ownership. However, we do not believe such annual limitation will impact our realization of the NOLs. If not utilized, the federal net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2019, the state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2009, and the foreign net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2009. As of December 31, 2006, our state tax credit carryforwards for income tax purposes were approximately $7.9 million. If not utilized, the state tax credit carryforwards will begin to expire in 2015.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
We receive tax deductions from the gains realized by employees on the exercise of certain non-qualified stock options for which the benefit is recognized as a component of stockholders’ equity. Historically, we have evaluated the deferred tax assets relating to these stock option deductions along with our other deferred tax assets and concluded that a valuation allowance is not required for that portion of the total deferred tax assets that are not considered more likely than not to be realized in future periods. To the extent that the deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance become realizable in future periods, we will have the ability, subject to carryforward limitations, to benefit from these amounts. When realized, the tax benefits of tax deductions related to stock options are accounted for as an increase to additional paid-in capital rather than a reduction of the income tax provision. Our profitability coupled with the level of stock option deductions generated during 2006 resulted in the utilization of net operating losses related to deferred tax assets for stock option deductions. Accordingly the valuation allowance related to these deferred tax assets was eliminated in 2006, resulting in an increase of $42.9 million in additional paid-in capital. Beginning in 2006, deferred tax assets related to stock option deductions were recognized in the periods when the benefit was received.
We have not provided for U.S. federal income and foreign withholding taxes on $1.9 billion of non-U.S. subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2006, because such earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in the operations and potential acquisitions of our International operations. Upon distribution of those earnings in the form of dividends or otherwise, we would be subject to U.S. income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits). It is not practicable to determine the income tax liability that might be incurred if these earnings were to be distributed.
Note 14 - Subsequent Events:
During January 2007, eBay’s Board of Director’s authorized the expansion of the share repurchase program to provide for the repurchase of up to an additional $2.0 billion of eBay’s common stock within the next two years. See discussion of our stock repurchase program at “Note 11 - Common Stock.”
On February 13, 2007, we completed the acquisition of StubHub, an online marketplace for the resale of event tickets, for a total purchase price of approximately $307 million, which included StubHub’s net cash at the time of closing of $21 million. Under the purchase method of accounting, the total purchase price will be allocated to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values.
Supplementary Data - Quarterly Financial Data-Unaudited:
The following tables present certain unaudited consolidated quarterly financial information for each of the eight quarters ended December 31, 2006. This quarterly information has been prepared on the same basis as the Consolidated Financial Statements and includes all adjustments necessary to state fairly the information for the periods presented.
Quarterly Financial Data
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share amounts)
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FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
The Financial Statement Schedule II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
*
Prior year balances related to Allowance for PayPal Transaction Losses and Tax Valuation Allowance were adjusted to conform to the current year’s presentation.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Jose, State of California, on the 27th day of February, 2007.
eBay Inc.
By:
/s/ Margaret C. Whitman
Margaret C. Whitman
President, Chief Executive Officer
and Director
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Margaret C. Whitman, Robert H. Swan, Douglas Jeffries, and Michael R. Jacobson, and each or any one of them, each with the power of substitution, his or her attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this report, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Additional Directors
Date: February 27, 2007
EXHIBIT INDEX
+
Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement