ITEM 1.
BUSINESS
The following description of the business should be read in conjunction with the information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014. This description contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements due to the factors set forth in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In July 2012, SXC Health Solutions Corp. changed the name and brand to Catamaran Corporation. In conjunction with the name change, Catamaran Corporation's common shares began trading under the ticker "CTRX" on the NASDAQ Stock Market and as "CCT" on the Toronto Stock Exchange. References in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “we,” “our,” “us,” "Catamaran" or the “Company” refer to Catamaran Corporation and its directly and indirectly owned subsidiaries as a combined entity.
OVERVIEW
The Company is a leading provider of pharmacy benefit management (“PBM”) services and healthcare information technology (“HCIT”) solutions to the healthcare benefit management industry. The Company’s product offerings and solutions combine a wide range of applications and PBM services designed to assist its customers in reducing the cost and managing the complexity of their prescription drug programs. The Company’s customers include many of the largest organizations in the pharmaceutical supply chain, such as pharmacy benefit managers, managed care organizations, self-insured employer groups, unions, third-party health care plan administrators, and state and federal government entities.
The Company’s PBM services, which are marketed under the Catamaran PBM brand, include electronic point-of-sale pharmacy claims management, retail pharmacy network management, mail pharmacy claims management, specialty pharmacy claims management, Medicare Part D services, benefit design consultation, preferred drug management programs, drug review and analysis, consulting services, data access, and reporting and information analysis. The Company's PBM services include owning and operating a network of mail and specialty pharmacies. In addition, the Company is a national provider of drug benefits to its customers under the federal government’s Medicare Part D program.
The Company’s HCIT solutions include RxClaim®, an on-line transaction processing system that provides instant adjudication of prescription drug claims, RxMax®, the Company’s rebate management system, RxTrack®, the Company’s data warehouse and analysis system, Zynchros, the Company’s suite of on-demand formulary management tools, the Company’s pharmacy management system for retail, chain, institutional and mail-order pharmacies, as well as a number of other software products for customers in the pharmaceutical supply chain. The Company’s HCIT solutions are available on a license basis with on-going maintenance and support or on a transaction fee basis using an application service provider (“ASP”) model.
The Company conducts its business primarily in the United States, with some additional business in Canada. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized nearly all of its revenues in the United States, with an immaterial amount earned in Canada.
In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2021(the “Senior Notes”). The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under a senior secured revolving credit facility ("the Revolving Facility") leaving the Company with approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility as of December 31, 2014. The Company used the remainder of the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes.
On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of Restat, LLC ("Restat"), a privately held pharmacy benefit manager based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under the Revolving Facility. The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to bring Catamaran's full-suite of technology and clinical services to Restat's clients, including mail and specialty pharmacy services.
On June 10, 2013, Cigna Corporation ("Cigna") announced that it had selected Catamaran to be its exclusive pharmacy benefit partner in a strategic 10-year agreement to service the more than 8 million Cigna members. The two organizations are partnering on sourcing, fulfillment and clinical services. The partnership combines Cigna's significant clinical management and customer engagement capabilities with Catamaran's innovative technology solutions, while seeking to leverage the two companies' scale for network choice and efficient procurement to deliver value to Cigna's clients and members. The gross profit percentage related to the Cigna contract is significantly lower than historical gross profit percentages due to the related transaction volume.
On September 6, 2012, the Company announced that its board of directors had declared a nominal dividend on the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company to effect a two-for-one stock split. Shareholders of record at the close of business on September 20, 2012 were
issued one additional common share for each share owned as of that date. The additional common shares were distributed on October 1, 2012. All share and per share data presented in this report have been adjusted to reflect this stock split.
On April 17, 2012, the Company entered into a definitive merger agreement (the "Merger Agreement") to combine the Company and Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. ("Catalyst") in a cash and stock merger transaction. On July 2, 2012, the Company completed the merger ("Merger") with Catalyst, a full-service PBM. The transaction created a combined PBM company with an annual prescription volume of more than 250 million adjusted PBM prescription claims. Adjusted prescription claim volume equals the Company's retail and specialty pharmacy prescriptions, plus mail pharmacy prescriptions multiplied by three. The mail pharmacy prescriptions are multiplied by three to adjust for the fact that they typically include approximately three times the amount of product days supplied compared with retail and specialty prescriptions. Each share of Catalyst common stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (other than shares held by the Company, Catalyst or any of their respective wholly-owned subsidiaries) was converted in the Merger into the right to receive 1.3212 Company common shares (0.6606 of a Company common share prior to the October 2012 two-for-one stock split) and $28.00 in cash. This resulted in the Company issuing approximately 66.8 million shares of common stock, issuing approximately 0.5 million warrants and paying $1.4 billion in cash to Catalyst shareholders to complete the Merger.
In January 2012, the Company completed its acquisition of HealthTran LLC (“HealthTran”), a middle-market PBM based in Denver, Colorado, in exchange for $250 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. HealthTran was an existing HCIT customer of the Company and utilizes a Company platform for its claims adjudication services.
The Company is a corporation continued under the Business Corporations Act of the Yukon Territory, Canada. The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 1600 McConnor Parkway, Schaumburg, Illinois 60173-6801, and the telephone number for the Company’s principal executive office is 800-282-3232. The Company maintains a website at www.catamaranrx.com. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, the Company’s website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K or other filings the Company makes with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or SEDAR. The Company will make available free of charge on its website this Annual Report on Form 10-K, future quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC or SEDAR. Such filings can also be viewed free of charge on the SEC's website (www.sec.gov).
Products, Solutions and Services
The Company’s solutions address the challenges faced by payors in the pharmaceutical supply chain. The Company provides comprehensive PBM systems and services, pharmacy dispensing operations and related prescription management services focused on reducing overhead pharmacy costs and providing members with excellent care. The Company believes it is unique in that it can deploy its solutions as:
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PBM solutions - pharmacy network management, clinical and member programs to manage drug costs using the Company’s own system software and services;
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Web-enabled technology - the Company provides on-line transaction processing and clinical solutions through web-enabled, real-time technology; and
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Software solutions - licensed software products can be sold in addition to systems implementation and consulting services and maintenance.
Products and Services Offered by the Company
PBM Services
The Company’s PBM service offering consists of a broad suite of customizable services that provide a flexible and cost-effective alternative to traditional PBM offerings typically available to payors. The Company provides a broad range of pharmacy spend management solutions and information technology capabilities to managed care organizations, self-insured employer groups, unions, third-party health care plan administrators, workers' compensation payors and state and federal government entities. The Company’s customers have gained increased control of their pharmacy benefit dollars and maximized cost control and quality of care through a full range of pharmacy spend management services, including:
Formulary Administration - Provide support for customers’ existing formularies and preferred drug lists or collaborate to create best-in-class models supported by formulary predictive modeling and impact analysis. Pharmacist, physician and member-focused intervention protocols provide quality controls to drive generics, preferred drug products and appropriate use. Formularies are administered based on specific plan designs, or by enabling customers with the tools to maintain their own custom formularies online.
Benefit Plan Design and Management - Accommodate and support any benefit plan design option or variation required. The Company specializes in applying data-driven insights to help customers understand the medical risk drivers within their population and take a strategic approach to plan design. The Company provides benefit design configuration and support to customers in accordance with mutually developed processes. Benefit designs can be modified online, in real time, by the Company or by the customer’s staff.
Pharmacy Network Management - A wide range of retail network options, including supporting existing networks or assisting customers in developing proprietary networks that meet specific geographic access requirements, desired price discounts, or other service requirements. A proprietary national retail pharmacy network, which consists of pharmacies in all 50 states and in Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands, provides a high level of access to the Company’s customers. We anticipate that our proprietary preferred retail network combined with targeted member communications will facilitate deeper discounts for payors to achieve increased savings on retail prescriptions.
Drug Utilization Review (“DUR”) - Pre-dispensing DUR edit checks are performed on an online, real-time basis between mail and retail pharmacies to encourage appropriate drug utilization, enhance member outcomes, and reduce drug costs. All prescriptions are checked for member eligibility and plan design features and are then compared against previous histories of prescriptions filled by the same pharmacy, by other participating retail network pharmacies and by the mail service pharmacy.
Clinical Services and Consulting - Clinical and technical expertise are used to develop, deploy, and support the Company's clinical programs. Customers have the option of using selected or the full-suite of the Company's clinical programs, which incorporate complete prescription drug information to reduce prescription drug costs and increase the quality of care and member safety. These programs incorporate real-time risk prediction profiling technology, giving forward-looking insights needed to improve member outcomes and better manage utilization trends. The Company offers comprehensive clinical management strategies which help reduce undesirable events, increase medication compliance, decrease medication waste, and promote plan member well-being.
Reporting and Information Analysis Solutions - Providing two main levels of reporting: A comprehensive reporting package (which includes a large menu of unique reports), and an online analytical decision support tool, RxTrack®, designed to provide flexibility for customized reporting. The Company uses both pharmacy and medical customer plan data and industry benchmark data to drive proactive discussions regarding opportunities to increase savings.
Mail and Specialty Pharmacy Services - The Company offers mail and specialty services to its PBM members, as well as other members of its pharmacy network. Mail service gives members flexibility, privacy, and easy access to their maintenance medications while offering significant plan savings to the customer. To provide a higher standard of service and to assert greater control over outcomes for clients, the Company offers members access to full-service mail service pharmacies that provide high quality service, member support and convenient, easy-to-use mail service delivery throughout the U.S. Projected savings for mail service are dependent on plan design features, including co-payments and incentives, and utilization patterns.
Specialty pharmacy services offer customers the ability to control spending on specialty medications and ensure patients receive the necessary, personalized support for complex medical conditions, in one of the fastest growing sectors of pharmaceutical spending. The Company’s specialty therapy medication management program uses a highly-trained and specialized clinical staff organized in disease pods, a patient-centric approach and evidence-based clinical treatment protocols. The patient care team communicates with the patient, patient’s physician, and other caregivers as needed to obtain a complete medical and pharmacy history and then designs an individualized treatment plan including patient education, counseling and expected therapy outcomes. Plan savings are achieved as the cost for specialty medication using this program is generally lower than retail pricing.
Web and Mobile Services - A suite of web-based services that enables customers to interact with the claims processing system using a standardized protocol in a secure environment. This method of access provides the Company's clients with the freedom to build products, tools, and reports that utilize data throughout their enterprises. Once the raw data is collected in house, it can be used by the customer as appropriate, thus providing far greater flexibility.
A member website, RxPortal™, invites members to learn more about their prescription benefit programs, medication histories, drug information and related industry news. This site also features a real-time trial adjudication program that gives members the information they need to make informed, cost-effective choices regarding their prescription therapy. This site can be customized with a customer's logo and name, and links to the organization's internal website.
A member mobile application enables members to make smart prescription choices. The application is a member-focused application that includes functionality similar to the member website and is available for multiple mobile device platforms. The application also extends standard website features possible with a GPS-enabled device.
RxProvider PortalTM is a web-based interface that allows pharmacists and physicians to obtain information from RxClaim® on a member's plan to assist in providing more cost effective prescription medications. The portal gives providers the ability to view claim details, remittance advice and eligibility, and perform prior authorizations online.
Healthcare IT
The Company's HCIT offerings deliver applications on a license, ASP, or fee-for-service basis to customers who administer and manage pharmacy benefits. Catamaran has achieved a broad industry footprint by deploying technology to help healthcare companies manage rising prescription drug costs and enhance the level of care they provide.
HCIT products and services serve a diversified group of payor customers that include health plans, federal, state and provincial government programs, pharmacy benefit managers, workers' compensation programs, and long-term and/or chronic care facility operators. In addition, Catamaran's robust and flexible technology serves as the engine for the Company's full-service PBM solutions.
Technology Products and Services
RxClaim® is an on-line transaction processing system designed to provide real-time on-line adjudication of third-party prescription drug claims at the point of service, including claims management and cost-effective review, as well as payment and billing support and real-time functionality for updating benefit, price, member, provider and drug details. RxClaim® is designed to provide the Company’s customers with automation efficiencies, flexibility and control by facilitating the real-time processing of pharmacy claims and payments against eligibility, plan benefits, formularies, price, drug utilization review, prior authorization, and rebates in addition to many other features.
Other products
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RxBuilderTM is a web-based interface for formulary creation and maintenance utilizing a Medi-Span® based product file. This rules-based approach minimizes the work of list building and maintenance operations and captures efficiencies in sharing formulary information between lines of business.
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RxPortalTM allows customers to interact with the patient's formulary and drug history in a secure environment allowing patients and health plans to access industry leading tools and the most recently available information.
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RxAuthTM is a prior authorization (“PA”) management solution which offers flexibility and efficiency in automating the PA process from end-to-end. Built upon the powerful PA capabilities housed in RxClaim®, RxAuthTM supports the entire PA lifecycle, from receipt of the request, through rules adjudication, to execution of the resulting decision. RxAuthTM is also available in a web-based application.
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RxMax® is a rebate management system that is designed to assist health plans in managing their relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers through contract management, record keeping, calculating market share, and creating billing details and summaries.
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Zynchros provides a suite of on-demand formulary management tools to help payors effectively manage their formulary programs, and to maintain Medicare Part D compliance in their programs.
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Enhanced coordination of benefits integrates external data sources with unique algorithms and eligibility data to identify beneficiaries with other coverage. This enables accurate identification of third-party liability in real-time prior to the claim being paid.
Medicare Part D
Since the inception of the Medicare Part D program, the Company has offered a comprehensive array of services to the Medicare marketplace, all compliant with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) regulations and configured to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing and growing pharmaceutical landscape.
As a full-service PBM and a National Prescription Drug Plan, the Company supports a wide variety of Medicare Part D Plan Sponsors. The Company provides prescription benefit management support for Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug plans ("MAPDs") and prescription drug plans ("PDPs"), including implementation of specific Medicare Part D plan designs, creation and maintenance of Medicare Part D formularies (including CMS submission), CMS reporting requirements and consultative, proactive account management. In addition, the Company offers a full-service Employer Group Waiver Plan product to employers who provide a retiree benefit.
The Industry
The Company believes the key market factors that influence spending on PBM and HCIT solutions and services by participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain are the amount spent on prescription drugs and the associated volume of prescription drugs dispensed and insurance claims processed each year. According to IMS Health (“IMS”), approximately 4.2 billion pharmacy prescriptions were written and filled in the United States during 2013 - representing a retail value of approximately $340 billion. Based on the factors described below, the Company expects drug utilization rates to continue to rise in the future. The Company estimates that the current market opportunity for its PBM and HCIT solutions and services in its industry is significant, and is growing at a rate in excess of the drug utilization rate alone due to the following factors:
Aging population and increased prescription drug spend. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
the population age 65 and older represented 13.7% of the U.S. population in 2012 and is expected to more than double between 2012 and 2060, from 43.1 million to 92.0 million. The older population would represent just over one in five U.S. residents by the end of the period, up from one in seven today. The increase in the number of the “oldest old” would be even more dramatic - those 85 and older are projected to more than triple from 5.9 million to 18.2 million, reaching 4.3% of the U.S. population by 2060. According to CMS, health spending is projected to be 19.3% of U.S gross domestic product ("GDP") by 2023, up from 17.2% in 2012. The increase in prescription spending, faster projected economic growth, and the aging of the population are all expected to drive demand for senior-
focused clinical programs and benefit plans, as well as information technology decision support tools to facilitate the on-line analytical assessment of specific population trends, and address the PBM needs of an aging population.
Rising Drug Prices. According to CMS, health spending is projected to grow at an average rate of 5.7% through 2023, 1.1 percentage points faster than expected average annual growth in the GDP. According to IMS, U.S. drug spending is predicted to grow at a compound annual growth rate ("CAGR") of 5-8% between 2014 and 2018, driven primarily by price inflation and the introduction of new products. However, after several years of modest increases, U.S. spending on medications is projected to increase by 12% in 2014, increasing the nation’s drug spend to between $375 billion and $385 billion, according to a report by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Several factors are driving the spending spike, including the introduction of expensive new hepatitis C drugs and fewer drug patent expirations than in previous years. The report anticipates the pace of spending increases will slow to 7 to 9% in 2015, as the impact of the new hepatitis C drugs declines, less expensive biosimilar products become available and several brand-name drugs, such as cancer drug Gleevac and the antipsychotic Abilify, are replaced by generics.
Health care reform. The Company is focused on three pillars of healthcare reform:
1.Delivery Reforms - access, adequacy, consumer -centric care and choice, accountable partnering of providers, organization and care delivery teams. The Company is developing new paradigms for pharmacy benefit management and technology as tools to assist with health care delivery reform. Examples of delivery reforms are Accountable Care Organizations, Consumer Oriented and Operated Health Plans and Dual Demonstration Projects.
2.Reimbursement Reforms - consumers select insurance through private and public health insurance exchanges. All Americans will be eligible. The public sector will be the largest payor. As such, we anticipate that the government will set the 'floor' for benefits and regulate standards of care and fee for service will increasingly yield to pay for performance. The Company is examining emerging reimbursement reforms and is developing new approaches to make pharmacy benefits affordable, manageable and performance oriented.
3.Outcomes or Evidenced Based Practice Reforms - the Company helps to design, manage and price pharmacy benefits along a continuum with multiple payors including the federal and state governments, employers and individuals, in an effort to manage and document the results of effective pharmacy management.
Health care reform creates opportunities for growth for the Company and cost-effective options for its clients.
Medicare Part D. Medicare Part D is a program that subsidizes the costs of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries. This program is heavily regulated with rules that can and do change on a regular basis. Ongoing regulatory changes by CMS will continue to fuel future demand for this program. Medicare Part D has impacted the demand for pharmacy benefit management as well as information technology, as the Company's customers are required to update their systems, and will continue to require support to maintain these systems.
Growth in Specialty Drug Spend. According to IMS, the specialty drug segment experienced a 9% growth in 2013 and accounted for approximately 29% of total drug spending. According to Artemtrx, it is projected that specialty drugs will comprise 48% of all pharmacy sales by 2017 and specialty drug spending will surpass traditional drug spending by 2018. In 2014, the FDA approved approximately 34 new molecular entities, with about half of those considered specialty medications. According to Evaluate Pharma, the breakthrough therapy categories include antivirals (including hepatitis C and HIV), hematology, and oncology. The oncology therapeutic class has the most research and development focus and is forecasted to experience the most growth (CAGR 11.2%) over the next six years according to Evaluate Pharma. According to IMS the average cost per month of a brand oncology agent has doubled over the last 10 years, from $5,000 to approximately $10,000. There is a trend in the marketplace to shift coverage of these drugs from the medical benefit to the pharmacy benefit in order to implement benefit design and clinical and reimbursement management strategies. Biosimilars, a generic form of specialty drugs, are not expected to reach the market before 2017-18 according to Cowen and Company. We believe the introduction of biosimilars will facilitate improved patient access to treatment and reduce cost to consumers.
Generic Pipeline. According to IMS, in 2013 generics comprised 86% of prescriptions, an increase in spending of approximately $6 billion nationally or 12%, and represented 29% of total drug spend. According to Cowen & Company, over the next six years, branded drugs representing approximately $49 billion in sales that are currently subject to patent protection in the U.S. are expected to expire, fueling growth in the availability of generic equivalents. Key drugs with patents expiring between 2015 and 2018 include Abilify, Flovent, Seroquel XR, ProAir HFA, Copaxone, Gleevec, Tracleer, Advair Diskus, and Crestor.
Competition
The Company competes with numerous companies that provide the same or similar services. Its competitors range from large publicly traded companies to several small and privately owned companies which compete for a significant part of the market. The principal competitive factors are quality of service, scope of available services, and price. The ability to be competitive is influenced by the Company's ability to negotiate prices with pharmacies, drug manufacturers, and third-party rebate administrators. Market share for PBM services in the United States is highly concentrated, with a few national firms, such as Express Scripts Holding Company, CVS Health Corporation and OptumRx, a UnitedHealth Group Company, controlling a significant share of prescription volume. Some of the Company's competitors have been in existence
for longer periods of time and are better established. Some of them also have broader public recognition and substantially greater financial and marketing resources. In addition, some of the Company's customers and potential customers may find it desirable to perform for themselves those services now being rendered by the Company.
The Company's ability to attract and retain customers is substantially dependent on its capability to provide competitive pricing, efficient and accurate claims management, utilization review services and related reporting and consulting services.
The payor and pharmaceutical supply chain markets require solutions which address the unique needs of each constituent. The Company's customers require robust and scalable technology solutions, as well as the ability to ensure cost efficiency for themselves and their customers. Others require extensive clinical solutions and member-centric services. The Company's product offerings include a wide range of PBM services and software products for managing prescription drug programs and for drug prescribing and dispensing. The Company's payor suite of products includes a wide range of pharmacy benefits management and claims adjudication systems.
Competitive Strengths
The Company believes that the following competitive strengths are the keys to its success:
Flexible, customized and independent services: The Company believes a key differentiator between itself and its competitors is not only the Company's ability to provide innovative PBM services, but also to deliver these services on an à la carte basis. The Catamaran suite of PBM services offers the flexibility of broad product choice along the entire PBM continuum, enabling enhanced customer control, solutions tailored to the customer's specific requirements, and flexible pricing. The market for the Company's products is divided among customers who contract with Catamaran to provide a full-suite of PBM services, large customers that have the sophisticated technology infrastructure and staff required to operate a 24-hour data center and other customers that are not able or willing to operate these sophisticated systems.
The Company’s business model allows its customers the flexibility to operate the Company’s systems themselves (with or without taking advantage of the Company’s significant customization, consulting and systems implementation services) on a fee-per-transaction or subscription basis through ASP processing from the Company’s data center. In other cases, the Company fully manages a customer's pharmacy benefit program from claims adjudication through clinical programs and consulting.
Leading technology and platform: The Company’s technology is robust, scalable, and web-enabled. The platform is able to cross-check multiple processes, such as reviewing claim eligibility, adverse drug reaction and properly calculating member, pharmacy and payor payments on a real-time basis. The Company’s technology is built on flexible, database-driven rule sets and broad functionality applicable for most any type of business. The Company believes it has one of the most comprehensive claims processing platforms in the market.
The Company’s technology platform allows it to provide customized comprehensive PBM services by offering customers a selection of services to choose from to meet their unique needs. The Company believes this à la carte offering is a key differentiator from its competitors.
Measurable cost savings for customers: The Company provides its customers with increased control over traditional and specialty prescription drug costs and drug benefit programs. The Company’s pricing model and flexible product offerings are designed to deliver measurable cost savings to customers. The Company believes its pricing model is a key differentiator from its competitors for the Company’s customers who want to gain control of their prescription drug costs. For customers who select the Company’s pharmacy network and manufacturer rebate services on a fixed fee per transaction basis, there is clarity to the rebates and other fees payable by the pharmaceutical manufacturer or third-party rebate administrator to the customer. The Company believes that its pricing model together with the flexibility to select from a broad range of customizable services helps customers realize measurable results and cost savings.
Business Strategy
The Company seeks to enhance its position as a leading provider of technology-enabled PBM services to the pharmaceutical supply chain in North America. The Company’s primary strategies are:
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Expand the breadth of the Company’s PBM services for health plans, self-insured employers, trust funds and government payors that sponsor pharmacy benefit plans: Within the Company’s suite of products, several key initiatives are underway which the Company believes will help it to expand its revenue per claim and make the Company more competitive in the broader marketplace, including the Company's announced service delivery initiative called "The Catamaran Difference," which we believe will streamline plan design and implementation processes, drive overall client satisfaction and retention rates, and enhance our ability to compete for new clients. The Company combines its scale and its claims processing capabilities with a full-suite of PBM services to offer competitively priced pharmacy networks, specialty drug and mail programs, manufacturer rebate contracts and clinical programs to enable customers to have more control over their drug spending. With the Company’s diversified product portfolio and marketplace demand for greater transparency in pricing of prescription drugs, the Company believes it is in an attractive market environment to continue its track record of growth.
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Target Fortune 500 employers: With the consolidation of the PBM industry, large employers have increasingly fewer choices and often require customized solutions. The Company believes that its scale and flexible approach position it well in this attractive market.
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Provide additional PBM services to the Company’s existing payor customer base: Based on the success the Company has had to date, the Company intends to cross-sell additional services to the Company’s existing customers through its suite of PBM products which include the Company’s mail and specialty pharmacy services, as well as the Company’s competitive pharmacy network and clinical offerings. The Company has also made capital investments in technology to further improve the quality of its products. By providing a broader range of services, the Company believes that it can increase its customer base and the breadth of products utilized by each customer, thereby increasing the Company’s revenue base.
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Continue to evolve and expand the specialty offering: The Company will continue to invest in development of infrastructure and effective cost management programs for its specialty pharmacy services. Subsequent to the end of the current reporting period, on January 2, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Salveo Specialty Pharmacy, Inc. ("Salveo"), an independent specialty pharmacy with locations in New York and California. The acquisition provides the Company with the opportunity to expand its geographic footprint and therapy mix in the specialty pharmacy market. In addition, the Company will continue to develop clinical and reporting capabilities to help drive pharmacy and physician referrals.
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Target large public sector fee-for-service opportunities: Based on the success the Company has had to date with public sector opportunities, it intends to sell additional services to state, federal, and provincial Medicaid plans. The Company sells PBM technology solutions to support pharmacy claims processing, Medicaid rebate management, and sophisticated pharmacy claims prior authorization workflow and processing, among other services.
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Continue to target Medicare Part D opportunities: The Company has expanded its presence in the Medicare Part D market and continues to develop compliance, clinical and information technology capabilities to effectively manage the dynamic nature of this market.
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Pursue large health plan technology upgrades: The Company’s goal is to be the industry’s leading provider of tools, technology and services to help its customers better manage pharmacy programs, and in turn, to reduce the cost of drug delivery and enhance the healthcare experience for their plan members.
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Pursue strategic acquisition opportunities: The Company actively evaluates opportunities to expand its product offerings and customer base through strategic acquisitions such as the Merger with Catalyst and acquisition of Restat. The Company’s acquisition strategy focuses on identifying acquisition opportunities that expand its core footprint in the PBM market, add new products and services in potential high growth areas and provide additional scale in areas such as specialty pharmacy management, oncology or public sector pharmacy (including state Medicaid). The Company believes that its management team’s proven ability to successfully identify acquisition opportunities that are complementary and synergistic to its business and to integrate them into its existing operations with minimal disruption has played, and will continue to play, an important role in the expansion of its business.
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Continue to expand and adapt capabilities to create opportunities related to healthcare reform: The Company is working with Co-ops and qualified health plans to support healthcare reform. In addition, the Company is developing new paradigms to support delivery reform, which include accountable care organizations and dual demonstration projects. The Company is also examining emerging reimbursement reforms and adapting new approaches that make pharmacy benefits affordable, manageable and performance-oriented. Finally, the Company will continue to develop the technology and other resources to track consumers across public and private insurance exchanges, to manage requirements and to document the pharmacy performance against payment and quality standards. The Company believes that healthcare reform will continue to create expansion opportunities.
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Target HCIT clients for "pull-through" PBM sales opportunities: The Company has been successful in working with current HCIT clients to provide PBM services, such as the retail pharmacy network and formulary administration. The Company will continue to pursue "pull-through" opportunities with existing HCIT clients as part of its organic growth strategy.
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Broaden the Company’s services, technology and markets through next generation growth opportunities: The Company continues to pursue next generation growth opportunities through proprietary development of new technology applications, application of predictive and prescriptive analytics and new PBM services. The Company currently has a number of tools that facilitate coordination of benefits, e-prescribing and other electronic health record keeping. In addition, the Company applies advanced analytics to encourage healthy behavior at the member level and to identify opportunities for prospective clients and clients to engage with the Company. Further, the Company believes that the healthcare reform law will continue to offer a number of potential growth opportunities as expansion of coverage is implemented.
Government Regulation
Various aspects of our business are governed by federal and state laws and regulations. Because sanctions may be imposed for violations of these laws, compliance is a significant operational requirement. We believe that we are in substantial compliance with all existing legal requirements material to the operation of our business. There are, however, significant uncertainties involving the application of many of these
legal requirements to our business. In addition, there are numerous proposed health care laws and regulations at the federal and state levels, many of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. We are unable to predict what additional federal or state legislation, regulations or enforcement initiatives may be enacted or taken in the future relating to our business or the health care industry in general, or what effect any such legislation, regulations or actions might have on us. We cannot provide any assurance that federal or state government authorities will not impose additional restrictions or adopt interpretations of existing laws or regulations that could have a material adverse effect on our business or consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flow from operations.
Federal Laws and Regulations Affecting Our PBM Business
The following descriptions identify various federal laws and regulations that affect or may affect aspects of our PBM business:
The Health Care Reform Laws. In March 2010, the federal government enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111-148), as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-152) (collectively, the “Health Care Reform Laws”), which contain a variety of provisions that could have a significant impact on us and our customers. The Health Care Reform Laws provide the opportunity for significant expansion of our PBM and health information technology activities. These potential benefits are the result of an expected increase in the number of individuals with health insurance and the potential increase in demand for pharmaceutical products and HCIT services. However, the Health Care Reform Laws also present great uncertainty for us and potential risks to our operations and financial success. The Health Care Reform Laws contain many provisions intended to reduce the government’s healthcare costs through reimbursement reductions, alternative payment methods and ongoing studies of healthcare reimbursement systems. For example, the Health Care Reform Laws established the Independent Payment Advisory Board, or IPAB, which is designed to make proposals as early as 2014 to reduce the per capita rate of growth in Medicare spending in years when that growth exceeds established targets. Although no members of the IPAB have yet been named, it remains a possibility that the IPAB could be convened in the future. Another potential source of reimbursement uncertainty is the newly established Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, or CMMI, which is designed to test the cost-cutting efficacy of innovative payment service delivery systems through demonstration projects. These types of provisions could have a significant impact on our profitability and that of our customers, particularly because of the unpredictability of the proposals that could be generated by the IPAB and the CMMI.
The Health Care Reform Laws also require PBMs to disclose certain information, including discounts and rebates obtained from pharmaceutical manufacturers, to Part D Plans or qualified health benefits plans offered through an exchange. In addition, the Health Care Reform Laws change the calculation of Medicaid rebates in a way that could increase or decrease pharmaceutical manufacturers’ incentives to provide discounts and rebates to PBMs. These changes could have a negative impact on our revenues or business model. Additionally, as noted above, the Health Care Reform Laws expand existing fraud and abuse provisions and significantly increase the resources available to the federal government to pursue fraud and abuse, which could expose us to greater scrutiny and possibly significant financial liability. For example, the Health Care Reform Laws generally extend the treble damages available for violations of the federal False Claims Act to violations relating to the state-based health insurance exchanges created by the Health Care Reform Laws. The Health Care Reform Laws also establish new civil monetary penalties: $15,000 daily for failure to grant timely access to the Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (“HHS”) for the purposes of audits or investigations and $50,000 for each false record or statement knowingly submitted or caused to be submitted for payment of items furnished under a federal health care program. As a result, we may be forced to expend greater resources on monitoring and compliance programs and legal fees. Similarly, our customers may be subject to greater scrutiny and financial liability, which could indirectly put pressure on our financial relationships with those customers.
Aside from the particular provisions of the Health Care Reform Laws, there is significant uncertainty about how the Health Care Reform Laws will be implemented, likely through hundreds of new regulations, guidance documents and other policy statements that could result in significant changes to our business model and the healthcare industry as a whole.
Legislation and Litigation Affecting Drug Prices. Average wholesale price, or AWP, is a standard pricing metric published by third-party data sources and currently used throughout the PBM industry as the basis for determining drug pricing under contracts with clients, pharmacies, and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The calculation and reporting of AWP have been the subject of investigations by federal and state governments and litigation brought against pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as data services companies that report AWP. While we are not responsible for calculations, reports or payments of AWP, investigations or lawsuits involving AWP could affect our business because many of our customer contracts, pharmaceutical purchase agreements, retail network contracts and other agreements use AWP as a pricing benchmark. In March 2009, a federal district court gave final approval to the settlement of class action lawsuits brought against First DataBank, or FDB, and Medi-Span, two primary sources of AWP reporting. Under the terms of the settlement, FDB and Medi-Span agreed to reduce the reported AWP of certain prescription drugs by four percent, effective September 26, 2009. In response to this action, we, as authorized in most of our standard customer contracts, adopted a revised pricing benchmark to assure cost neutrality for us, our customers, and pharmacies as to what they paid or received, as applicable, for prescription drug products using the AWP pricing benchmark before September 26, 2009 and what they would pay or receive on or after September 26, 2009. In addition, FDB discontinued the publishing of AWP in September 2011. Although Medi-Span continues to publish AWP, it is possible that the pharmaceutical industry may evaluate or develop an alternative pricing reference to replace AWP.
Legislation and Regulation of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D. The Medicare voluntary outpatient prescription drug benefit, known as Part D, established under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, or MMA, became effective on January 1, 2006. The MMA also created new guidelines for Medicare health maintenance organizations, or HMOs, termed Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plans (“MA-PDs”), which offer both an outpatient prescription drug benefit and health care coverage.
Medicare beneficiaries who elect Medicare Part D coverage pay a monthly premium for the covered outpatient drug benefit. Assistance with premiums and cost sharing for outpatient drugs are provided to eligible low-income beneficiaries. The voluntary outpatient prescription drug benefit requires coverage of essentially the same pharmaceuticals that are approved for the Medicaid program, although selection may be restricted through a formulary. Beneficiaries can enroll in the outpatient prescription drug benefit through standalone Prescription Drug Plans (“PDPs”), available in 34 regions across the United States and the District of Columbia, as well as five separate regions for the U.S. territories, or through MA-PDs that offer integrated drug coverage with other health care coverage in 26 regions across the United States.
As a PDP sponsor and in our capacity as a subcontractor with certain PDP sponsor clients (including employer group waiver plans, or “EGWPs”) and MA-PD sponsor clients (collectively, “Part D Plans”) to provide PBM services, we are subject to certain federal rules, regulations, and sub-regulatory guidance pertaining to the operation of Medicare Part D. If CMS determines that we have not performed satisfactorily as a subcontractor, CMS may request our Part D Plan client to revoke its Medicare Part D activities or responsibilities.
For contracts beginning in 2014 or subsequent contract years, CMS has implemented medical loss ratio (“MLR”) requirements that require Part D Plans to devote 85% of their revenue to clinical services, prescription drugs, and other enrollee benefits (as opposed to such other items as administrative expenses or profit), subject to certain exceptions. Failure to meet the MLR threshold could result in financial and other penalties. For contracts beginning in 2016 or subsequent contract years, Part D sponsors must update Maximum Allowable Cost (“MAC”) prices every seven days and disclose these prices in advance of their use, if the source for the pricing standard is not publicly available. This regulation may increase our administrative costs. Currently, formularies must be structured so as to cover “all or substantially all” Part D drugs within six classes of clinical concern. In 2014, CMS declined to finalize its proposal to narrow the applicability of this so-called “protected classes” policy to three of the six drug classes (antineoplastic, anticonvulsant, and antiretroviral), but the agency indicated that it planned to implement future regulations in this area.
CMS has announced that it will retire the Part D e-prescribing standards contained in the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (“NCPDP”) Formulary and Benefit Standard 1.0 and will subsequently adopt the NCPDP Formulary and Benefit Standard 3.0, effective March 1, 2015. Transitioning to the NCPDP Formulary and Benefit Standard 3.0 could result in significant administrative costs for us.
CMS requires Part D Plans to report 100% of all price concessions received for PBM services, and Part D Plans must use the amount paid to a pharmacy as the basis for determining cost sharing for beneficiaries and for reporting a plan’s drug costs to CMS. CMS guidance suggests that best practices would mandate that Part D Plans contractually require the right to audit their PBMs, as well as require complete transparency as to manufacturer rebates paid for drugs provided under the Part D Plan, including the portion of such rebates retained by the PBM as part of the price concession for the PBM’s services. Additionally, CMS requires Part D Plans to ensure through their contractual arrangements with first-tier, downstream and related entities (which would include PBMs) that CMS has access to such entities’ books and records pertaining to services performed in connection with Medicare Part D. CMS can also elect to request such information directly from first-tier, downstream and related entities. CMS also suggests that Part D Plans should contractually require their first-tier, downstream and related entities to comply with certain elements of the Part D Plan’s compliance program.
The Health Care Reform Laws made changes to MA-PDs that are likely to result in significant reductions in government payments to the plans and reduced enrollment numbers. Those individuals leaving an MA-PD are expected to transition into the traditional Medicare program, making the net financial effect on our activities uncertain. The Health Care Reform Laws also made changes to the Medicare Part D program that could have an impact on our business. These new provisions include changes in the way drugs are paid for under the so called “coverage gap;” creation of protected classes of drugs that have an impact on, and allow the government more control over, formularies; reductions in the subsidies provided to higher income individuals; and changes in dispensing requirements in long-term care facilities. The Essential Health Benefits Rule implemented by the Health Care Reform Laws will also regulate how prescription drugs are covered and how formularies are developed for and administered by state-based or federal health insurance exchanges. These exchanges were required to begin enrolling consumers into coverage on October 1, 2013 and became fully operational on January 1, 2014.
Part D Plans are also subject to provisions of the MMA intended to deter “fraud, waste and abuse” and are strictly monitored by CMS and its Medicare Drug Integrity Contractors to ensure that Part D program funds are not spent inappropriately.
Federal Anti-Kickback Laws. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute (the “AKS”) is a criminal law that prohibits an individual or entity from knowingly or willfully paying or receiving, subject to certain statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors, any remuneration, directly or indirectly, intended to induce a referral for the furnishing of any item or service for which payment may be made in whole or in part under a federal health care program, such as Medicare or Medicaid, or the purchase, lease, order or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of items or services for which payment may be made in whole or in part under a federal health care program. Penalties for violating the AKS may include imprisonment, criminal and civil fines and exclusion from participation in the federal health care programs.
The AKS has been interpreted broadly by courts; the HHS OIG, the agency charged with the enforcement of the AKS; and other administrative bodies. Because of the statute’s broad scope and limited statutory exceptions, the OIG has established certain regulatory safe harbors which, if fully met, should protect the parties from liability under the AKS. For example, safe harbors exist for certain properly disclosed and reported discounts received from vendors, certain investment interests, certain properly disclosed payments made by vendors to group purchasing organizations, certain personal services arrangements, and certain discount and payment arrangements between PBMs and HMO risk contractors serving Medicaid and Medicare members. A practice that does not fall within a statutory exception or a regulatory safe harbor is not necessarily unlawful, but may be subject to scrutiny and challenge. Some, though not all, court opinions interpreting the AKS have focused primarily on the statute’s intent requirement and have held that an arrangement will violate the AKS if any one purpose of the arrangement is to induce referrals or purchases, even if the payments at issue are also intended for a legitimate purpose. Thus, a violation of the statute may occur even if only one purpose of a payment arrangement is to induce patient referrals or purchases of products or services that are reimbursed
by federal health care programs. Among the practices that have been identified by the OIG as potentially improper under the statute are certain product conversion programs in which benefits are given by drug manufacturers to pharmacists or physicians for changing a prescription, or recommending or requesting such a change, from one drug to another. The AKS has been cited as a partial basis, along with state consumer protection laws discussed below, for investigations and multi-state settlements relating to financial incentives provided by drug manufacturers to retail pharmacies and to PBMs in connection with such programs.
The Health Care Reform Laws made two important clarifications that significantly strengthen the government's ability to enforce the AKS. First, the Health Care Reform Laws clarified that a person need not have actual knowledge of or specific intent to violate the AKS. Second, the Health Care Reform Laws made clear that a claim resulting from an AKS violation constitutes a false claim under the federal False Claims Act (the “FCA”). The provision codifies what some federal district courts had already held and significantly heightens the civil penalties we could face for any alleged AKS violation.
There are other anti-kickback laws that may be applicable, such as the Public Contracts Anti-Kickback Act and various state anti-kickback restrictions described below. Under the Public Contracts Anti-Kickback Act, it is a crime for any person to knowingly and willfully offer or provide any remuneration to a prime contractor to the United States, including a contractor servicing federal health care programs, in order to obtain favorable treatment in a subcontract. Violators of this law also may be subject to civil monetary penalties.
Federal Statutes Prohibiting False Claims. The FCA imposes liability for knowingly making or causing to be made false claims to the government, including federal health care programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. For example, potential false claims include claims for services not rendered, or claims that misrepresent actual services rendered in order to obtain higher reimbursement. Private individuals may bring qui tam or whistleblower lawsuits against providers under the FCA, which authorizes the payment of a portion of any recovery to the individual bringing suit. Such actions are initially required to be filed under seal, pending their review by the Department of Justice (the “DOJ”). Federal district courts have interpreted the FCA as applying to claims for reimbursement that violate the AKS or the federal physician self-referral law, commonly referred to as the “Stark Law,” under certain circumstances. The Health Care Reform Laws expanded false claims liability by clarifying that an AKS violation can be a predicate for a false claim under the FCA and by adding a provision that imposes FCA liability on an individual or entity that fails to make a timely return of any overpayments received from Medicare or Medicaid. According to CMS regulations, Part D sponsors have identified an overpayment when they have determined, or should have determined through the exercise of reasonable diligence, that they received an overpayment. The FCA generally provides for the imposition of civil monetary penalties and for treble damages, resulting in the possibility of substantial financial penalties for small billing errors that are replicated in a large number of claims, as each individual claim could be deemed to be a separate violation of the FCA. Criminal provisions that are similar to the FCA provide that a corporation may be fined if it is convicted of presenting a false claim or making a statement that it knows to be false, fictitious or fraudulent to any federal agency. A number of qui tam cases have been brought against PBMs under the FCA and various analogous state laws, several of which have involved significant civil settlements. In recent years, federal and state government authorities have launched several initiatives aimed at uncovering practices that violate false claims or fraudulent billing laws, and they have conducted numerous investigations of pharmaceutical manufacturers, PBMs, pharmacies and health care providers with respect to false claims, fraudulent billing and related matters.
There are other false claims laws that may be applicable, such as the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 (“FERA”) and the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (“DRA”), and various state false claims laws described below. The FERA expanded the scope of FCA liability to include reverse false claims, which apply to anyone who knowingly conceals, or knowingly and improperly avoids or decreases an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the government. The DRA included provisions designed to reduce fraud, waste and abuse in the Medicaid program and created incentives for states to enact their own false claims acts, mirrored on the FCA. The DRA also strengthened Medicaid’s status as payor of last resort relative to private health insurance by specifying that PBMs and self-insured plans may be liable third-parties, which may subject PBMs and other participants in the pharmaceutical industry to increased prosecutorial and private litigant scrutiny. Additionally, the third-party recovery provisions in the DRA may lead to greater financial recoveries from third-party PBMs in cases where Medicaid was not properly a primary payor on a drug claim, even where a PBM is not financially at risk.
Prompt Pay Laws. Under Medicare Part D and certain state laws and regulations, PBMs or certain PBM clients, such as Part D Plans, are required to pay retail pharmacy providers within established time periods that may be shorter than existing contracted terms. At least one state also requires that PBMs provide payment via electronic transfer instead of by check for pharmacy claims submitted electronically. Laws and regulations that require faster payment than our existing contracted payment terms may have a negative impact on our cash flow from operations. To the extent Medicare Part D payment processing requirements change in the future or additional states consider implementation of prompt pay legislation, we cannot predict with certainty the impact that such legislation may have on our revenue or operations.
HIPAA and Other Privacy and Confidentiality Legislation. Our activities involve the receipt, use and disclosure of confidential health information, including disclosure of the confidential information to a customer’s health benefit plan, as permitted in accordance with applicable federal and state privacy laws. In addition, we use and disclose de-identified data for analytical and other purposes. Many state laws restrict the use and disclosure of confidential medical information, and similar new legislative and regulatory initiatives are underway at the state and federal level.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the regulations issued thereunder (collectively “HIPAA”) impose extensive requirements on the way in which health plans, healthcare providers that engage in certain electronic financial and administrative transactions covered by HIPAA, and healthcare clearinghouses (known as “covered entities”) and the persons or entities that create, receive, maintain, or transmit protected health information (“PHI”) to provide services to covered entities or to perform functions on their behalf (known as “business associates”), use, disclose and safeguard PHI, including requirements to protect the integrity, availability and confidentiality of
electronic PHI. Many of these obligations were expanded under the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (the “HITECH Act”), passed as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In January 2013, the Office for Civil Rights (“OCR”) of HHS issued a final rule under the HITECH Act that makes significant changes to the privacy, security, breach notification and enforcement regulations promulgated under HIPAA (the “Final Omnibus Rule”), which covered entities and business associates were generally required to come into compliance with by September 23, 2013. The Final Omnibus Rule enhances individual privacy protections, provides individuals new rights to their health information and strengthens the government’s ability to enforce HIPAA.
The privacy regulations (the “Privacy Rule”) issued by OCR pursuant to HIPAA give individuals the right to know how their PHI is used and disclosed, as well as the right to access, amend and obtain information concerning certain disclosures of PHI. Covered entities, such as pharmacies and health plans, are required to provide a written Notice of Privacy Practices (“NPPs”) to individuals that describes how the entity uses and discloses PHI, and how individuals may exercise their rights with respect to their PHI. For most uses and disclosures of PHI other than for treatment, payment, healthcare operations, and certain public policy purposes, HIPAA generally requires that covered entities obtain a valid written individual authorization. In most cases, use or disclosure of PHI must be limited to the minimum necessary to achieve the purpose of the use or disclosure. The Final Omnibus Rule modifies the content of NPPs in significant ways, requiring, among other things, statements informing individuals of their rights to receive notifications of any breaches of unsecured PHI and to restrict disclosures of PHI to a health plan where the individual pays out of pocket.
We are a covered entity under HIPAA in connection with our operation of mail and specialty service pharmacies. In connection with our other PBM and some HCIT services that require access to PHI, we are not considered a covered entity. However, our health plan clients and pharmacy customers are covered entities, and are required to enter into business associate agreements with vendors, such as PBMs, that perform a function or activity for the covered entity, or provide a service to the covered entity, that involves the creation, receipt, maintenance, or transmission of individually identifiable health information. The business associate agreements mandated by the Privacy Rule create a contractual obligation for us, as a business associate, to perform our duties for the applicable covered entity in compliance with the Privacy Rule. In addition, the HITECH Act subjects us to certain aspects of the Privacy Rule and the HIPAA security regulations when we act as a business associate, including imposing direct liability on business associates for impermissible uses and disclosures of PHI and the failure to disclose PHI to the covered entity, the individual or the individual’s designee (as specified in the business associate agreement), as necessary to satisfy a covered entity’s obligations with respect to an individual’s request for an electronic copy of PHI. The Final Omnibus Rule also extends the business associate provisions of the HIPAA Rules to subcontractors where the function, activity, or service delegated by the business associate to the subcontractor involves the creation, receipt, maintenance, or transmission of PHI. As such, business associates are required to enter into business associate agreements with subcontractors for services involving access to PHI and may be subject to civil monetary penalties for the acts and omissions of their subcontractors.
Importantly, the Final Omnibus Rule greatly expands the types of product- and service-related communications to patients or enrollees that will require individual authorizations by requiring individual authorization for all treatment and health care operations communications where the covered entity receives payment in exchange for the communication from or on behalf of a third-party whose product or service is being described. While OCR has established limited exceptions to this rule where individual authorization is not required, the marketing provisions finalized in the Final Omnibus Rule could potentially have an adverse impact on our business and revenues.
If we fail to comply with HIPAA or our policies and procedures are not sufficient to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of PHI, we could be subject to liability, fines and lawsuits under federal and state privacy laws, consumer protection statutes and other laws. Criminal penalties and civil sanctions may be imposed for failing to comply with HIPAA standards either as a covered entity or business associate, and these penalties and sanctions have significantly increased under the HITECH Act. In addition to imposing potential monetary penalties, the HITECH Act also requires OCR to conduct periodic compliance audits and empowers state attorneys general to bring actions in federal court for violations of HIPAA on behalf of state residents harmed by such violations. Several such actions have already been brought against both covered entities and business associates, and continued enforcement actions are likely to occur in the future.
The transactions and code sets regulation promulgated under HIPAA (the “Transaction Rule”) requires that all covered entities that engage in certain electronic transactions, directly or through a third-party agent, use standardized formats and code sets. We, in our role as a business associate of a covered entity, must conduct such transactions in accordance with the Transaction Rule and related regulations that require the use of operating rules in connection with HIPAA transactions. We, in our role as a specialty pharmacy operator, must also conduct such transactions in accordance with such regulations or engage a clearinghouse to process their covered transactions. HHS promulgated a National Provider Identifiers (“NPI”) Final Rule which requires covered entities to utilize NPIs in all standard transactions. NPIs replaced NABP numbers for pharmacies, Drug Enforcement Agency numbers for physicians and similar identifiers for other health care providers for purposes of identifying providers in connection with HIPAA standard transactions. Covered entities may be excluded from federal health care programs for violating the Transaction Rule.
The security regulations (the “Security Rule”) issued pursuant to HIPAA mandate the use of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality of electronic PHI. The Security Rule applies to covered entities and business associates.
We must also comply with the “breach notification” regulations, which implement provisions of the HITECH Act. In the case of a breach of “unsecured PHI,” covered entities must promptly notify affected individuals and the HHS Secretary, as well as the media in cases where a breach affects more than 500 individuals. Breaches affecting fewer than 500 individuals must be reported to the HHS Secretary on an annual basis. The regulations also require business associates of covered entities to notify the covered entity of such breaches by the business associate. Some covered entities have entered into settlement agreements with HHS for allegedly failing to have sufficient policies and procedures in place to address the breach notification provisions in the HITECH Act. If we experience a security breach, which can occur despite our best
efforts to safeguard our data, we could be subject to liability, fines and lawsuits. The expenses associated with investigating and remediating a breach can be significant. Finally, a security breach can have a detrimental impact on our business reputation.
Final regulations governing the accounting of disclosures are forthcoming. The applicable proposed rule, if finalized, would require covered entities to develop systems to monitor and record (1) which of their employees and business associates access an individual’s electronic PHI contained in a designated record set, (2) the time and date access occurs, and (3) the action taken during the access session (e.g., modification, deletion, viewing). The final regulations could impose significant burdens on covered entities and business associates.
The Health Care Reform Laws require the Secretary of HHS to develop new health information technology standards that could require changes to our existing software products. For example, the statute requires the establishment of interoperable standards and protocols to facilitate electronic enrollment of individuals in federal and state health and human services programs and provides the government with authority to require incorporation of these standards and protocols in health information technology investments as a condition of receiving federal funds for such investments.
Pursuant to HIPAA, state laws that are more protective of PHI are not pre-empted. Therefore, to the extent states continue to enact more protective legislation, we could be required to make significant changes to our business operations. In addition, independent of any regulatory restrictions, individual health plan clients could increase limitations on our use of medical information, which could prevent us from offering certain services.
ERISA Regulation. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), regulates certain aspects of employee pension and health benefit plans, including self-funded corporate health plans. We have agreements with self-funded corporate health plans to provide PBM services, and therefore, are a service provider to ERISA plans. ERISA imposes duties on any person or entity that is a fiduciary with respect to the ERISA plan. We administer pharmacy benefits for ERISA plans in accordance with plan design choices made by the ERISA plan sponsors. We do not believe that the general conduct of our business subjects us to the fiduciary obligations set forth by ERISA, except to the extent we have specifically contracted with an ERISA plan sponsor to accept fiduciary responsibility for the limited purpose of addressing benefit claims and appeals. However, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Department of Labor (the "DOL") or a private litigant would not assert that the fiduciary obligations imposed by ERISA apply to certain aspects of our operations.
Numerous lawsuits have been filed against various PBMs by private litigants, including Plan participants on behalf of an ERISA plan and by ERISA plan sponsors, alleging that the PBMs are ERISA fiduciaries and that, in such capacity, they allegedly violated ERISA fiduciary duties in connection with certain business practices related to their respective contracts with retail pharmacy networks or pharmaceutical manufacturers.
ERISA also imposes civil and criminal liability on service providers to health plans and certain other persons if certain forms of illegal remuneration are made or received. These provisions of ERISA are similar, but not identical, to the federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute discussed above. In particular, ERISA does not provide the statutory and regulatory safe harbor exceptions incorporated into the federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute. Like the health care anti-kickback laws, the corresponding provisions of ERISA are written broadly and their application to particular cases is often uncertain.
In addition, the DOL has issued several regulations that impose new fee disclosure rules on certain ERISA plans and their service providers. Those regulations do not currently apply to self-funded corporate health plans and their service providers, but the DOL has held hearings to discuss extending them in the future. As a result, we are not yet able to assess the effect the regulations may have on our business.
FDA Regulation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, generally has authority to regulate drug promotional materials that are disseminated by or on behalf of a drug manufacturer.
Antitrust Regulation. Various federal and state antitrust laws prohibit competitors from fixing prices, dividing markets and boycotting competitors, regardless of the size or market power of the companies involved. Further, antitrust laws generally prohibit other conduct that is found to restrain competition unreasonably, such as certain attempts to tie or bundle services together and certain exclusive dealing arrangements. Numerous lawsuits have been filed throughout the United States against pharmaceutical manufacturers, drug wholesalers and PBMs under various state and federal antitrust and unfair competition laws challenging, among other things: (i) brand drug pricing practices, (ii) the maintenance of retail pharmacy networks by PBMs and (iii) various other business practices of PBMs. Both equitable relief and consumer redress, including treble damages recovery in certain circumstances, are generally available in successful antitrust actions.
State Laws and Regulations Affecting Our PBM Business
The following descriptions identify various state laws and regulations that affect or may affect aspects of our PBM business:
State Anti-Kickback/False Claims Laws. Many states have laws or regulations similar to the AKS and the FCA described above, while several others are currently considering passing or strengthening false claims laws. Such state laws are not necessarily limited to services or items for which government-funded health care program payments may be made. Such state laws may be broad enough to include improper payments made in connection with services or items that are paid by commercial payors or self-pay patients. Penalties for violating these state anti-kickback and false claims laws may include injunction, imprisonment, criminal and civil fines and exclusion from participation in the state Medicaid programs.
Consumer Protection Laws. Most states have enacted consumer protection and deceptive trade practices laws that generally prohibit payments and other broad categories of conduct deemed harmful to consumers. These statutes may be enforced by states or private litigants. Such laws have been and continue to be the basis for investigations, prosecutions, and settlements involving PBMs, initiated by state prosecutors as well as by private litigants.
Comprehensive PBM Regulation. Legislation directly regulating PBM activities in a comprehensive manner has been introduced in a number of states. In addition, legislation has been proposed in some states seeking to impose fiduciary obligations or disclosure requirements on PBMs. The District of Columbia has enacted a statute imposing fiduciary and disclosure obligations on PBMs. Similarly, both North Dakota and South Dakota have relatively comprehensive PBM laws that, among other things, increase financial transparency and regulate therapeutic interchange programs. In 2014, Maryland enacted new laws regulating transparency of MAC pricing calculations and requiring the creation of processes for overriding cost containment mechanisms such as step edits and fail first requirements. Each state that enacts such legislation requires us to adapt our operations in that state, which could materially adversely impact us.
Many states have licensure or registration laws governing certain types of ancillary health care organizations, including preferred provider organizations, third-party administrators, or TPAs, companies that provide utilization review services, and companies that engage in the practices of a pharmacy. The scope of these laws differs significantly from state to state, and the application of such laws to the activities of PBMs often is unclear.
In addition, certain quasi-regulatory organizations, including the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, or NABP, and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or NAIC, have issued model regulations or may propose future regulations concerning PBMs or PBM activities, and the National Committee for Quality Assurance, or NCQA, the Utilization Review Accreditation Commission, or URAC, or other credentialing organizations may provide voluntary standards regarding PBM activities. In 2007, for example, URAC finalized PBM accreditation standards for PBMs serving the commercially insured market. Since 2009, we have been awarded full PBM accreditation from URAC. While the actions of these quasi-regulatory organizations do not have the force of law, they may influence states to adopt their requirements or recommendations as well as influence customer requirements for PBM services. Moreover, any standards established by these organizations could also impact our health plan customers or the services we provide to them.
Network Access Legislation. A majority of states now have some form of legislation affecting our ability to limit access to a pharmacy provider network, commonly referred to as “any willing provider” statutes, or removal of a network provider, known as “due process” statutes. Such legislation may require us, or our clients, to admit any retail pharmacy willing to meet the plan’s price and other terms for network participation, or may provide that a provider may not be removed from a network except in compliance with certain procedures. Similarly, there are any willing pharmacy provisions applicable to Medicare Part D plans.
Plan or Benefit Design Legislation. Some states have enacted legislation that prohibits certain types of managed care plan sponsors from implementing certain restrictive design features, and many states have legislation regulating various aspects of managed care plans, including provisions relating to the plan’s pharmacy benefits. For example, some states, under so-called freedom of choice legislation, provide that members of the plan may not be required to use network providers, but must instead be provided with benefits even if they choose to use non-network providers. Other states have enacted legislation purporting to prohibit health plans from offering members financial incentives for use of mail service pharmacies. Legislation has been introduced in some states to prohibit or restrict therapeutic intervention, to require coverage of all FDA-approved drugs or to require coverage for off-label uses of drugs where those uses are recognized in peer-reviewed medical journals or reference compendia. Other states mandate coverage of certain benefits or conditions and require health plan coverage of specific drugs, if deemed medically necessary by the prescribing physician. Such legislation does not generally apply to us directly, but may apply to certain of our clients, such as HMOs and health insurers. If legislation were to become widely adopted, it could have the effect of limiting the economic benefits achievable through PBMs. This development could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Formulary Regulation. A number of states regulate the administration of prescription drug benefits. For example, some states have passed laws mandating coverage for off-label uses of drug products where those uses are recognized in peer-reviewed medical journals or reference compendia. Other states have enacted laws that regulate the development and use of formularies by insurers, managed care organizations and other third party payors. These laws have included requirements on the development, review and update of formularies, the role and composition of pharmacy and therapeutics committees, the disclosure of formulary information to health plan members, and a process for allowing members to obtain non-preferred drugs without additional cost-sharing when they are medically necessary and are determined to be clinically appropriates. The increasing government regulation of formularies could significantly affect our ability to develop and administer formularies on behalf of our clients.
Financial Risk Plan Regulation. Fee-for-service prescription drug plans are generally not subject to financial regulation by the states. However, if a PBM offers to provide prescription drug coverage on a capitated basis or otherwise accepts material financial risk in providing the benefit, laws in various states may regulate the plan. Such laws may require that the party at risk establish reserves or otherwise demonstrate financial responsibility. Laws that may apply in such cases include insurance laws, HMO laws or limited prepaid health service plan laws. Currently, we do not believe that our PBM business incurs financial risk of the type subject to such regulation. However, if we choose to become a regional PDP for the Medicare outpatient prescription drug benefit at some time in the future, we would need to comply with state laws governing risk-bearing entities in the states where we operate a PDP.
Discount Drug Card Regulation. Numerous states have laws or regulations regulating the selling, marketing, promoting, advertising or distributing of commercial discount drug cards for cash purchases. Such laws and regulations provide, generally, that any person may bring an action for damages or seek an injunction for violations. We believe the administration of our commercial discount drug card program is in substantial compliance with various state laws.
Laws and Regulations Related to Our Mail and Specialty Pharmacy Operations
We operate mail pharmacy facilities in Indiana, Florida, Ohio and Texas and specialty pharmacies in Alabama, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana and West Virginia. In addition to the laws and regulations discussed above that may affect mail and specialty pharmacy operations, we are subject to state and federal statutes and regulations governing the operation of pharmacies, repackaging of drug products and dispensing of controlled substances. Among these are the following:
Pharmacy Licensure and Regulation. We are subject to state and federal statutes and regulations governing the operation of mail and specialty pharmacies and the dispensing of controlled substances. Our pharmacies deliver prescription drugs and supplies to individuals in all 50 states. The practice of pharmacy is generally regulated at the state level by state boards of pharmacy. Each of our pharmacies must be licensed in the state in which it is located. Also, many of the states where we deliver pharmaceuticals, including controlled substances, have laws and regulations that require out-of-state mail service pharmacies to register with that state’s board of pharmacy or similar regulatory body. Federal statutes and regulations govern the labeling, packaging, advertising and adulteration of prescription drugs and the dispensing of controlled substances. Federal controlled substance laws require us to register our pharmacies with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, and to comply with security, record keeping, inventory control and labeling standards in order to dispense controlled substances. We are also subject to certain federal and state laws affecting Internet-based pharmacies because we dispense prescription drugs pursuant to refill orders received through our websites, among other methods. Several states have proposed new laws to regulate Internet-based pharmacies, and federal regulation of Internet-based pharmacies by the FDA or another federal agency has also been proposed. Other statutes and regulations may affect our mail service operations. For example, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, requires mail service sellers of goods generally to engage in truthful advertising, to stock a reasonable supply of the products to be sold, to fill mail service orders within thirty days and to provide clients with refunds when appropriate. In addition, the U.S. Postal Service has statutory authority to restrict the transmission of drugs and medicines through the mail. Our pharmacists are subject to state regulation of the profession of pharmacy and employees engaged in a professional practice must satisfy applicable state licensing requirements.
Federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law. The federal civil monetary penalties statute generally provides for the imposition of civil monetary penalties against any person who gives something of value to a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary to induce the beneficiary to select a particular provider, practitioner or supplier over another for any item or service for which payment may be made in whole or in part under the Medicare or Medicaid programs. Under this law, our specialty and mail pharmacies are restricted from offering certain items of value to influence a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary’s use of our services.
Regulation of Controlled Substances. Our mail facilities must register with the DEA and individual state-controlled substance authorities in order to dispense controlled substances. Federal law requires us to comply with the DEA’s security, record keeping, inventory control and labeling standards in order to dispense controlled substances. State-controlled substance law requires registration and compliance with state pharmacy licensure, registration or permit standards promulgated by the state pharmacy licensing authority.
FDA Regulation. If the FDA learns of a potentially violative product that may lead or has led to a recall, the FDA may inspect facilities to determine the root cause of the problem and ensure that the firm has taken appropriate corrective and preventive action. In addition, the FDA has authority to require a drug manufacturer to submit and implement a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) if the FDA determines that that a REMS is necessary for the safe and effective marketing of a drug. To the extent we dispense products subject to REMS requirements or provide REMS services to a pharmaceutical manufacturer, we are subject to audit by the pharmaceutical manufacturer.
Drug Supply Chain Security Act. Beginning on January 1, 2015, pharmacies and numerous other entities must comply with federal law aimed at securing the drug supply. The federal law will be implemented in stages over the next 10 years and will impose various requirements to ensure the legitimacy of drug products distributed in the United States. The federal law will establish a uniform national standard for product serialization and tracing that preempts existing and future state laws.
Other Regulations. Federal law prohibits the restocking and double billing of prescription drugs in connection with the Medicaid program. Additionally, the FTC regulates advertising by mail pharmacies and requires such facilities to stock a sufficient inventory or have adequate sources of supply to meet the anticipated demand for an advertised product, to fill orders within the time stated at the time the order was placed or within 30 days if no shipment statement was made, and to provide full or partial customer refunds when an order is appropriately cancelled or cannot be filled when or as required. The FTC also has authority to protect consumer privacy and personal information, which authority it has historically exercised broadly. In addition, the FDA sets standards for the packaging of prescription drugs. Federal and state anti-kickback laws also apply to our mail and specialty pharmacies. We believe that we are in substantial compliance with state and federal requirements pertaining to our mail and specialty pharmacy operations.
Employees
As of December 31, 2014, the Company had approximately 4,500 employees, primarily located in Schaumburg, Illinois, Rockville, Maryland and Scottsdale, Arizona, whose services are devoted full time to Catamaran and its subsidiaries. The Company has never had a work stoppage. The Company’s personnel are not represented by any collective bargaining unit and are not unionized. The Company considers its relations with its personnel to be good. The Company’s future success will depend, in part, on its ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate highly qualified technical and managerial personnel, for whom competition is intense.
Financial information about segments
The Company operates in two reportable operating segments, PBM and HCIT. Financial information about the Company’s segments is described in Note 17 - Segment Information to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Customers
The Company generates a significant portion of its revenue from a small number of customers and for the year ended December 31, 2014, Cigna Corporation ("Cigna") accounted for 34% of total revenue. The loss of, or substantial changes in the services provided to, these significant customers, or the loss of other customers that could be significant in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. See "Item 1A.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Business Risks
Our future growth is dependent on further market acceptance and increased market penetration of our products.
Our business model depends on our ability to sell our products and services. Achieving increased market acceptance of our products and services will require substantial sales and marketing efforts and the expenditure of significant financial and other resources to create awareness and demand by participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Additionally, payors, which may have invested substantial resources in other methods of conducting business and exchanging information, may be reluctant to purchase our products and services.
We cannot be assured that payors will purchase our products and services. If we fail to achieve broad acceptance of our products and services by payors, and other healthcare industry participants, or if we fail to position our services as a preferred method for information management and pharmaceutical healthcare delivery, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be materially adversely affected.
The electronic healthcare information market is rapidly evolving. A number of market entrants have introduced or developed products and services that are competitive with one or more components of our offerings. We expect that additional companies will continue to enter this market. In new and rapidly evolving industries, there is significant uncertainty and risk as to the demand for, and market acceptance of, products and services. Because the markets for our products and services are evolving, we are not able to predict the size and growth rate of the markets with any certainty. We cannot be assured that the markets for our products and services will continue to grow or, if they do, that they will be strong and continue to grow at a sufficient pace. If markets fail to grow, grow more slowly than expected or become saturated with competitors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Competition in our industry is intense and could reduce or eliminate our profitability.
The PBM industry is very competitive. If we do not compete effectively, our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows could suffer. The industry is highly consolidated and dominated by a few large companies with significant resources, purchasing power, and other competitive advantages, which we do not have. A limited number of firms, including national PBM companies, such as Express Scripts Holding Company and CVS Health Corporation, have significant market share of the prescription volume. Our competitors also include drug retailers, physician practice management companies, and insurance companies/health maintenance organizations. We may also experience competition from other sources in the future. PBM companies compete primarily on the basis of price, service, reporting capabilities and clinical services. In most cases, our competitors are large, profitable, and well-established companies with substantially greater financial and marketing resources than our resources. Some of our services, such as disease management services, informed decision counseling services and medical information management services, also compete with those being offered by pharmaceutical manufacturers, specialized disease management companies, and information service providers. We may also experience competition from other sources in the future.
We are dependent on key customers.
We generate a significant portion of our revenue from a small number of customers. In June 2013, we entered into a ten-year strategic PBM partnering agreement with Cigna to provide PBM services to Cigna's clients and members. Cigna is our largest customer and will continue to account for a significant portion of our total revenue. See the below risk factor for additional risks specific to this customer.
Although we continually seek to diversify our customer base, we may be unable to offset the effects of an adverse change in one of our key customer relationships. For example, if our existing customers elect not to renew their contracts with us at the expiry of the current terms of those contracts, or reduce the level of service offerings we provide thereunder, our recurring revenue base will be reduced, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Furthermore, we sell most of our computer software and services to PBM organizations, Blue Cross/Blue Shield organizations, managed care organizations and retail/mail-order pharmacy chains. If the healthcare benefits industry or our customers in the healthcare benefits industry experience problems, they may curtail spending on our products and services and our business
and financial results could be materially adversely affected. For example, we may suffer a loss of customers if there is any significant consolidation among firms in the healthcare benefits industry or other participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain, if demand for pharmaceutical claims processing services should decline or if the financial condition of any of our customers otherwise deteriorates.
Many of our clients put their contracts out for competitive bidding prior to expiration. Competitive bidding requires costly and time-consuming efforts on our behalf and, even after we have won such bidding processes, we can incur significant expenses in proceedings or litigation contesting the adequacy or fairness of these bidding processes. We could lose clients if they cancel their agreements with us, if we fail to win a competitive bid at the time of contract renewal, if the financial condition of any of our clients deteriorates or if our clients are acquired by, or acquire, companies with which we do not have contracts. Over the past several years, self-funded employers, third-party administrators and other managed care companies have experienced significant consolidation. Consolidations by their very nature reduce the number of clients who may need our services. A client involved in a merger or acquisition by a company that is not a client of ours may not renew, and in some instances may terminate, its contract with us. Our clients have been and may continue to be, subject to consolidation pressure.
Our contract with Cigna exposes us to several risks and challenges due to the size of the client and the complexity and long-term nature of the agreement.
As mentioned above, in June 2013, we entered into a ten-year strategic PBM partnering agreement with Cigna to provide PBM services to Cigna's clients and members. Cigna is our largest customer and continues to account for a significant portion of our total revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2014, Cigna accounted for 34% of our total revenue. As a result, our recurring revenue base could be significantly impacted by any adverse trends in Cigna's business. For example, if Cigna were to exit portions of its business or lose major clients, our results of operations would be adversely affected.
The implementation of the Cigna contract is the largest and most complex implementation we have ever undertaken. We are required under the Cigna contract to devote a sufficient amount of personnel, systems, equipment, technology and other resources as are necessary to ensure a timely and successful implementation, which will require us to incur significant up-front costs. In addition, due to the amount of resources dedicated to the Cigna implementation, our ability to successfully bid for and implement other new customer contracts and integrate acquisitions of other businesses may be adversely affected. If we fail to implement the Cigna contract successfully and in a timely manner, or if as a result of resource constraints, we fail to properly implement other new customer contracts, we may face significant penalties that will adversely affect our financial results. Further, even if we successfully migrate the Cigna business to Catamaran, there can be no assurance that the Cigna contract will result in the realization of the expected revenue contribution or cost synergies, or that any realized benefits will be achieved within the anticipated timeframe or an otherwise reasonable period of time.
Additionally, if we fail to meet the service levels in the contract we may face penalties that will adversely affect our results of operations. Due to the duration of the Cigna contract if we are unable to meet the pricing guarantees in the future it will impact our profitability. With the increased competition and consolidation within our industry, we may be subject to reduced discounts on the cost of pharmaceuticals which could adversely impact our margins we earn from the Cigna contract.
Under certain circumstances, Cigna may terminate the agreement, in whole or in part, prior to the end of the ten-year term and/or terminate the performance of PBM services with respect to certain Cigna health plans, affiliates and/or clients. The termination, in whole or in part, or adverse modification of the Cigna agreement without replacing it on comparable terms with a different counterparty, which may not be available, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. Further, a reduction in the scope of PBM services provided under the Cigna contract or the exclusion of one or more large Cigna health plans, affiliates and/or clients could result in declines in revenues unless replaced with new business or otherwise cause harm to our reputation, resulting in stock price declines and other adverse effects.
We are currently involved in litigation with Cigna regarding primarily the amount of formulary rebates under our agreement. While we believe this matter should be resolved in a satisfactory manner, there can be no assurances that the ultimate resolution of this matter will not materially adversely affect our relationship with Cigna or our business and results of operations.
Demands by our customers for enhanced service levels, possible loss or unfavorable modification of contracts with our customers, or downstream customer dissatisfaction could negatively affect our profitability.
As our customers face the continued rapid growth in prescription drug costs, they may demand additional services and enhanced service levels and/or lower prices to help mitigate the increase in spending. Additionally, increasing downward pressure of federal and state reimbursements for pharmaceuticals and other medical services may cause our customers to demand lower fees, and changes in existing, or the adoption of new, laws or regulations relating to purchase discount and rebate arrangements with pharmaceutical manufacturers, or to formulary management or other PBM services, could also reduce the discounts or rebates we receive. Further, we operate in a very competitive environment, and as a result, may not be able to increase our fees to compensate for these increased services. Accordingly, margin pressure resulting from these trends could negatively affect our profitability.
We may encounter either direct or indirect customer complaints about our business model that could lead to potential litigation.
Specifically, lawsuits have been filed against other health plans for allegedly discriminatory practices relating to formulary tiers and the use
of mail order pharmacy services. A similar lawsuit against us could negatively affect our business.
Due to the term of our contracts with customers, if we are unable to renew those contracts at the same service levels previously provided, or at all, or replace any lost customers, our future business and results of operations would be adversely affected.
Our contracts with customers generally do not have terms longer than three years and, in some cases, are terminable by the customer on relatively short notice. Our larger customers generally seek bids from other PBM providers in advance of the expiration of their contracts. In addition, we believe the managed care industry is undergoing substantial consolidation, and another party that is not our customer could acquire some of our managed care customers. In such a case, the likelihood such customer would renew its PBM contract with us could be reduced, and the likelihood of a reduction in services would increase.
Consolidation in the healthcare industry could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Many healthcare industry participants are consolidating to create integrated healthcare delivery systems with greater market power. As provider networks and managed care organizations consolidate, thereby decreasing the number of market participants, competition to provide products and services like ours will become more intense, and the importance of establishing relationships with key industry participants will become greater. In the past, we have lost customers as a result of industry consolidation. In addition, industry participants may try to use their market power to negotiate price reductions for our products and services. Further, consolidation of management and billing services through integrated delivery systems may decrease demand for our products. If we are forced to reduce prices as a result of either an imbalance of market power or decreased demand for our products, revenue would be reduced and we could become significantly less profitable.
Our business strategy of expansion through acquisitions may result in unexpected integration costs and challenges, loss of acquired business and/or dilution to existing shareholders.
We look to the acquisition of other businesses, such as the Merger with Catalyst, and acquisitions of National Medical Health Card Systems, Inc. (“NMHC”), MedfusionRx, PTRX, SaveDirectRx, HealthTran, Restat, and Salveo as a way to achieve our strategy of expanding our product offerings and customer base. The successful implementation of this acquisition strategy depends on our ability to identify suitable acquisition candidates, acquire companies on acceptable terms, integrate the acquired company's operations and technology successfully with our own, and maintain the goodwill of the acquired business. We are unable to predict whether or when we will be able to identify any suitable additional acquisition candidates or the likelihood that any potential acquisition will be completed. It is also possible that a potential acquisition will be dilutive to existing shareholders. In addition, while we believe we have the experience and know-how to integrate acquisitions, such efforts entail significant risks including, without limitation:
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a diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns;
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failure to successfully integrate the operations, services, products and personnel of an acquired company;
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the possibility of faulty assumptions underlying expectations regarding the integration process;
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failure to realize expected synergies from an acquired company;
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possible inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies among the companies being combined or assimilated, which would make it more difficult to implement and harmonize company-wide financial, accounting, billing, information technology and other systems;
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possible difficulties maintaining the quality of products and services that acquired companies have historically provided;
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required amortization of the identifiable intangible assets of an acquired business, which will reduce our net income in the years following its acquisition, and also require a reduction of our net income in future years if we were to experience an impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets attributable to an acquisition;
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the potential loss of key employees or customers from either our current business or the business of the acquired company;
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possible difficulties coordinating businesses located in different geographic regions; and
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the assumption of significant and/or unknown liabilities of the acquired company.
Our future success depends upon the ability to grow, and if we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may incur unexpected expenses and be unable to meet our customers' requirements.
An important part of our business strategy is to expand the scope of our operations, both organically and through acquisitions. We cannot be certain that our systems, procedures, controls, and space will be adequate to support expansion of our operations, and we may be unable to expand and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to accommodate any future growth. Growth in operations will place significant demands on our management, financial and other resources. Our future operating results will depend on the ability of our management and key employees to successfully manage changing business conditions and to implement and improve our technical, administrative, financial control and reporting systems. Our inability to finance future growth, manage future expansion or hire and retain the personnel needed to manage our business successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the industry pricing benchmarks and related CMS reporting requirements could adversely affect our financial performance.
Contracts in the prescription drug industry, including our contracts with our retail network pharmacies and with our PBM customers, have traditionally used certain published benchmarks to establish pricing for prescription drugs. These benchmarks include Average Wholesale Price (“AWP”), Average Sales Price (“ASP”), Average Manufacturer Price ("AMP"), Wholesale Acquisition Cost ("WAC"), and Direct Price. Most of our contracts with pharmacies and customers historically utilized the AWP standard. Class action litigation settlements occurring in March 2009 with the two primary entities that publish AWP, have raised uncertainties as to whether payors, pharmacy providers, PBMs and
others in the prescription drug industry will continue to utilize AWP as it has previously been calculated or whether other pricing benchmarks will be adopted for establishing prices within the industry.
Further, changes in the reporting of any applicable pricing benchmarks, including the introduction of a new pricing benchmark in place of AWP, or in the basis for calculating reimbursements proposed by the federal government and certain states, and other legislative or regulatory adjustments that may be made regarding the reimbursement of payments for drugs by Medicaid and Medicare, including CMS's proposed retail survey-based alternative to AWP, could impact our pricing to customers and other payors and could impact our ability to negotiate discounts with manufacturers, wholesalers, or retail pharmacies. Since November 2013, CMS has been posting to its website final data files from its surveys of retail community pharmacy acquisition costs, and at least one state has already implemented a reimbursement methodology based on this data. In some circumstances, such ongoing legislative and regulatory changes could also impact the reimbursement that we receive in our mail and specialty pharmacies or that we receive from Medicare or Medicaid programs for drugs covered by such programs and from managed care organizations that contract with government health care programs to provide prescription drug benefits. In addition, it is possible that payors and pharmacy providers will disagree with the use or application of the changes we have put in place or begin to evaluate other pricing benchmarks as the basis for contracting for prescription drugs and PBM services in the future, and the effect of this development on our business cannot be predicted at this time. Due to these and other uncertainties, we can give no assurance that the short or long-term impact of changes to industry pricing benchmarks will not have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, results of operations and financial condition in future periods.
CMS and state legislatures continue to require greater pricing transparency. For contracts beginning in 2016 or subsequent contract
years, Part D sponsors must update MAC prices every seven days and disclose these prices in advance of their use, if the source for the pricing standard is not publicly available. Further, beginning with the 2016 contract year, Part D sponsors must reflect all pharmacy price concessions, other than contingent price concessions that cannot be determined at the point of sale, in reported negotiated prices. A number of states have proposed and passed legislation requiring PBMs to disclose pricing methodologies. These developments may impact our pricing and our ability to negotiate payor agreements.
If we lose our relationship, or our relationship otherwise changes in an unfavorable manner, with one or more key pharmacy providers, or if significant changes occur within the pharmacy provider marketplace, or if other issues arise with respect to our pharmacy networks, our business could be impaired.
Our operations are dependent to a significant extent on our ability to obtain discounts on prescription purchases from retail pharmacies that can be utilized by our clients and their members. Our contracts with retail pharmacies, which are non-exclusive, are generally terminable by either party on short notice. If one or more of our top pharmacy chains elects to terminate its relationship with us, or if we are only able to continue our relationship on terms less favorable to us, access to retail pharmacies by our clients and their health plan members, and consequently our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows could suffer. In addition, several large retail pharmacy chains either own or have strategic alliances with PBMs or could attempt to acquire or enter into these kinds of relationships in the future. Ownership of, or alliances with, PBMs by retail pharmacy chains, particularly large pharmacy chains, could have material adverse effects on our relationships with those retail pharmacy chains, particularly the discounts they are willing to make available, and on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
If we lose relationships with one or more key pharmaceutical manufacturers or third-party rebate administrators or if rebate payments we receive from pharmaceutical manufacturers and rebate processing service providers decline, our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows could be negatively impacted.
We receive fees from our clients for administering a rebate program with pharmaceutical manufacturers based on the use of selected drugs by members of health plans sponsored by our clients, as well as fees for other programs and services. We believe our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows could suffer if:
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we lose relationships with one or more key pharmaceutical manufacturers or third-party rebate administrators;
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we are unable to finalize rebate contracts with one or more key pharmaceutical manufactures in the future, or are unable to negotiate interim arrangements;
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rebates decline due to the failure of our health plan sponsors to meet market share or other thresholds;
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legal restrictions are imposed on the ability of pharmaceutical manufacturers to offer rebates or purchase our program services;
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pharmaceutical manufacturers choose not to offer rebates or purchase our programs or services; or
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rebates decline due to contract branded products losing their patients
Over the next few years, as patents expire covering many brand name drugs that currently have substantial market share, generic products will be introduced that may substantially reduce the market share of these brand name drugs. Historically, manufacturers of generic drugs have not offered formulary rebates on their drugs. Our profitability could be adversely affected if the use of newly approved, brand name drugs added to formularies, does not offset any decline in use of brand name drugs whose patents expire.
In order to meet customer demands, we must continually reassess our formulary lists. Any formulary management decision may face opposition from pharmaceutical manufacturers or related parties and could result in litigation. At least one other PBM has been sued as a result of formulary changes. Similar lawsuits against us could negatively affect our business.
Failures in compliance or changes in laws or regulations in the healthcare industry could adversely affect our business.
The healthcare industry is highly regulated and is subject to changing political, economic, and regulatory influences. For example, the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-32) contained significant changes to Medicare and Medicaid and had an impact for several years on healthcare providers' ability to invest in capital intensive systems. In addition, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-191) (“HIPAA”), as amended by the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (Public Law 111-5) (“HITECH”), and Canadian privacy statutes directly impact the healthcare industry by requiring various security and privacy measures in order to ensure the protection of patient health information. Over the years, the government has become increasingly involved in healthcare issues, and healthcare related legislation continues to impact the industry and impose compliance obligations on the industry, including, for example, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-173) (“Medicare Modernization Act” or “MMA”), which introduced the Medicare Part D benefit, effective January 1, 2006; the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-171) (“DRA”); the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-275) (“MIPPA”); the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111-148) (“PPACA”); and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-152), which amended the PPACA (collectively, the “Health Care Reform Laws”). In addition, other U.S. initiatives at both the federal and state levels could lower reimbursement rates and otherwise change the business environment of our customers and the other entities with which we have a business relationship. Further, existing laws and regulations are subject to changing interpretation by courts, regulatory agencies, and enforcement by agency officials. PBMs have also increasingly become the target of federal and state litigation over alleged practices relating to prescription drug switching, soliciting and receiving unlawful remuneration, processing dual eligible claims, handling of rebates, and fiduciary duties, among others.
These healthcare law developments and compliance obligations affect PBMs directly, and also impact the purchasing practices and operation of healthcare organizations. For example, the Health Care Reform Laws impose new transparency requirements on PBMs, and CMS issued a final rule implementing these requirements in April 2012. Among other requirements, the new transparency regulations require PBMs to report certain data to the Medicare Part D plan sponsor, who in turn must provide such information to CMS, including, for example, the total number of prescriptions that were dispensed, the aggregate rebates and discounts received by the PBM and attributable to patient utilization under the plan, the percentage of all prescriptions that were provided through retail pharmacies compared to mail pharmacies, and the aggregate amount of rebates received by the PBM and passed through to a Medicare Part D sponsor. CMS has finalized regulations implementing the PPACA overpayment rule. Part D sponsors must report and return any overpayments within 60 days after an overpayment is identified, and failure to do so can result in liability under the False Claims Act. Any fraudulent overpayment is subject to a look-back period of the six previous plan years. Failure to timely identify and return overpayments could impact our business as a PDP sponsor, and the customers of our PBM services.
The Health Care Reform Laws also contain programs to reform or amend the U.S. healthcare system and to change healthcare financing and reimbursement systems. These reforms are expected to increase the number of individuals who have health insurance coverage and expand the market for pharmaceutical products. However, healthcare industry participants may also respond by reducing their investments or postponing investment decisions, including investments in our product offerings. The healthcare industry is expected to continue to undergo significant changes for the foreseeable future, and we cannot ensure that we will not be subject to legislative review nor can we predict the effect of possible future legislation and regulation on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The workers' compensation industry is also highly regulated and subject to various political, economic and regulatory influences. State Departments of Insurance in many key states have set forth maximum state fee schedules for workers' compensation provider reimbursement. These maximum fee schedules may be reduced by regulators at any time to the detriment of PBMs and providers. Any willing provider statutes are also significant in workers' compensation because non-network pharmacies may seek reimbursement at rates higher than Company contracted pharmacies, thereby driving up reimbursement costs. Moreover, while the Company believes that all in-network pharmacies should be reimbursed at contracted rates, many providers and third-party billers believe that such reimbursement should be at the higher of the state maximum fee schedule or the contracted rates. If the positions of such providers and third-party billers are held valid, the Company may be subject to significant economic risk.
Additionally, we hold a number of federal and state licenses which are necessary to conduct our business. With our acquisition of MedfusionRx and its specialty pharmacies in December 2010, additional state regulations became applicable to us. Various aspects of the specialty pharmacy business are governed by state laws and regulations not previously applicable to us or which may now be applicable in different ways. Significant sanctions may be imposed for violations of these laws, and compliance programs are a significant operational requirement of our business. There are significant uncertainties involving the application of many of these legal requirements to us. Accordingly, we may be required to incur additional administrative and compliance expenses in determining the applicable requirements and in adapting our compliance practices, or modifying our business practices, in order to satisfy changing interpretations and regulatory policies. Failure to comply with requirements of our state and federal licenses could result in the loss of such licenses which could adversely affect our business.
Government efforts to reduce health care costs and alter health care financing practices could lead to a decreased demand for our services or to reduced rebates from manufacturers.
The Health Care Reform Laws and other proposals considered by Congress related to health care, could impact PBMs directly (e.g., requiring disclosure of information about pricing and product switches) or indirectly (e.g., modifying reimbursement rates for pharmaceutical manufacturers participating in government programs). The Health Care Reform Laws and other health care related proposals and related regulations may increase government involvement in healthcare and regulation of PBMs, pharmacy services and managed care plans, or otherwise change the way we do business. Some of these initiatives would, among other things, require that health plans members have greater access to
drugs not included on a plan's formulary and give health plan members the right to sue their health plans for malpractice when they have been denied care. Health plan sponsors may react to the Health Care Reform Laws or other health care related proposals, and the uncertainty surrounding them, by cutting back or delaying the purchase of our PBM services, and manufacturers may react by reducing rebates or reducing supplies of certain products. These proposals could lead to a decreased demand for our services or to reduced rebates from manufacturers. We cannot predict what effect, if any, these proposals may have on our businesses. PBMs have been subject in recent years to enhanced political scrutiny for entering into agreements with manufacturers to allegedly limit access to generic products and for allegedly contributing to over-utilization and off-label use of some antipsychotic drugs. This enhanced scrutiny may result in increased audits or examination of the PBM industry. Further, in its FY 2013 Workplan, the HHS Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) indicated an intent to focus on PBMs, with plans to (i) review the rebates collected by Medicare Part D sponsors and PBMs and analyze whether there are any discrepancies between the rebate amounts negotiated between PBMs and manufacturers and the actual rebates paid and (ii) assess Medicare Part D sponsors' abilities to oversee the ways in which PBMs carry out their responsibilities to administer their formularies and manage prescription drug use. This focus has continued in subsequent Workplans; for example, in the FY 2015 Workplan, the OIG announced an assessment of the adequacy of CMS’ oversight over Part D sponsors’ Pharmacy & Therapeutic committee conflict-of-interest procedures. Other legislative or market-driven changes in the healthcare system that we cannot anticipate could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to potential lawsuits under ERISA and the potential liabilities associated with being found to be a fiduciary of a health plan governed by ERISA.
As a service provider to ERISA plans, we are subject to potential litigation under ERISA claims and could face potential liabilities if we are found to be acting as a fiduciary of a plan in carrying out the services for which we are under contract. While we do not believe that the general conduct of our business subjects us to the fiduciary obligations set forth by ERISA, except when we have specifically contracted with an ERISA plan sponsor to accept fiduciary responsibility and be named as a fiduciary for certain functions, recent litigation has revealed uncertainties with respect to whether, and under what circumstances, courts will find PBMs to be acting as plan fiduciaries.
Uncertainty regarding the impact of Medicare Part D and any failure to comply with applicable CMS regulation may adversely impact our business and financial results.
We currently participate in the administration of the Medicare Part D voluntary prescription drug benefit: (i) through the provision of PBM services to our health plan customers and other customers that have qualified as a PDP or MA prescription drug plan, (ii) by assisting employers, unions and other health plan customers that qualify for the retiree drug subsidy available under Medicare Part D by collecting and submitting eligibility and/or drug cost data to CMS for them in order to obtain the subsidy, and (iii) by operating as a CMS approved Employer/Union Group Waiver PDP contract with CMS (S8841). Like many aspects of our business, the administration of the Medicare Part D program is complex and any failure to effectively execute the provisions of the Medicare Part D program may have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In addition, as an approved PDP sponsor, we are a direct contractor to the federal government and are subject to the rules, regulations, and enforcement authority of the federal government over its contractors. Our subsidiary, Catamaran Insurance of Ohio, Inc., holds a contract with CMS to offer PDP services to employer groups. As required by CMS regulations for becoming a PDP sponsor, Catamaran Insurance of Ohio, Inc. is licensed as a domestic insurance company in its domicile state, Ohio, and is further licensed as a non-resident insurer in 47 other states. We are currently able to offer non-risk based and risk-bearing Medicare benefits to employer groups. We do not currently offer our PDP services directly to individual Medicare Part D enrollees and we would require a contract with CMS authorizing us to do so. If material contractual or regulatory non-compliance was to be identified, including, for example, during CMS audits or client audits in cases where we service PDP sponsors, recoupment, monetary penalties and/or applicable sanctions, including suspension of enrollment and marketing or debarment from participation in Medicare programs, could be imposed, which could adversely impact the business. Further, the adoption or promulgation of new or more complex regulatory requirements or changes in the interpretation of existing regulatory requirements, in each case, associated with Medicare may require us to incur significant compliance-related costs which could adversely impact our business and our financial results.
In addition, due to the availability of Medicare Part D, some of our employer clients may stop providing pharmacy benefit coverage to retirees, instead allowing retirees to choose their own Part D plans, which could cause a reduction in utilization for our services. Extensive competition among Medicare Part D plans could also result in the loss of Medicare members by our managed care customers, which would cause a decline in our membership base.
Our mail and specialty pharmacies are dependent on our relationships with a limited number of suppliers and the loss of any of these relationships could significantly impact our ability to sustain and/or improve our financial performance.
We acquire a substantial percentage of our mail and specialty pharmacies prescription drug supply from a limited number of suppliers. Our agreements with these suppliers may be short-term and cancelable by either party without cause with a relatively short time-frame of prior notice. These agreements may limit our ability to provide services for competing drugs during the term of the agreement and allow the supplier to distribute through channels other than us. Further, certain of these agreements allow pricing and other terms of these relationships to be periodically adjusted for changing market conditions or required service levels. A termination or modification to any of these relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. An additional risk related to supply is that many products distributed by our specialty pharmacy business are manufactured with ingredients that are susceptible to supply shortages. If any products we distribute are in short supply for long periods of time, this could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to grow our specialty pharmacy business could be limited if we do not expand our existing base of drugs or if we lose patients.
Our specialty pharmacy business focuses on complex and high cost medications that serve a relatively small patient population. Due to the limited patient populations utilizing the medications that our specialty pharmacy business handles, our future growth relies in part on expanding our base of drugs or penetration in certain treatment categories. Further, a loss of patient base or reduction in demand for any reason for the medications we currently dispense could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The operations of our specialty pharmacy business may be adversely affected by industry trends in managed care contracting and consolidation.
A growing number of health plans are contracting with a single provider for specialty pharmacy services. Likewise, manufacturers may not be eager to contract with regional providers of specialty pharmacy services. If we are unable to obtain managed care contracts in the areas in which we provide specialty pharmacy services or are unable to obtain specialty pharmacy products at reasonable costs or at all, our business could be adversely affected.
Prescription volumes may decline, and our net revenues and profitability may be negatively impacted, if the safety risk profiles of drugs increase or if drugs are withdrawn from the market, including as a result of manufacturing issues, or if prescription drugs transition to over-the-counter products.
We dispense significant volumes of brand-name and generic drugs from our mail-order pharmacies and through networks of retail pharmacies. When increased safety risk profiles or manufacturing issues of specific drugs or classes of drugs result in utilization decreases, physicians may cease writing or otherwise reduce the numbers of prescriptions for these drugs. Additionally, negative press regarding drugs with higher safety risk profiles may result in reduced global consumer demand for such drugs. On occasion, products are withdrawn by their manufacturers or transition to over-the-counter products. In cases where there are no acceptable prescription drug equivalents or alternatives for these prescription drugs, our volumes, net revenues, profitability and cash flows may decline.
Due to complex calculations within our customer contracts, we may be required to issue significant credit memos to our customers that could adversely affect our business, profitability and growth prospects.
Contracts with our customers have complex calculations. We are consistently in the process of implementing procedures to improve our monitoring of material contractual obligations. We continue to issue credit memos to customers related to meeting, among other things, pricing performance guarantees and service level requirements. The continued issuance of credit memos could adversely affect our business, profitability and growth prospects.
Failure of our health plan customers to pay for prescription claims or a delay in payment of those claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Our contracts with retail pharmacies that participate in our network generally obligate us to make payments for prescription claims even if we are not reimbursed by our customers. If our customers delay their reimbursement payments or fail to make payments for prescription claims, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
If we become subject to liability claims that are not covered by our insurance policies, we may be liable for damages and other expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Various aspects of our business may subject us to litigation and liability for damages, such as the performance of PBM services and the operation of our call centers and website. A successful product or professional liability claim in excess of our insurance coverage where we are required to pay damages, incur legal costs or face negative publicity could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, our business reputation and our ability to attract and retain clients, network pharmacies, and employees. While we intend to maintain professional and general liability insurance coverage at all times, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to maintain insurance in the future, that insurance will be available on acceptable terms or that insurance will be adequate to cover any or all potential product or professional liability claims.
Our software products may be susceptible to undetected errors or similar problems, which may cause our systems to fail to perform properly.
Complex software such as ours may contain defects or errors that are difficult to detect, even through testing, and despite testing by us, our existing and future software products may contain errors. We strive to regularly introduce new solutions and enhancements to our products and services. If we detect any errors before introducing a product, we may have to delay commercial release for an extended period of time while the problem is addressed and in some cases may lose sales as a result of the delay. If we do not discover software errors that affect our products until after they are sold and become operational, we would need to provide enhancements to correct such errors, which would result in unexpected additional expense and diversion of resources to remedy such errors.
Any errors in our software or enhancements, regardless of whether or when they are detected or remedied, may result in harm to our reputation, product liability claims, license terminations or renegotiations, or delays in, or loss of, market acceptance of our product offerings.
Furthermore, our customers might use our software together with products from other companies. As a result, when problems occur, it might be difficult to identify the source of the problem. Even when our software does not directly cause these problems, the existence of these errors might cause us to incur significant costs, divert the attention of our technical personnel from development efforts, impact our reputation or cause significant customer relations problems.
We may be liable for the consequences of the use of incorrect or incomplete data that we provide.
We provide data, including patient clinical information, to pharmaceutical providers for their use in dispensing prescription drugs to patients. Third-party contractors provide us with most of this data. If this data is incorrect or incomplete, adverse consequences, including severe injury or death, may occur and give rise to product liability and other claims against us. In addition, a court or government agency may take the position that our delivery of health information directly, including through pharmaceutical providers, or delivery of information by a third-party site that a consumer accesses through our websites, exposes us to personal injury liability, or other liability for wrongful delivery or handling of healthcare services or erroneous health information. While we maintain product liability insurance coverage in an amount that we believe is sufficient for our business, we cannot be assured that this coverage will prove to be adequate or will continue to be available on acceptable terms, if at all. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or under-insured could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even unsuccessful claims could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources.
It is difficult to predict the length of the sales cycle for our solutions.
The length of the sales cycle for our solutions is difficult to predict, as it depends on a number of factors, including the nature and size of the potential customer and the extent of the commitment being made by the potential customer. Our sales and marketing efforts with respect to pharmaceutical providers and payors generally involve a lengthy sales cycle due to these organizations' complex decision-making processes. Additionally, in light of increased government involvement in healthcare and related changes in the operating environment for healthcare organizations, our current and potential customers may react by curtailing or deferring investments, including those for our services. In many cases, our acquisition of new business is dependent on us successfully bidding pursuant to a competitive bidding process. If potential customers take longer than we expect to decide whether to purchase our solutions, our selling expenses could increase and our revenues could decrease or be delayed, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our security is breached, outsiders could gain access to information we are required to keep confidential, and we could be subject to liability and customers could be deterred from using our services.
Our business relies on using the Internet to transmit confidential information. However, the difficulty of securely transmitting confidential information over the Internet has been a significant barrier to engaging in sensitive communications over the Internet, and is an important concern of our existing and prospective customers. Publicized compromise of Internet security, including third-party misappropriation of patient information or other data, or a perception of any such security breach, may deter people from using the Internet for these purposes, which would result in an unwillingness to use our systems to conduct transactions that involve transmitting confidential healthcare information. Further, if we are unable to protect the physical and electronic security and privacy of our databases and transactions, we could be subject to potential liability and regulatory action, our reputation and customer relationships would be harmed, and our business, operations, and financial results may be materially adversely affected.
Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by damage from a variety of sources, many of which are not within our control.
The success of our business depends in part on our ability to operate our systems without interruption. Our products and services are susceptible to all the threats inherent in computer software and other technology-based systems. Our systems are vulnerable to, among other things, power loss and telecommunications failures, software and hardware errors, failures or crashes, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems, and fire, flood, and other natural disasters. Although we take precautions to guard against and minimize damage from these and other potential risks, including implementing disaster recovery systems and procedures, they are often unpredictable and beyond our control. Any significant interruptions in our services could damage our reputation in the marketplace and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business depends on our intellectual property rights, and if we are unable to protect them, our competitive position may suffer.
We do not have any patents on our technology. Nonetheless, our business plan is predicated on our proprietary systems and technology. Accordingly, protecting our intellectual property rights is critical to our continued success and our ability to maintain our competitive position. We protect our proprietary rights through a combination of trademark, trade secret and copyright law, confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants, customers and suppliers, and limiting access to our trade secrets and technology. We cannot be assured that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position. Also, despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our intellectual property by reverse-engineering the functionality of our systems or otherwise obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and expensive, and we are unable to determine the extent, if any, to which piracy of our intellectual property exists.
In addition, we may have to engage in litigation in the future to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, and we may incur substantial costs and the diversion of management's time and attention as a result.
We may become subject to claims that we infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which, even if not successful, could have a material adverse impact on our business.
We could be subject to intellectual property infringement claims from third parties as the number of our competitors grows and our applications' functionality overlaps with their products. There has been a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the information technology industries. While we do not believe that we have infringed or are infringing on any proprietary rights of third parties, we cannot assure that infringement claims will not be asserted against us or that those claims will be unsuccessful. Even if a claim brought against us is ultimately unsuccessful, we could incur substantial costs and diversion of management resources in defending any infringement claims. Furthermore, a party making a claim against us could secure a judgment awarding substantial damages as well as injunctive or other equitable relief that could effectively block our ability to develop and market our products and services. We may be required to license intellectual property from third parties in order to continue using our products, and we cannot assure that we will be able to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
We may be unable to obtain, retain the right to use or successfully integrate third-party licenses for the use in our solutions, which could prevent us from offering the products and services which use those technologies.
We use third-party licenses for some of the technology used in our solutions, and intend to continue licensing technologies from third parties. These licenses are the type that ordinarily accompany the business that we conduct. However, these licenses might not continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all in the future. Most of these licenses can be renewed only by mutual consent and may be terminated if we breach the terms of the license and fail to cure the breach within a specified period of time. Although we are not dependent upon any individual license and believe that substitutes are generally available, our inability to obtain or renew any of these licenses could delay development of our new product offerings or prevent us from selling our existing solutions until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed and integrated, or developed by us, and there is no assurance as to when we would be able to do so, if at all. Lack of access to required licenses from third parties could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Most of our third-party licenses are non-exclusive. Our competitors may obtain the right to use any of the technology covered by these licenses and use the technology to attempt to compete more effectively with us. Our use of third-party technologies exposes us to risks associated with the integration of components from various sources into our solutions, such as unknown software errors or defects or unanticipated incompatibility with our systems and technologies. In addition, if our vendors choose to discontinue support of the licensed technology in the future or are unsuccessful in their continued research and development efforts, are unable to continue their business, decide to discontinue dealings with us or are acquired by a competitor or other party that does not wish to deal with us, we may not be able to modify or adapt our own solutions to use other available technologies in a timely manner, if at all.
We are highly dependent on senior management and key employees. Competition for our employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled employees that we need to support our business.
Our success largely depends on the skills, experience, and continued efforts of our management and other key personnel, and on our ability to continue to attract, motivate, and retain highly qualified individuals. Competition for senior management and other key personnel is intense, and the pool of suitable candidates is limited. If we lose the services of one or more of our key employees, we may not be able to find a suitable replacement and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Our ability to provide high-quality services to our customers also depends in large part upon the experience and expertise of our employees generally. We must attract and retain highly qualified personnel with a deep understanding of the healthcare, PBM and HCIT industries. We compete with a number of companies for experienced personnel and many of these companies, including customers and competitors, have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment. In addition, we invest significant time and expense in training our employees, which increases their value to customers and competitors who may seek to recruit them and increases the cost of replacing them. If we are unable to attract or retain qualified employees, the quality of our services could diminish and we may be unable to meet our business and financial goals.
Actual financial results may vary from our publicly disclosed forecasts.
Our actual financial results may vary from our publicly disclosed forecasts and these variations could be material and adverse. We periodically provide guidance on future financial results. These forecasts reflect numerous assumptions concerning our expected performance, as well as other factors, which are beyond our control and which may not turn out to be correct. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying our guidance and other forward-looking statements are reasonable when we make such statements, actual results could be materially different. Our financial results are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those identified throughout these risk factors. If our actual results vary from our announced guidance, the price of our common shares may decline, and such a decline could be substantial. We do not undertake to update any guidance or other forward-looking information we may provide.
The covenants and restrictions in our debt instruments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In July 2012, we entered into a $1.8 billion senior secured term loan and revolving credit agreement with a group of lenders led by JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the "Credit Agreement”). Concurrently with the Merger with Catalyst, we borrowed $1.4 billion under the Credit
Agreement to partially finance the Merger. In October 2013, we borrowed $350.0 million under the Credit Agreement to partially finance the acquisition of Restat. In March 2014, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2021. We used the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility leaving the Company with approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility as of December 31, 2014.
Our indebtedness under our debt instruments could adversely affect our financial condition. We will be required to devote a portion of our cash flows from operating activities to service our indebtedness, and therefore, such cash flows will not be available for other corporate purposes. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt obligations, we may be required to refinance all or a portion of our existing debt facilities, or to obtain additional financing and facilities. However, we may not be able to obtain such refinancing or additional facilities on favorable terms or at all.
The operating and financial restrictions and covenants contained in the agreements governing our outstanding and future indebtedness may limit our ability to finance future operations or capital needs, borrow additional funds for development and make certain investments. For example, the Credit Agreement restricts our ability to, among other things: incur certain additional debt or issue guarantees; incur or permit certain liens to exist; make certain investments, acquisitions or other restricted payments; dispose of assets; engage in certain types of transactions with affiliates; and merge, consolidate or transfer all or substantially all of our assets.
If we are required to write off goodwill or other intangible assets, our financial position and results of operations would be adversely affected.
We have significant goodwill and other intangible assets totaling approximately $5.7 billion as of December 31, 2014. We are required to periodically evaluate goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment. In the future we may take charges against earnings resulting from impairment. Any determination requiring the write-off of a significant portion of our goodwill or other intangible assets could adversely affect our results of operations and our financial condition.
Our tax filings are subject to possible review, audit and/or reassessment and we may be liable for additional taxes, interest or penalties if the final tax outcome is different from those provided for in our filings.
Although our primary operations are in the United States, we also have operations in foreign jurisdictions. Our income tax liability is therefore a consolidation of the tax liabilities we expect to have in various locations. Our tax rate is affected by the profitability of our operations in all locations, tax rates and systems of the countries in which we operate, our tax policies and the impact of certain tax planning strategies which we have implemented or may implement. To determine our worldwide tax liability, we make estimates of possible tax liabilities. Our tax filings, positions and strategies are subject to review by applicable taxing authorities and the outcomes of such reviews are uncertain. In addition, these audits generally take place years after the period in which the tax provision in question was provided and it may take a substantial amount of time before the final outcome of any audit is known. Future final tax outcomes could also differ materially from the amounts recorded in our financial statements. These differences could have a material effect on our financial position and our net income in the period such determination is made.
Changes in our accounting estimates and assumptions could negatively affect our financial position and results of operations.
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). These accounting principles require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements. We are also required to make certain judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We periodically evaluate our estimates and assumptions including those relating to revenue recognition, rebates, asset impairments, valuation of allowance for doubtful accounts, contingencies, and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable based on specific circumstances. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and changes in accounting standards could have an adverse impact on our future financial position and results of operations.
ITEM 1B.
ITEM 1B.
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None
ITEM 2.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company’s principal executive offices, along with PBM and HCIT operations, are located in an approximately 300,000 square foot leased office facility located at 1600 McConnor Parkway, Schaumburg, Illinois (suburban Chicago). This lease expires in January 2025. Additionally, the Company maintains PBM and HCIT operations in several other leased locations in the U.S. and Canada, including Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Ontario (Canada), Massachusetts, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Texas. We operate mail pharmacy facilities in Indiana, Florida, Ohio and Texas and specialty pharmacies in Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine,
Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas and West Virginia. The Company believes these properties are adequate for its current operations. All of the Company's facilities are leased, except the mail and specialty pharmacy located in Jeffersonville, Indiana, which is owned by the Company.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 3.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information on legal proceedings, see Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is hereby incorporated by reference into this Item 3.
ITEM 4.
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5.
ITEM 5.
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
The Company’s common stock is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) under the ticker symbols “CCT” and “CTRX,” respectively. Stock prices quoted on the TSX are denominated in Canadian dollars. The following table sets forth for each period indicated the high and low sales prices for the Company’s common stock on the TSX:
The Company’s common stock began trading on the NASDAQ on June 13, 2006. The following table sets forth for each period indicated the high and low sales prices for the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ:
On January 31, 2015, the closing sale price of the common stock, as reported by the TSX and NASDAQ was Cdn.$63.45 and $49.91 per share, respectively. As of January 31, 2015, there were approximately 92,000 holders of the Company’s common stock either of record or in street name.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid a cash dividend on our common shares and have no present intention to commence the payment of cash dividends. It is possible that the Board of Directors could determine in the future, based on the Company's financial and other relevant circumstances at that time, to pay cash dividends. We currently intend to retain earnings to finance the growth and development of our business and for working capital and general corporate purposes. Any payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon earnings, financial condition, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, contractual restrictions with respect to payment of dividends, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors. In particular, the terms of the Credit Agreement limit our ability to pay dividends. See Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information on the Credit Agreement.
Stock Performance
TSX
The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative returns for the Company’s stock, as compared to the TSX Composite Index and the S&P/TSX Capped Health Care index, as of December 31 of each year indicated. The graph assumes an initial investment of Cdn.$100 was made on January 4, 2010 and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends.
The following table presents the five-year comparison of cumulative returns for the Company’s stock, as compared to the TSX Composite Index and the S&P/TSX Capped Health Care Index, as of December 31 of each year indicated. The values assume an initial investment of Cdn.$100 was made on January 4, 2010 and assume the reinvestment of any dividends. Amounts presented in the table below are in Canadian dollars.
Nasdaq
The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative return the Company’s stock, as compared to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the iShares Dow Jones US Healthcare Index, as of December 31 of each year indicated. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100 was made on January 4, 2010 and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends.
The following table presents a five-year comparison of cumulative returns for the Company’s stock, as compared to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the iShare Dow Jones US Healthcare index, as of December 31 of each year indicated. The values assume an initial investment of $100 was made on January 4, 2010 and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends.
The information in this “Stock Performance” section shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
Not applicable.
ITEM 6.
ITEM 6.
SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial data have been derived from the consolidated financial statements of the Company contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto.
Notes:
1)
On September 17, 2010, the Company executed a two-for-one stock split effected by a stock dividend on the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company. All share and per share data presented in this Annual Report have been adjusted to reflect this stock split.
2)
The Company completed its acquisition of MedfusionRx on December 28, 2010. The purchase price for MedfusionRx was $101.5 million in cash with an additional $5.5 million potential earn-out payment subject to the achievement of certain financial performance targets through 2012.
3)
The Company completed its acquisitions of PTRX and SaveDirectRx on October 3, 2011. The aggregate purchase price for the acquisitions was $77.2 million in cash, subject to customary working capital adjustments, with an additional $4.5 million potential earn-out payment subject to the achievement of certain financial performance targets through 2012.
4)
In January 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding equity interests of HealthTran, a full-service PBM, in exchange for $250.0 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments.
5)
On May 16, 2012, the Company completed its public offering of 12.0 million of its common shares at a price to the public of $45.30 per share. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were approximately $519.1 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering to pay a portion of the cash component of the Merger consideration and to pay certain related fees and expenses and used the balance for general corporate purposes.
6)
On July 2, 2012, the Company completed the Merger with Catalyst, a full-service PBM. Each share of Catalyst common stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (other than shares owned by the Company or Catalyst or any of their respective wholly-owned subsidiaries) was converted in the Merger into the right to receive 1.3212 Company common shares (0.6606 of a Company common share prior to the October 2012 two-for-one stock split) and $28.00 in cash. This resulted in the Company issuing approximately 66.8 million shares of common stock, assuming 0.5 million Catalyst warrants, and paying $1.4 billion in cash to Catalyst shareholders to complete the Merger.
7)
On September 20, 2012, the Company executed a two-for-one stock split effected by a stock dividend on the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company. The additional common shares were issued on October 1, 2012. All share and per share data presented in this Annual Report have been adjusted to reflect this stock split.
8)
On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of Restat, LLC, a privately held pharmacy PBM based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under the Revolving Facility. The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to bring Catamaran's full-suite of technology and clinical services to Restat's clients, including mail and specialty pharmacy services.
9)
In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.75% Senior Notes due 2021. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility leaving the Company with approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility as of December 31, 2014. The Company used the remainder of the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes.
10) See Exhibit 12.1 to this Annual Report for the computation of the ratios of earnings to fixed charges.
ITEM 7.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Management's Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Catamaran Corporation (the “Company” or "Catamaran") should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This MD&A also contains forward-looking statements and should be read in conjunction with the risk factors described in Item 1A “Risk Factors.”
Certain statements included in this MD&A, including those that express management's objectives and the strategies to achieve those objectives, as well as information with respect to the Company's beliefs, plans, expectations, anticipations, estimates and intentions, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by management at this time, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies. We caution that such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other risks that may cause our actual financial results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from our estimated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements. Numerous factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including without limitation, our ability to achieve increased market acceptance for our product offerings and penetrate new markets; our ability to compete successfully; our dependence on, and ability to retain, key customers; customer demands for enhanced services levels or loss or unfavorable modification with our customers; the risks and challenges associated with our PBM partnering agreement with Cigna Corporation due to the size of the client and the complexity and term of the agreement; consolidation in the healthcare industry; our ability to identify and complete acquisitions, manage our growth, integrate acquisitions and achieve expected synergies from acquisitions; changes in industry pricing benchmarks and continuing market and economic challenges; our ability to maintain our relationships with pharmacy providers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, third-party rebate administrators and suppliers; compliance with existing laws, regulations and industry initiatives and future change in laws or regulations in the healthcare industry; our ability to maintain our relationships with suppliers; the outcome of any legal or tax proceeding that has been or may be instituted against us; the existence of undetected errors or similar problems in our software products; potential liability for the use of incorrect or incomplete data; interruption of our operations due to outside sources and breach of our security by third parties; our dependence on the expertise of our senior management and other personnel; maintaining our intellectual property rights and litigation involving intellectual property rights; our ability to obtain, use or successfully integrate third-party licensed technology; our ability to accurately forecast our financial results; our level of indebtedness and the covenants and restrictions in the agreements governing our outstanding indebtedness; our access to sufficient capital to fund our future requirements and potential write-offs of goodwill or other intangible assets. In addition, numerous factors could cause actual results with respect to the proposed Healthcare Solutions acquisition to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the possibility that the expected efficiencies and cost savings from the proposed transaction will not be realized, or will not be realized within the expected time period; the risk that the Catamaran and Healthcare Solutions businesses will not be integrated successfully; the ability to obtain regulatory approvals of the proposed transaction on the proposed terms and schedule contemplated by the parties; disruption from the proposed transaction making it more difficult to maintain business and operational relationships; the risk of customer attrition at Healthcare Solutions or Catamaran; the timing of the closing of the proposed acquisition; and the possibility that the proposed acquisition does not close, including, but not limited to, due to the failure to satisfy the closing conditions.
When relying on forward-looking information to make decisions, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events. In making the forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A, the Company does not assume any future significant acquisitions, dispositions or one-time items. It does assume, however, the renewal of certain customer contracts. Every year, the Company has major customer contracts that come up for renewal. In addition, the Company also assumes new customer contracts. In this regard, the Company is pursuing large opportunities that present a very long and complex sales cycle which substantially affects its forecasting abilities. The Company has assumed certain timing for the realization of these opportunities which it believes is reasonable but which may not be achieved. Furthermore, the pursuit of these larger opportunities does not ensure a linear progression of revenue and earnings since they may involve significant up-front costs followed by renewals and cancellations of existing contracts. The Company has assumed certain revenues which may not be realized. The Company has also assumed that the material factors referred to in the previous paragraph will not cause such forward-looking information to differ materially from actual results or events. There can be no assurance that such assumptions will reflect the actual outcome of such items or factors. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
THE FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MD&A REPRESENTS THE COMPANY'S CURRENT EXPECTATIONS AND, ACCORDINGLY, IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE. HOWEVER, THE COMPANY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY INTENTION OR OBLIGATION TO UPDATE OR REVISE ANY FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION, WHETHER AS A RESULT OF NEW INFORMATION, FUTURE EVENTS OR OTHERWISE, EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW.
All figures are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise stated.
Overview
PBM Business
The Company provides a broad range of PBM services to customers, which include managed care organizations, local governments, unions, corporations, HMOs, employers, workers' compensation plans, third-party health care plan administrators, and federal and state government programs. The PBM services include electronic point-of-sale pharmacy claims management, retail pharmacy network management, mail pharmacy claims management, specialty pharmacy claims management, Medicare Part D services, benefit design consultation, preferred
drug management programs, drug review and analysis, consulting services, data access and reporting and information analysis. The Company also owns and operates a network of mail and specialty pharmacies.
The mail pharmacies provide members flexibility, privacy, and easy access to their maintenance medications while offering significant plan savings to the customer. These pharmacies provide high quality service, member support and convenient, easy-to-use mail service delivery throughout the United States. Plan savings for mail service are dependent on plan design features, including co-payments and incentives, and utilization patterns.
The Company's specialty pharmacy offering provides customers the ability to control spending on specialty medications and ensure patients receive the necessary, personalized support for complex medications in one of the fastest growing sectors of pharmaceutical spending. The Company’s specialty therapy medication management program uses a highly-trained and specialized clinical staff organized in disease pods, a patient-centric approach, and evidence based clinical treatment protocols. The patient care team communicates with the patient, patient’s physician, and other caregivers as needed to obtain a complete medical and pharmacy history and then craft an individualized treatment plan, including patient education, counseling and expected therapy outcomes. Plan savings are achieved as the cost for specialty medication using this program is generally lower than retail pricing. In addition, the Company is a national provider of drug benefits to its customers under the federal government’s Medicare Part D program.
Revenue primarily consists of sales of prescription drugs, together with any associated administrative fees, to customers and participants, through the Company’s nationwide network of participating pharmacies or the Company's own mail and specialty pharmacies. Revenue related to the sales of prescription drugs is recognized when the claims are adjudicated and the prescription drugs are shipped. Claims are adjudicated at the point-of-sale using a real-time processing system.
Under the Company’s customer contracts, the pharmacy is solely obligated to collect the co-payments from the participants. As such, the Company does not include participant co-payments paid to non-Company owned pharmacies in revenue or cost of revenue. During 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company's network pharmacies, excluding the Company's internally owned mail and specialty locations, collected approximately $4.3 billion, $2.9 billion, and $1.8 billion, respectively, in co-payments from the participants. If we had included these co-payments collected at non-Company owned pharmacies in our reported revenue and direct expenses, our operating and net income would not have been affected.
The Company evaluates customer contracts to determine whether it acts as a principal or as an agent in the fulfillment of prescriptions through its participating pharmacy network. The Company acts as a principal in most of its transactions with customers and revenue is recognized at the prescription price (ingredient cost plus dispensing fee) negotiated with customers, plus an administrative fee, if applicable (“gross reporting”). Gross reporting is appropriate when the Company (i) has separate contractual relationships with customers and with pharmacies, (ii) is responsible to validate and manage a claim through the claims adjudication process, (iii) commits to set prescription prices for the pharmacy, including instructing the pharmacy as to how that price is to be settled (co-payment requirements), (iv) manages the overall prescription drug relationship with the patients, who are participants of customers’ plans, and (v) has credit risk for the price due from the customer. In instances where the Company merely administers a customer’s network pharmacy contract to which the Company is not a party and under which the Company does not assume pricing risk and credit risk, among other factors, the Company only records an administrative fee as revenue. For these customers, the Company earns an administrative fee for collecting payments from the customer and remitting the corresponding amount to the pharmacies in the customer’s network. In these transactions, the Company acts as an agent for the customer. As the Company is not the principal in these transactions, the drug ingredient cost is not included in revenue or in cost of revenue (“net reporting”). As such, there is no impact to gross profit based upon whether gross or net reporting is used.
HCIT Business
The Company is also a leading provider of HCIT solutions and services to payors, and other participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain in North America. The Company’s product offerings include a wide range of software products for managing prescription drug programs and for drug prescribing and dispensing. The Company’s solutions are available on a license basis with on-going maintenance and support or on a transaction fee basis using an Application Service Provider (“ASP”) model. The Company’s payor customers include managed care organizations, Blue Cross Blue Shield organizations, government agencies, employers and intermediaries such as pharmacy benefit managers. The solutions offered by the Company’s services assist payors in managing the complexity and reducing the cost of their prescription drug programs and dispensing activities.
Profitability of the HCIT business depends primarily on revenue derived from transaction processing services, software license sales, hardware sales, maintenance, and professional services. Recurring revenue remains a cornerstone of the Company’s business model and consists of transaction processing services and maintenance. Growth in revenue from recurring sources has been driven primarily by growth in the Company’s transaction processing business in the form of claims processing for its payor customers. Through the Company’s transaction processing business, where the Company is generally paid based on the volume of transactions processed, the Company continues to benefit from the growth in pharmaceutical drug use in the United States. The Company believes that aging demographics and increased use of prescription drugs will continue to benefit the transaction processing business. In addition to benefiting from this industry growth, the Company continues to focus on increasing recurring revenue in the transaction processing area by adding new transaction processing customers to its existing customer base. The recognition of revenue depends on various factors including the type of service provided, contract parameters, and any undelivered elements.
Operating Expenses
The Company’s operating expenses primarily consist of cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) costs, depreciation, and amortization. Cost of revenue includes the costs of drugs dispensed as well as costs related to the products and services provided to customers and costs associated with the operation and maintenance of the transaction processing centers. These costs include salaries and related expenses for professional services personnel, transaction processing centers’ personnel, customer support personnel and depreciation expense related to data center operations. SG&A costs relate to selling expenses, commissions, marketing, network administration and administrative costs, including legal, accounting, investor relations and corporate development costs. Depreciation expense relates to the depreciation of property and equipment used by the Company for general corporate purposes to conduct its PBM and HCIT businesses. Amortization expense relates to definite-lived intangible assets from business acquisitions.
Industry Overview
The PBM and pharmacy industries are intensely competitive, generally resulting in continuous pressure on gross profit as a percentage of total revenue. Industry consolidation and dramatic growth in managed healthcare have led to increasingly aggressive pricing of PBM services. Given the pressure on all parties to reduce healthcare costs, the Company expects this competitive environment to continue for the foreseeable future. In order to remain competitive, the Company looks to continue to drive purchasing efficiencies of pharmaceuticals to improve operating margins, and target the acquisition of other businesses to achieve its strategy of expanding its product offerings and customer base. The Company also looks to retain and expand its customer base by improving the quality of service provided by enhancing its solutions and lowering the total drug spend for customers.
The HCIT industry is increasingly competitive as technologies continue to advance and new products continue to emerge. This rapidly developing industry requires the Company to perpetually improve its offerings to meet customer’s rising product standards. Recent governmental stimulus initiatives to improve the country’s electronic health records should assist the growth of the industry, but it may also increase competition as more players enter the expanding market.
The complex environment in which the Company operates presents it with opportunities, challenges, and risks. The Company’s clients are paramount to its success; the retention of existing and winning of new clients and members poses the greatest opportunity, and the loss thereof represents an ongoing risk. The preservation of the Company’s relationships with pharmaceutical manufacturers and the Company's network of participating pharmacies is very important to the execution of its business strategies. The Company’s future success will depend in part on its ability to drive volume at its mail and specialty pharmacies and increase generic dispensing rates in light of the significant brand-name drug patent expirations expected to occur over the next several years. The Company’s ability to continue to provide innovative and competitive clinical and other services to clients and patients, including the Company’s active participation in the Medicare Part D benefit and the rapidly growing specialty pharmacy industry, also will play an important part in the Company’s future success.
The frequency with which the Company’s customer contracts come up for renewal, and the potential for one of the Company’s larger customers to terminate, or elect not to renew, its existing contract with the Company, create the risk that the Company’s results of operations may be volatile. The Company’s customer contracts generally do not have terms longer than three years and, in some cases, are terminable by the customer on relatively short notice. The Company’s larger customers generally seek bids from other PBM providers in advance of the expiration of their contracts. If existing customers elect not to renew their contracts with the Company at the expiration of the current terms of those contracts, and in particular if one of the Company’s largest customers elects not to renew, the Company’s recurring revenue base will be reduced and results of operations will be adversely affected.
The Company operates in a competitive environment where clients and other payors seek to control the growth in the cost of providing prescription drug benefits. The Company’s business model is designed to reduce the level of drug cost. The Company helps manage drug cost primarily through its programs designed to maximize the substitution of expensive brand drugs with equivalent but much lower cost generic drugs, obtaining competitive discounts from suppliers, securing rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party rebate administrators, securing discounts from retail pharmacies, applying the Company’s sophisticated clinical programs, and efficiently administering prescriptions dispensed through the Company’s mail and specialty pharmacies.
Various aspects of the Company’s business are governed by federal and state laws and regulations. Because sanctions may be imposed for violations of these laws, compliance is a significant operational requirement. The Company believes it is in substantial compliance with all existing legal requirements material to the operation of its business. There are, however, significant uncertainties involving the application of many of these legal requirements to its business. In addition, there are numerous proposed health care laws and regulations at the federal and state levels, many of which could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company is unable to predict what additional federal or state legislation or regulatory initiatives may be enacted in the future relating to its business or the health care industry in general, or what effect any such legislation or regulations might have on it. The Company also cannot provide any assurance that federal or state governments will not impose additional restrictions or adopt interpretations of existing laws or regulations that could have a material adverse effect on its business or financial performance.
Competitive Strengths
The Company has demonstrated its ability to serve a broad range of clients from large managed care organizations and state governments to employer groups with fewer than a thousand members. The Company believes its principal competitive strengths are:
Flexible, customized and independent services: The Company believes a key differentiator between itself and its competitors is not only the Company's ability to provide innovative PBM services, but also to deliver these services on an à la carte basis. The Catamaran suite of PBM services offers the flexibility of broad product choice along the entire PBM continuum, enabling enhanced customer control, solutions tailored to the customer's specific requirements, and flexible pricing. The market for the Company's products is divided among customers who contact with Catamaran to provide a full-suite of PBM services, large customers that have the sophisticated technology infrastructure and staff required to operate a 24-hour data center and other customers that are not able or willing to operate these sophisticated systems.
The Company’s business model allows its customers the flexibility to operate the Company’s systems themselves (with or without taking advantage of the Company’s significant customization, consulting and systems implementation services) on a fee-per-transaction or subscription basis through ASP processing from the Company’s data center. In other cases, the Company fully manages a customer's pharmacy benefit program from claims adjudication through clinical programs and consulting.
Leading technology and platform: The Company’s technology is robust, scalable, and web-enabled. The platform is able to cross-check multiple processes, such as reviewing claim eligibility, adverse drug reaction and properly calculating member, pharmacy and payor payments on a real-time basis. The Company’s technology is built on flexible, database-driven rule sets and broad functionality applicable for most any type of business. The Company believes it has one of the most comprehensive claims processing platforms in the market.
The Company’s technology platform allows it to provide customized comprehensive PBM services by offering customers a selection of services to choose from to meet their unique needs. The Company believes this à la carte offering is a key differentiator from its competitors.
Measurable cost savings for customers: The Company provides its customers with increased control over traditional and specialty prescription drug costs and drug benefit programs. The Company’s pricing model and flexible product offerings are designed to deliver measurable cost savings to customers. The Company believes its pricing model is a key differentiator from its competitors for the Company’s customers who want to gain control of their prescription drug costs. For customers who select the Company’s pharmacy network and manufacturer rebate services on a fixed fee per transaction basis, there is clarity to the rebates and other fees payable by the pharmaceutical manufacturer or third-party rebate administrator to the customer. The Company believes that its pricing model together with the flexibility to select from a broad range of customizable services helps customers realize measurable results and cost savings.
Selected trends and highlights for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the same period in 2013
Business Trends
Our results for the year ended December 31, 2014 reflect the successful execution of our business model, which emphasizes the alignment of our financial interests with those of our clients through greater use of generics, low-cost brands and utilization of the Company's mail and specialty pharmacies. A key focus during the year was completing the integration of the Restat, LLC ("Restat") acquisition and implementing Cigna, our largest client. The additional scale and product offerings helped the Company continue to see the positive trends we experienced in 2013 related to improved pricing from increased scale and increased generic usage, and enabled the Company to offset the negative impact of various marketplace forces affecting pricing and plan structure, among other factors, and thus we were able to continue to generate improvements in our results of operations. Additionally, the regulatory environment continued to evolve during the year and we have continued to make significant investments in our product offerings designed to keep us ahead of the competition.
The integration of our recent acquisitions has helped drive overall growth in our top line revenue as well as in our overall operating results. We also continue to benefit from better management of ingredient costs through increased competition among generic manufacturers. The average generic dispensing rate ("GDR"), or the number of generic prescriptions as a percentage of the total number of prescriptions dispensed, for Catamaran clients reached 86% in 2014, compared to 84% in 2013. This trend is a result of a consultative client management approach and the strategic management of generic utilization, channel management, clinical programs, plan design and the use of a preferred network. This increase was helped considerably by a continuing wave of major generic releases.
Financial Results
Total revenue in 2014 was $21.6 billion as compared to $14.8 billion in 2013. The increase is largely attributable to an increase in PBM revenue of $6.8 billion which was mainly due to organic growth driven by new customer contract implementations, including the continued implementation of the Cigna contract, as well as a full year of results from the Restat acquisition. As a result of these factors, the Company's adjusted prescription claim volume increased 36.5% in 2014 to 404.1 million from 296.0 million during 2013. Adjusted prescription claim volume equals the Company's retail and specialty pharmacy prescriptions, plus mail pharmacy prescriptions multiplied by three. The mail pharmacy prescriptions are multiplied by three to adjust for the fact that they typically include a three month supply of product days compared with retail and specialty prescriptions which typically include a one month supply.
Operating income increased $125.2 million, or 28.2%, in 2014 to $569.0 million as compared to $443.8 million in 2013. The increase is largely attributable to an increase of $234.4 million in gross profit as a result of the increased adjusted prescription claim volume noted previously. The increase in gross profit was partially offset by a $77.6 million increase in SG&A expenses due to additional costs to support the
growth in the PBM business, plus a $10.0 million increase in amortization expense primarily due to the intangible assets acquired as a result of the Restat acquisition.
The Company reported net income attributable to the Company of $317.3 million, or $1.53 per share (fully-diluted), for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $55.1 million or 21.0% compared to $262.2 million, or $1.27 per share (fully-diluted), in 2013. Net income attributable to the Company is higher for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to 2013 as a result of new customer contract implementations during the year, including the continued implementation of the Cigna contract, as well as a full year contribution from the Restat book of business. These positive impacts to net income attributable to the Company were offset by an increase in operating expenses as discussed above, as well as an increase in interest expense of $16.4 million as a result of the issuance in March 2014 of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, offset by a repayment of $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility in March 2014.
Earnings per share attributable to the Company (fully-diluted) increased $0.26 or 20.5% to $1.53 for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $1.27 for the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to the increase in net income attributable to the Company as previously noted.
Strong operational results and strong attention to cash management yielded cash flow from operations of $590.2 million in 2014, an increase of $114.8 million from 2013.
Business Combinations
Subsequent to the end of the current reporting period, on February 26, 2015, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Healthcare Solutions, Inc. ("Healthcare Solutions") a current PBM customer operating in the workers' compensation space, for a purchase price of $405 million in cash, subject to customary post-closing adjustments. The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to further expand our presence in the workers' compensation market. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2015, subject to certain customary closing conditions.
Also subsequent to the end of the current reporting period, on January 2, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Salveo, an independent specialty pharmacy with locations in New York and California, for a purchase price of $260.0 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran's existing cash balance. The acquisition provides the Company with the opportunity to expand its geographic footprint and therapy mix in the specialty pharmacy market.
On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of all of outstanding equity interests of Restat, a privately held PBM based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under the Revolving Facility. The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to bring Catamaran's full-suite of technology and clinical services to Restat's clients, including mail and specialty pharmacy services.
Recent Developments
In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility and for general corporate purposes.
Results of Operations
Revenue
Revenue increased $6.8 billion, or 46.0%, to $21.6 billion during 2014 from $14.8 billion in 2013 as a result of an increase in adjusted prescription claim volume of 36.5% to 404.1 million in 2014 from 296.0 million during 2013. Several factors drove the increase in the adjusted prescription claim volume, including organic growth added through new customer implementations which includes the continued implementation of the Cigna contract as well as additional claim volume related to a full year contribution from the Restat book of business. Additionally, revenue per prescription claim increased in 2014 as a result of increased specialty claim volume. Specialty claims carry a significantly higher average revenue per prescription as compared to the Company's general book of business.
Revenue increased $4.8 billion, or 48.7%, to $14.8 billion during 2013 as compared to 2012, as a result of an increase in adjusted prescription claim volume of 48.8% to 296.0 million in 2013 from 198.9 million during 2012. The increase in the claim volume was mainly due to a full year of volume from the Catalyst book of business, organic volume added through new customer contract implementations from a strong 2012 selling season and volume added in the fourth quarter of 2013 from the acquisition of Restat.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue increased $6.6 billion, or 48.1%, to $20.2 billion in 2014 from $13.7 billion in 2013, primarily due to the increased adjusted claim volume due to the reasons noted in the revenue discussion above. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, the cost of prescriptions dispensed from the Company's PBM segment accounted for 98.2% and 97.6% of the cost of revenue, respectively. The cost of prescriptions dispensed is substantially comprised of the actual cost of the prescription drugs sold, plus any applicable shipping or dispensing costs. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue was 93.7% and 92.4% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, a slight increase which was mostly due to increased volume related to the Cigna contract transactions, which carry a lower margin per claim as compared to the Company's general book of business. This increase is partially offset by increased utilization of generics and increased volumes at the Company's mail and specialty pharmacies. The Company continues to focus on increasing generic utilization, mail and specialty penetration and improved pricing as a result of increased scale in order to lower our costs of goods sold.
During 2013, cost of revenue increased $4.4 billion, or 48.3%, to $13.7 billion as compared to $9.2 billion in 2012. The increase in cost was consistent with the increased revenue during 2013, which was driven by the increased revenue from the PBM segment as a result of the increased adjusted claim volume, acquisition of Restat, new customer starts in 2013 as well as additional services sold to existing customers.
Gross Profit
Gross profit increased $234.4 million, or 20.8%, to $1.4 billion during 2014, mainly due to an increase in PBM revenues as discussed above. Consolidated gross profit percentage decreased from 7.6% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013 to 6.3% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014, mainly due to Cigna transactions which were a large driver of the Company's revenue increase, carrying a significantly lower gross profit percentage as compared to the historical PBM business. This decrease was offset by positive impact from increased generic utilization and increased mail and specialty penetration during 2014.
Gross profit increased $392.3 million, or 53.5%, to $1.1 billion during 2013 as compared to 2012, mostly due to incremental PBM revenues. Gross profit percentage increased from 7.4% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012 to 7.6% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013. The PBM segment's gross profit percentage increased due to the synergies realized from the Company's acquisitions.
SG&A Costs
SG&A costs for the year ended December 31, 2014 were $518.4 million, $440.8 million and $369.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. SG&A costs consist primarily of employee costs in addition to professional services costs, facilities and costs not related to cost of revenue. SG&A costs have increased $77.6 million, or 17.6%, from 2013 to 2014 due to having a full year of costs to support and integrate the business acquired from Restat that were only present for one quarter of the year in 2013. Additionally, operating costs increased due to the continued implementation of the Cigna contract along with increased costs as a result of organic increases in SG&A in order to support the growth of the PBM segment.
SG&A costs increased $71.3 million, or 19.3%, in 2013 as compared to 2012 due to having a full year of costs to support the Catalyst business whereas 2012 only included half a year, offset by a decrease in the transaction and integration expenses related to the Catalyst Merger that occurred in 2012. SG&A costs also include stock-based compensation expense of $31.3 million, $24.2 million and $17.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The increase in stock-based compensation was due to additional awards granted and increasing fair values per award.
Depreciation
Depreciation expense relates to property and equipment used in all areas of the Company except for those depreciable assets directly related to the generation of revenue, which is included in the cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation expense increased $21.6 million, or 56.8%, to $59.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $37.9 million in 2013, driven by new fixed assets placed in service in 2014 to support the continued growth in the Company's business as well as a full year of depreciation of Restat assets.
Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 increased $21.2 million from $16.7 million in 2012 as a result of an additional half of year of depreciation from the assets acquired in the Merger with Catalyst, the acquisition of Restat, along with new fixed asset purchases in 2013 to support the continued growth in the Company's business.
Amortization
Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 increased $10.0 million to $213.2 million compared to $203.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, as a result of having a full year of Restat amortization as compared to one quarter of Restat amortization in 2013.
Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $203.2 million compared to $130.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. The increase in amortization expense was driven mainly by an additional half year of amortization of the intangible assets acquired in the Merger with Catalyst as well as additional amortization as a result of the acquisition of Restat.
Refer to Note 4- Business Combinations in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further details of the Company's recent acquisitions. The Company's intangible assets are amortized in line with their estimated future economic benefits, which for certain assets is greater at the beginning of their life versus the end. Refer to Note 7 - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information on amortization expected in future years.
Interest and other expense, net
Interest and other expense, net increased $19.5 million to $61.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $41.6 million in 2013. The increase is driven by an increase in the interest expense of $16.4 million to $55.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $39.1 million in 2013. The increase in interest expense is a result of a higher average principal amount of long-term debt outstanding resulting from the issuance in March 2014 of $500 million aggregate principal of the Senior Notes. Refer to Note 9 - Long - Term Liabilities in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information related to the Company's debt agreements. Interest expense increased $13.3 million to $39.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to 2012, driven by a full year of outstanding borrowings under the Company's credit facility used to partially finance the Merger with Catalyst and an additional $350.0 million utilized to partially finance the acquisition of Restat.
Income Taxes
The Company recognized income tax expense of $134.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing an effective tax rate of 26.4%, compared to $103.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 25.7%, for the same period in 2013. The increase in tax expense in 2014 compared to 2013 was mainly due to higher taxable income partially offset by tax benefits related to cross jurisdictional financing.
The Company recognized income tax expense of $103.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 25.7% in 2013 compared to $69.3 million, representing an effective tax rate of 36.4% for the same period in 2012. The increase in tax expense in 2013 compared to 2012 was mainly due to higher taxable income as a result of the Merger with Catalyst as well as new customer implementations in 2013. The effective
tax rate decreased during 2013 due to certain costs the Company incurred in 2012 that were not deductible as a result of the Catalyst Merger which increased the effective rate in 2012. Additionally, tax benefits related to cross jurisdictional financing reduced the effective tax rate in 2013 versus 2012.
Segment Analysis
The Company manages its business in two segments: PBM and HCIT, and evaluates segment performance based on revenue and gross profit. Information about the Company’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 is presented below:
PBM revenue increased by $6.8 billion, or 46.5% to $21.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $14.6 billion in 2013. The increase in PBM revenue is primarily due to organic growth as a result of the implementation of new customer contracts in 2014, including the continued implementation of the Cigna contract as well as a full year of revenue contribution from the acquisition of Restat, which was completed on October 1, 2013. As a result of these customer additions, adjusted prescription claim volume for the PBM segment increased 36.5% to 404.1 million from 296.0 million during 2013. Additionally, revenue per prescription claim has increased in 2014 as a result of increased specialty claim volume, which has a higher revenue per prescription claim rate, as compared to the Company's general book of business.
PBM revenue increased $4.8 billion, or 49.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to 2012 primarily due to a full year of revenue contribution from Catalyst, the acquisition of Restat, as well as due to new customer starts during 2013.
PBM cost of revenue was $20.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to $13.6 billion for the same period in 2013, an increase of $6.6 billion, or 48.4%, due to the increase in PBM revenue and increased adjusted prescription claim volume. PBM cost of revenue is predominantly comprised of the cost of prescription drugs. As a percentage of PBM revenue, PBM cost of revenue was 94.1% and 92.8% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase in the PBM cost of revenue as a percentage of PBM revenue was primarily due to the additional Cigna volume which carries significantly lower gross profit percentage as compared to the historical PBM business, coupled with the significant volume associated with the Cigna business representing a larger proportion of total PBM revenue. This was offset in part by the increased use of lower cost generic drugs and higher utilization at the Company's mail and specialty pharmacies. Generic drug usage continues to be a focus of the industry, and the Company, to help drive down health care costs for our customers. The average GDR for PBM clients reached 86% in 2014, a 2% increase from 2013. This increase was achieved through a broad range of plan design solutions, helped considerably by a continuing wave of major generic releases. The Company will continue to seek opportunities for increased generic prescription drug usage to help reduce overall prescription drug costs to its customers and the Company.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to 2012, PBM cost of revenue increased $4.4 billion, or 48.6%. The increase was in line with the increase in PBM revenues during this period. As a percentage of PBM revenue, PBM cost of revenue was 92.8% and 93.4% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The decrease in the PBM cost of revenue as a percentage of PBM revenue was primarily due to the synergies realized as a result of the Catalyst Merger as well as the increased use of lower cost generic drugs and higher utilization of the Company's owned mail and specialty pharmacies.
PBM gross profit increased $226.1 million, or 21.6% to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to $1.0 billion in 2013 due to new customer contract implementations including Cigna as well as incremental revenue as a result of the Restat acquisition. PBM gross profit percentage was 5.9% and 7.2% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. PBM gross profit percentage decreased primarily as a result of the Cigna volume which carries a significantly lower gross profit percentage as compared to the historical PBM business, coupled with the significant volume associated with the Cigna business representing a larger proportion of total PBM revenue. This decrease was partially offset by an improved usage of generics and higher utilization at the Company's mail and specialty pharmacies.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, PBM gross profit increased $404.1 million, or 62.7%, compared to PBM gross profit in 2012. This growth was primarily due to the integration of Catalyst customers acquired as of July 2, 2012, incremental revenue as a result of the Restat acquisition and new customer contract implementations. PBM gross profit percentage was 7.2% and 6.6% for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. PBM gross profit percentage increased during 2013 as compared to 2012 due to the synergies realized from the integration of Catalyst and Restat customers during 2013.
HCIT revenue increased $3.9 million, or 2.6% to $151.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $148.0 million in 2013. The increase was primarily due to an increase in revenues earned from transaction processing as a result of increased volume from existing customers and higher rates.
HCIT revenue decreased $7.0 million, or 4.5%, to $148.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $155.0 million in 2012. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in revenues earned from transaction processing as a result of lower transaction volume, customer conversions to the PBM segment and a decrease in professional services revenue.
HCIT cost of revenue decreased $4.4 million, or 6.3%, to $66.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $70.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. HCIT cost of revenue increased $4.8 million, or 7.3%, to $70.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $65.7 million for the same period in 2012. HCIT cost of revenue includes the direct support costs for the HCIT business as well as depreciation expense of $4.0 million, $4.3 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. In addition, HCIT cost of revenue includes stock-based compensation expense of $2.3 million, $1.4 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The Company's HCIT costs do not always directly correlate with changes in revenue. Most of the increased revenues of 2014 were related to transaction processing, which often do not incur cost increases when volumes rise due to the scalability of the Company's systems. HCIT cost of revenue increased in 2013 as compared to 2012 mainly due to investments in our systems.
HCIT gross profit increased $8.4 million, or 10.8%, to $85.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $77.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. HCIT gross profit percentage was 56.5% for the year ended December 31, 2014, as compared to 52.4% for the same period in 2013. The increases in HCIT gross profit and HCIT gross profit percentage are attributable to the mix of the Company's HCIT revenue moving to more transaction processing as a percentage of total revenues. This reduced the percentage of revenues attributable to professional services, which carry the lowest gross profit percentage in the Company's HCIT segment due to the direct labor costs associated with professional services.
HCIT gross profit decreased $11.8 million, or 13.3%, to $77.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $89.3 million in 2012, and gross profit percentage was 52.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to 57.6% in 2012. The decreases in gross profit and gross profit percentage are attributable to revenue decreases in transaction processing volumes and cost of revenue increases as discussed above.
Non-GAAP Measures
The Company reports its financial results in accordance with GAAP, but Company management also evaluates and makes operating decisions using EBITDA and Adjusted EPS. The Company's management believes that these measures provide useful supplemental information regarding the performance of business operations and facilitates comparisons to its historical operating results. The Company also uses this information internally for forecasting and budgeting as it believes that the measures are indicative of the Company's core operating performance. Note, however, that these items are performance measures only, and do not provide any measure of the Company's cash flow or liquidity. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for measures of financial performance in accordance with GAAP, and investors and potential investors are encouraged to review the reconciliations of EBITDA and Adjusted EPS that are included below.
EBITDA Reconciliation
EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful supplemental measure of operating performance. EBITDA consists of earnings prior to amortization, depreciation, interest and other expense, net, income taxes and adjustments to remove the applicable impact of any non-controlling interest. Management believes it is useful to exclude amortization, depreciation, interest expense and other expense, net, as these are essentially fixed amounts that cannot be influenced by management in the short term.
The following is a reconciliation of the Company's reported net income to EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
EBITDA increased $135.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to an increase in sales within the PBM segment as a result of organic growth from new customer contract implementations, including the continued implementation of the Cigna contract, as well as the acquisition of Restat. This was partially offset by increased costs incurred to support the Company's business growth.
EBITDA increased $288.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to 2012, primarily due to the Merger with Catalyst as well as an organic increase in sales within the PBM segment from new customer contract implementations. This was partially offset by costs to support the Merger integration, as well as increased costs incurred to support the Company's business growth.
Adjusted EPS Reconciliation
Adjusted EPS adds back the impact of all amortization of intangible assets, net of tax. Amortization of intangible assets arises from the acquisition of intangible assets in connection with the Company's business acquisitions. The Company excludes amortization of intangible assets from non-GAAP Adjusted EPS because it believes (i) the amount of such expenses in any specific period may not directly correlate to the underlying performance of the Company's business operations and (ii) such expenses can vary significantly between periods as a result of new acquisitions and full amortization of previously acquired intangible assets. Investors should note that the use of these intangible assets contributes to revenue in the period presented as well as future periods and should also note that such expenses will recur in future periods.
Below is a reconciliation of the Company's reported net income to Non-GAAP net income and the related Adjusted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
Adjusted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $2.28 as compared to $2.00 in 2013. The increase in Adjusted EPS is mainly due to an increase in net income attributable to the Company which was driven by an increase in the PBM revenue as a result of organic growth from new customer contract implementations as well as the acquisition of Restat and was partially offset by increased costs incurred to support the Company's business growth.
Adjusted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $2.00 as compared to $1.19 in 2012. The increase in Adjusted EPS was mainly due to increased gross profit earned from the expansion of the Company's PBM business along with a decrease in the transaction and integration costs related to the Catalyst Merger that the Company completed in 2012. This increase was partially offset by increased costs incurred to support the Company's continued growth.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company’s sources of liquidity have primarily consisted of cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from its public offerings, proceeds from credit facilities and stock option exercises. In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of
the Senior Notes. The Company used part of the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility. On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of Restat for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash, which was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under the Revolving Facility. Due to the borrowings from the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes the Company incurred a significant increase in its interest expense as compared to prior years and expects this expense and the related principal payments to continue throughout the term of the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had approximately $950.0 million of outstanding debt under its Credit Agreement and approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity thereunder. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had approximately $500 million of outstanding debt under the Senior Notes. Refer to Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes.
At December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company had cash and cash equivalents totaling $1.0 billion and $387.2 million, respectively. The Company believes that its cash on hand, together with cash generated from operating activities, and the amount available under its Credit Agreement, will be sufficient to support planned operations for the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2014, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, deposits in banks and bank term deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less.
As of December 31, 2014, all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were exposed to market risks, primarily changes in U.S. interest rates. Declines in interest rates over time would reduce interest income related to these balances. Additionally, although the Company's primary operations are in the U.S., the Company is incorporated as a Canadian company. Cash that the Company holds in the U.S. would be subject to taxation if it is repatriated to Canada; however, the Company has determined that its U.S. earnings are permanently reinvested in the U.S. and accordingly deferred income taxes have not been recorded on the Company's U.S. earnings. Due to the Merger, the Company was required to pay a tax on its non-repatriated U.S. earnings through the end of 2012. As a result, the Company did not have any non-repatriated earnings prior to the end of 2012.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Selected balance sheet highlights at December 31, 2014 are as follows:
•
Accounts receivable represent trade accounts receivable from our customers. Accounts receivable increased $294.8 million to $1.3 billion at December 31, 2014 from $1.0 billion at December 31, 2013, driven by increases in revenue of $6.8 billion during the year ended December 31, 2014, largely attributable to the implementation of new customer contracts. The accounts receivable balance is impacted by changes in revenues, as well as the timing of collections, and is continually monitored by the Company to ensure timely collections and to assess the need for any changes to the allowance for doubtful accounts.
•
Rebates receivable of $863.8 million relate to billed and unbilled PBM receivables from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators in connection with the administration of the rebate program where the Company is the principal contracting party. The receivable and related payables are based on estimates, which are subject to final settlement. The rebates receivable balance increased $557.9 million from $306.0 million at December 31, 2013 due to increased volume of rebate eligible claims processed in 2014, as well as the timing of receipts from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third party administrators. The Company does not process rebates for all PBM customers and accordingly the rebates receivable balance does not always fluctuate proportionately with changes in revenues and prescription claim volumes.
•
As of December 31, 2014, goodwill and other intangible assets were $4.7 billion and $1.0 billion, respectively. Goodwill increased by $4.4 million from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2014 mainly due to working capital adjustments related to the acquisition of Restat. Intangible assets decreased by $213.2 million from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2014 due to intangible asset amortization. Please refer to Note 7 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles Assets for future amortization expense as of December 31, 2014.
•
Accounts payable predominantly relates to amounts owed to retail pharmacies for prescription drug costs and dispensing fees in connection with prescriptions dispensed by the retail pharmacies to the members of the Company’s customers when the Company is the principal contracting party with the pharmacy. As of December 31, 2014, the accounts payable balance has increased $150.0 million to $967.8 million from $817.8 million at December 31, 2013, due to increased prescription claim transactions driven by new customer contracts implemented in 2014.
•
Pharmacy benefit management rebates payable represents amounts owed to PBM customers for rebates from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators where the Company administers the rebate program on the customer’s behalf, and the Company is the principal contracting party. The payables are based on estimates, which are subject to final settlement. Pharmacy benefit management rebates payable increased $611.5 million to $967.7 million at December 31, 2014, from $356.3 million at December 31, 2013, due to the increased rebate volume as a result of the addition new customers. Similar to the change in rebates receivable, the Company does not process rebates for all customers, and accordingly the rebates payable balance does not always fluctuate proportionately with changes in revenues and prescription claim volumes.
•
Accrued liabilities are mainly comprised of customer deposits, salaries and wages payables, contingent consideration and other accrued liabilities related to operating expenses of the Company. Accrued liabilities increased to $327.2 million at December 31, 2014 from $254.1 million at December 31, 2013.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Cash flows from operating activities
For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company generated $590.2 million of cash through its operations. Cash provided by operating activities increased by $114.8 million compared to the same period in 2013. Cash from operating activities has increased during this period mainly due to the Company's increased revenue base driven by organic growth as a result of new customer contract implementations in 2014 as well as the inclusion of three additional quarters of Restat results, which drove a net income increase of $75.0 million. The Company's operating cash flow increased compared to 2013 by $39.6 million due to the timing of receipts and payments on the Company's outstanding accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses balances. These increases were offset by a cash outflow of $19.3 million related to other assets, driven by an increase in inventory as a result of an expanding mail and specialty business.
Changes in the Company’s cash from operations result primarily from increased gross profits and the timing of payments on accounts receivable, rebates receivable, and the payment or processing of its various accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The Company continually monitors its balance of trade accounts receivable and devotes ample resources to collection efforts on those balances. Rebates receivable and the related payable are primarily estimates based on claims submitted. Rebates are typically paid to customers on a quarterly basis upon receipt of the billed funds from the third-party rebate administrators and pharmaceutical manufacturers. The timing of the rebate payments to customers and collections of rebates from third-party rebate administrators and pharmaceutical manufacturers causes fluctuations on the balance sheet, as well as in the Company’s cash from operating activities.
Changes in non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization are caused by the purchase and acquisition of capital and intangible assets. In addition, as assets become fully depreciated or amortized, the related expenses will decrease.
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, as well as non-cash items related to income taxes, will fluctuate based on working capital requirements and the tax provision, which is determined by examining taxes actually paid or owed, as well as amounts expected to be paid or owed in the future.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company generated $475.4 million of cash through its operations. Cash provided by operating activities increased by $225.7 million compared to 2012 mostly due to an increase in net income of $177.7 million or 146.8% to $298.7 million from $121.0 million during 2012. This net income increase was mainly due to the Company's increased revenue base as a result of the Merger with Catalyst, the acquisition of Restat and organic growth as a result of new customer contract implementations in 2013. Cash from operations also increased due to an increase in non-cash amortization expense of $73.1 million offset by a cash outflow of $49.8 million related to the timing of receipts and payments on the Company's outstanding accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses balances.
Cash flows from investing activities
For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company used $60.1 million of cash for investing activities, a decrease of $437.6 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2013. This decrease was driven by the cash consideration paid to acquire Restat in 2013. During 2014 the Company used $78.1 million for purchases of property and equipment to support increased transaction volume and invest in systems to effectively and efficiently integrate the operations of recent acquisitions. The cash used was partially offset by proceeds from restricted cash of $20.0 million. As the Company grows, it continues to purchase capital assets to support increases in its information technology network capacity and personnel. The Company monitors and budgets these costs to ensure the expenditures aid in the strategic growth of the Company.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company used $497.7 million of cash for investing activities which consisted primarily of cash used to acquire Restat. Cash used for investing activities decreased $1.1 billion as compared to 2012 due to cash consideration paid to acquire Catalyst and HealthTran in 2012. During 2013, the Company used $128.8 million for purchases of property and equipment to support increased transaction volume and invest in systems to effectively and efficiently integrate the operations of recent acquisitions. The cash used was partially offset by proceeds from restricted cash of $20.0 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company used $1.6 billion of cash for investing activities, which consisted primarily of cash used to acquire HealthTran and Catalyst. Additionally, the Company used $40.2 million for purchases of property and equipment to support increased transaction volume.
Cash flows from financing activities
For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company generated $94.6 million of cash from financing activities as compared to $38.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2014 the Company's financing activities consisted primarily of borrowings under the Senior Notes of $492.5 million and $337.5 million of repayments on the Company's Credit Agreement.
Cash flows from financing activities generally also fluctuate based on the timing of option exercises by the Company’s employees, which are affected by market prices, vesting dates and expiration dates. The associated tax benefit on the exercise of stock options will also fluctuate based on the timing of option exercises, the market price of the Company's shares at the time of exercise, and the exercise price of the option. The Company will continue to incur significant cash outflows related to its amounts due under the Credit Agreement. Refer to Contractual Obligations later in this MD&A for further analysis of future payments due under the Company's Credit Agreement.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company generated $38.8 million of cash from financing activities, a decrease of $1.3 billion from 2012 which consisted primarily of the Company's $1.5 billion draw on the Credit Agreement to finance the Merger in 2012.
For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company generated $1.4 billion of cash from financing activities, which mainly consisted of the Company's $1.5 billion draw on the Credit Agreement to finance the Merger as well as the issuance of 12.0 million common shares in May 2012, which resulted in net proceeds of $519.1 million. Offsetting these proceeds was $18.8 million in fees the Company paid to lenders related to the Credit Agreement executed in July 2012, the repayment of $617.0 million of debt related to the Company's and Catalyst's previous credit facilities in place prior to the Merger, and a portion of the Company's Credit Agreement.
Future Capital Requirements
The Company’s future capital requirements depend on many factors, including its integration of recent acquisitions and any future transactions. The Company expects to fund its operating and working capital needs, and business growth requirements through cash flow from operations, its cash and cash equivalents on hand and its funds available under the Senior Notes and Credit Agreement. See Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information on the Company's Senior Notes and Credit Agreement.
Subsequent to the end of the Company's current reporting period, on February 26, 2015, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Healthcare Solutions, a PBM operating in the workers' compensation space, for $405 million in cash, subject to customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price is expected to be funded through cash on the balance sheet and/or available Revolving Facility borrowings. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2015, subject to certain customary closing conditions.
Subsequent to the end of the Company's current reporting period, on January 2, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Salveo, an independent specialty pharmacy platform with pharmacy locations in New York and California, for a purchase price of $260.0 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran's existing cash balance.
The Company cannot provide assurance that its actual cash requirements will not be greater than expected as of the date of this Annual Report. In order to meet business growth goals, the Company will, from time to time, consider the acquisition of, or investment in, complementary businesses, products, services and technologies, which might impact liquidity requirements or cause the issuance of additional equity or debt securities. Any issuance of additional equity or debt securities may result in dilution to shareholders, and the Company cannot be certain that additional public or private financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all.
If sources of liquidity are not available or if we cannot generate sufficient cash flow from operations during the next twelve months, the Company might be required to obtain additional funds through operating improvements, capital markets transactions, asset sales or financing from third parties or a combination thereof. The Company cannot provide assurance that these additional sources of funds will be available or, if available, will have reasonable terms.
If adequate funds are not available to finance the Company's business growth goals, the Company may have to substantially reduce or eliminate expenditures for marketing, research and development, and testing of proposed products, or obtain funds through arrangements with partners that require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies or products. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional capital if its capital resources are exhausted. A lack of liquidity and an inability to raise capital when needed may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s ability to continue its operations or expand its business.
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes the Company’s significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on the Company’s liquidity and cash in future periods assuming all obligations reach maturity (in millions):
(1)
Outstanding amounts under the Credit Agreement are due on the Credit Agreement's maturity date, July 2, 2018. The amount noted includes the amount borrowed by the Company under the senior secured term loan as of December 31, 2014, which will fluctuate based on the principal amounts outstanding under the senior secured term loan.
(2)
Aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes is due on the Senior Notes' maturity date, March 15, 2021.
(3)
The interest payments are calculated based on the Company's senior secured term loan borrowings that carry an annual interest rate of 2.14% on $500.0 million which has been fixed through the Company's interest rate swap agreements and the Company's rate of 1.81% on the remaining $450.0 million of its senior secured term loan borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2014. The interest rate applicable to the Company's senior secured term loan borrowings may fluctuate in the future based on changes in the LIBOR rate. See Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information on the terms of the Company's long-term debt obligations.
(4)
The interest payments are calculated based on the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes which carry an interest rate of 4.75%. Interest payments are due semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2014. See Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information on the terms of the Company's long-term debt obligations.
The above table excludes $35.4 million related to the Company’s accrued liability for uncertain tax positions; the Company is unable to reliably estimate the period of cash settlement, if any, with the respective taxing authorities.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements.
Outstanding Securities
As of January 31, 2015, the Company had 207,493,541 common shares outstanding, 1,448,532 options outstanding, and 1,876,563 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) outstanding. The options are exercisable on a one-for-one basis into common shares. The outstanding RSUs are subject to time-based and performance-based vesting restrictions. The number of outstanding RSUs as of January 31, 2015 assumes the associated performance targets will be met at the maximum level for the performance-based RSUs. Once vested, RSUs convert on a one-for-one basis into common shares.
Summary of Quarterly Results
The following table provides summary quarterly results (unaudited) for the eight quarters prior to and including the quarter ended December 31, 2014 (in thousands except share and per share data):
1)
In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes. The Company used the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility leaving the Company with approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility as of December 31, 2014. The Company used the remainder of the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes.
2)
On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of Restat, a privately held pharmacy benefit manager based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under the Revolving Facility. The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to bring Catamaran's full-suite of technology and clinical services to Restat's clients, including mail and specialty pharmacy services.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, purchase price allocation in connection with acquisitions, the carrying amount of property and equipment, the value of intangible assets acquired and related amortization periods, impairment of goodwill, rebates, contingencies, the valuation allowances for receivables and future income taxes and accruals for income tax uncertainties. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies to the Company’s 2014 consolidated financial statements includes a Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. The understanding of the accounting policies used to prepare the consolidated financial statements is important to understanding the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.
Revenue recognition
The Company’s revenue is derived from prescription drug sales along with transaction processing services, maintenance, professional services, and systems sales (including software license and hardware sales).
The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (ii) the service or product has been provided to the customer and no uncertainties exist surrounding product acceptance; (iii) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (iv) the collection of fees is reasonably assured. Areas of judgment and subjectivity in the Company’s revenue recognition include principal versus agent considerations for PBM contracts, arrangements with multiple elements, and professional service revenues under long-term contracts for HCIT contracts.
Principal versus agent considerations: The Company evaluates customer contracts using the indicators of the principal versus agent revenue accounting guidance to determine whether the Company acts as a principal or as an agent in the fulfillment of prescriptions through the participating pharmacy network. Assessing each contract requires judgment, and the conclusions reached on each contract will greatly impact the amount of revenue recorded. While gross profit is not impacted by the conclusion reached, revenues and cost of revenues will vary significantly. The Company assesses each contract to determine if the Company is acting as a principal or an agent. Key factors that the Company considers when determining whether it acts as a principal or an agent includes: (i) whether the Company has separate contractual relationships with customers and with pharmacies, (ii) is the Company responsible to validate and manage a claim through its claims adjudication process, (iii) does the Company commit to set prescription prices for the pharmacy, including instructing the pharmacy as to how that price is to be settled (co-payment requirements), (iv) does the Company manage the overall prescription drug plan relationship with the patients, who are participants of customers’ plans, (v) who has credit risk for the amount due from the customer, and (vi) does the Company have direct obligations to the participating pharmacies to pay for the prescription drug spend. The Company weighs the criteria that are present in order to conclude whether the contract should be recorded gross as a principal, or net as an agent.
Arrangements with multiple elements: When the Company enters into arrangements with multiple deliverables it must consider: (i) whether the delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis, and (ii) if the contract includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, whether delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the
Company. In most cases, the Company is able to conclude that the separate deliverables have stand alone value since most of the deliverables are sold as stand alone products or services. A key area of judgment is for the Company to determine the relative selling prices of the undelivered items. The relative selling prices of undelivered elements, such as professional services, or ASP services, are determined based on stated pricing within the contract with each customer, or pricing for the same product sold to other customers. Professional services relative selling prices are determined based on billing rates per hour based on the type of professional services provided, whereas ASP services are generally based on transaction fee rates, or standard monthly access and processing fees. When the Company is unable to determine the relative selling prices based on contractual terms with the customer or from pricing of the same product sold to other customers, the Company uses its best estimate of the selling price for that deliverable. Once the relative selling prices are determined, revenue is allocated to each unit of accounting or element based on relative fair values.
Professional service revenues under long-term contracts: As part of the Company’s professional services offerings, the Company enters into contracts to provide professional services over a specified time frame, or for a specific contract deliverable. In cases where the contracts require professional services to be delivered for an extended time frame, the Company records revenue based on a percentage of completion model. The percentage of completion model is impacted by management’s estimate of hours required to complete a deliverable and the mix of staffing required for the project. When projects have a fixed fee, the Company must estimate the total cost to complete the deliverable in order to assess a projected margin from the project. Revenues are then recorded based on the hours completed for the project and the calculated margin to be earned from the project. Revenues are impacted based on management’s estimate of margin to be earned on the project, and may fluctuate throughout the project as estimates are revised. Whenever management expects a loss on a project, the Company records the expected loss immediately in its consolidated statement of operations.
Rebates
The Company administers rebate programs through which it receives rebates and administrative fees from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators that are shared with customers. The Company recognizes rebates when the Company is entitled to them, and when the amounts of the rebates are determinable. The amount recorded for rebates earned by the Company from the pharmaceutical manufacturers, third-party administrators, and from administrative fees are recorded as a reduction of cost of sales. Rebates owed to the Company’s customers are recorded as a reduction of revenue. The Company determines the amount of rebates to record based on the number and types of claims submitted, the rebate program terms with its customers, the Company’s rebate contracts, and any additional information that becomes available. The amount of rebates ultimately earned by the Company, or paid to its customers, is contingent upon several factors, including validation of claims data submitted by the Company, and may require adjustments in future periods to the amounts originally estimated. Historically, adjustments to the Company’s original rebate estimates have not been significant.
Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the sum of the amounts allocated to the identifiable assets acquired, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is allocated to the Company’s reporting units that are expected to benefit from the business combination as of the date of the business combination. Intangible assets acquired individually or as part of a group of other assets are initially recognized and measured at cost. The cost of a group of intangible assets acquired in a transaction, including those acquired in a business combination that meet the specified criteria for recognition apart from goodwill, is allocated to the individual assets acquired based on their fair values.
Goodwill and intangible assets are impacted by the Company’s fair value measurements at initial recording. Beginning in 2009, the Company applied the revised business combination guidance as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Measurements of goodwill and purchased intangible assets are based on models derived from a market participant point of view. Along with the methodology used to measure assets and liabilities acquired, the guidance also impacts the types of assets and liabilities required to be measured and recognized. Management’s conclusions about the composition of relevant market participants, the types of assets and liabilities required to be measured, and the methodology used to measure the assets and liabilities will all have a significant impact on the purchase price allocation for business combinations.
Asset impairments
The Company’s goodwill and long-lived assets (including property and equipment, and purchased intangibles subject to amortization) are subject to periodic impairment testing. Pursuant to the Accounting Standards Update("ASU") ASU 2011-08 in 2011 related to the testing of goodwill impairment, the Company performed a qualitative assessment to determine if indicators of impairment were present. See Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on the Company's 2014 goodwill impairment test. Long-lived assets are only required to be tested for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the net carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Both asset impairment tests and considerations are impacted by various estimates and judgments made by management. Events that may cause a potential impairment in the Company's goodwill or long-lived assets would be the loss of a significant customer or group of customers, a fundamental change in the structure of the healthcare industry, including the method and manner in which pharmacy benefit managers are compensated or a significant decline in future expected profitability.
The annual qualitative assessment for goodwill is impacted by management’s assessment of reporting units, allocation of the consolidated Company’s assets and liabilities to each reporting unit, management’s estimate of future operating results, and a selection of peers to establish a comparable market group. The annual impairment test completed for 2014 did not indicate any impairment of the Company’s two reporting units, and did not reveal that an impairment would be reasonably likely in the near future.
As noted above, long-lived assets are only required to be tested for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the net carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Assessing whether an impairment test is necessary requires management to monitor results of the business that utilize the long-lived assets, as well as outside market forces that may impact the future recoverability of the long-lived assets. No events or other circumstances occurred in 2014, 2013 or 2012 that caused management to conclude any of its long-lived assets may not be recoverable. In October 2012, the Company launched its new specialty brand BriovaRx, formerly known as Medfusion and Ascend, delivering personalized, holistic care to patients with complex chronic and conditions to improve health outcomes. As a result of the re-branding of the specialty business, the Company concluded that the useful life of the intangible asset that the Company recorded for the MedfusionRx trade name should be reduced since the name would no longer be used by the Company, which was the asset's highest and best use. Before adjusting the useful life of the asset, the Company considered whether the asset had any value as a defensible asset which would extend its useful life. The Company determined that the MedfusionRx trade name had an insignificant value as a defensible asset, and the asset's useful life should be shortened due to the name change of the business. As a result, the Company recorded an additional $8.0 million in amortization expense during 2012.
The Company considered the recent turmoil in the credit markets in assessing whether these events may indicate that the Company's long-lived assets were impaired. The assets assessed are mostly computer equipment, acquired customer lists and goodwill.
Valuation of allowance for doubtful accounts
In assessing the valuation of the allowance for doubtful accounts, management reviews the collectability of accounts receivable in aggregate and on an individual account-basis. Delinquency is assessed based primarily on contractual terms, and management’s judgment is used as the basis for allowances required. Management reviews the accounts receivable on an individual customer-basis to determine if events such as subsequent collections, discussions with management of the debtor companies, or other activities lead to the conclusion to either increase or decrease the calculated allowance. Factors considered when reviewing accounts receivable in the aggregate include the overall age of receivables, macro-economic issues impacting classes of customers and recent collection trends. The conclusions and estimates made are further impacted by changes in economic and market conditions as well as changes to the customers’ financial condition. Changes in estimates for the allowance of doubtful accounts have not had a significant impact on the results of the Company during 2014, 2013, or 2012.
Contingencies
From time to time in connection with its operations, the Company is named as a defendant in actions for damages and costs allegedly sustained by the plaintiffs. Management also considers other areas of the Company’s business that may be subject to litigation and liability for damages arising from errors in processing the pricing of prescription drug claims, failure to meet performance measures within certain contracts relating to its services performed or its ability to obtain certain levels of discounts or rebates on prescription purchases from participating pharmacies, drug manufacturers and third-party administrators or other actions or omissions. Reserves for contingencies are based upon the Company’s consideration of these proceedings and disputes. Management assesses the probability that these contingencies will be realized, and whether the outcome is reasonably estimable. The Company’s estimates for reserves recorded may be impacted by the history of similar claims, the limitations of any insurance coverage, advice from outside counsel, and management’s strategy with regard to the settlement or defense against such claims and obligations.
Income taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the deferred tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Benefits from tax positions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. Management’s estimates of future operating results and tax planning strategies, assessment of the probability of future tax benefits realization, and the determination of the likelihood of tax positions being sustained upon exam, are key judgments which management makes which impact the accounting for income taxes and necessary valuation allowances.
Recent Accounting Standards
See Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for information on recent accounting pronouncements that the Company adopted. The Company is currently assessing the impact on its financial condition and future operating results for recently issued accounting guidance, and does not expect the recently issued guidance to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial condition or future results of operations.
ITEM 7A.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
INTEREST RATE PRICE SENSITIVITY
The Company is exposed to market risk in the normal course of its business operations, primarily the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in interest rates. In addition, the Company is subject to interest rate risk related to $450.0 million of the $950.0 million drawn under its Credit Agreement, as the interest rate on the remaining $500.0 million in principal amount is fixed due to the interest rate swaps agreements the Company maintains. As of December 31, 2014, assuming a hypothetical 1% fluctuation in the interest rate of the loan, the Company's pre-tax income would vary by $4.5 million on an annual basis. Actual increases or decreases in earnings in the future could differ materially from this assumption based on the timing and amount of both interest rate changes and the levels of cash held by the Company. The interest rates applicable to borrowings under the Credit Agreement are based on a fluctuating rate and are described in more detail in Note 9 - Long-Term Liabilities to the Company's consolidated financial statements. There have been no other material changes in the Company’s exposure to market risk during the year ended December 31, 2014.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK
The Company is subject to foreign exchange risk related to its operations in Canada. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments to mitigate this risk. Exposure to fluctuations in Canadian-dollar denominated transactions is partially offset by Canadian-dollar denominated assets and liabilities. The realized foreign exchange gains and losses for each of the periods presented were insignificant to the Company's consolidated operations. The Company performed a sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2014, assuming a hypothetical 10% fluctuation in the U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rate. Holding other variables constant, a 10% fluctuation in either direction in the exchange rate would affect the Company’s pre-tax income by less than $0.2 million.
There are inherent limitations in the sensitivity analysis presented, primarily due to the assumption that foreign exchange rate movements are linear and instantaneous. As a result, the analysis is unable to reflect the potential effects of more complex market changes that could arise, which may positively or negatively affect income.
ITEM 8.
ITEM 8.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Catamaran Corporation:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Catamaran Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and shareholders’ equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Catamaran Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 27, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 27, 2015
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Catamaran Corporation:
We have audited Catamaran Corporation’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A(b) of the Company’s December 31, 2014 annual report on Form 10-K. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Catamaran Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 27, 2015
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Consolidated Balance Sheets
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Operations
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Description of Business
Catamaran Corporation (“Catamaran” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of pharmacy benefits management (“PBM”) services and healthcare information technology (“HCIT”) solutions to the healthcare benefits management industry. The Company’s product offerings and solutions combine a wide range of PBM services, software applications, application service provider (“ASP”) processing services and professional services designed for many of the largest organizations in the pharmaceutical supply chain, such as federal, provincial, state and local governments, unions, corporations, pharmacy benefit managers, managed care organizations, retail pharmacy chains and other healthcare intermediaries. The Company is headquartered in Schaumburg, Illinois with several locations in the U.S. and Canada.
In July 2012, SXC Health Solutions Corp. changed the name and brand for the company to Catamaran Corporation. The Company's common shares trade on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol "CTRX" and on the Toronto Stock Exchange under ticker symbol “CCT.”
2.
Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Significant accounting policies are summarized below:
Basis of presentation:
The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include its wholly-owned subsidiaries as well as non-controlled entities. Amounts in the consolidated financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, except where otherwise indicated. Within the financial statements and tables presented, the totals of certain columns and rows may not add due to the use of rounded numbers for disclosure purposes. Percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Certain reclassifications have been made to conform the prior years’ consolidated financial statements to the current year’s presentation.
Principles of Consolidation:
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries, which are generally wholly owned. All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Any non-controlling interest in the equity of a subsidiary is reported in equity in the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity. Net income attributable to the non-controlling interest is subtracted from Net Income to arrive at Net Income Attributable to the Company in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Use of estimates:
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue recognition, purchase price allocation and contingent consideration in connection with acquisitions, valuation of property and equipment, valuation of intangible assets acquired and related amortization periods, impairment of goodwill, contingencies, valuation allowances for receivables and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Revenue recognition:
The Company's revenue is primarily derived from prescription drug sales. The Company has a small portion of its revenue that is derived from transaction processing and other services related to its HCIT products.
The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following conditions are satisfied: (i) there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement; (ii) the service or product has been provided to the customer and no uncertainties exist surrounding product acceptance; (iii) the amount of fees to be paid by the customer is fixed or determinable; and (iv) the collection of fees is reasonably assured.
When the Company enters into arrangements with multiple deliverables, exclusive of arrangements with software deliverables, it applies the Financial Accounting Standards Board's guidance for revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables and evaluates each deliverable to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting based on the following criteria: (i) whether the delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis, and (ii) if the contract includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in the control of the Company. Revenue is allocated to each unit of accounting or element based on relative selling prices. The Company determines relative selling prices by using either (i) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) if it exists; or (ii) third-party evidence of selling price ("TPE"). When neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, the Company uses its best estimate of the selling price for that deliverable.
After determining which deliverables represent a separate unit of accounting, each unit is then accounted for under the applicable revenue recognition guidance. In cases where elements cannot be treated as separate units of accounting, the elements are combined into a single unit of accounting for revenue recognition purposes.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
When the Company enters into arrangements with multiple deliverables involving software, the Company applies the accounting guidance for software. The entire arrangement fee is allocated to each element in the arrangement based on the respective VSOE of fair value of each element.
When an arrangement includes software and non-software deliverables, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to the non-software deliverables, and to the software deliverables as a group, based on the relative selling prices of all deliverables in the arrangement. When a tangible product contains software that is not essential to the product’s functionality, that nonessential software and any other deliverables within the arrangement that relate to that nonessential software are accounted for under accounting guidance for software. The non-software deliverables sold by the Company typically do not include software deliverables that are considered essential to the functionality of a tangible product.
Revenue is recognized for specific types of transactions as follows:
PBM revenue: The Company’s PBM revenue is primarily derived from sales of prescription drugs, together with any associated administrative fees, to customers and participants through the Company’s nationwide network of pharmacies. Revenue related to the sales of prescription drugs by the Company’s nationwide network of pharmacies is recognized when the claims are adjudicated. Claims are adjudicated at the point-of-sale using the Company’s on-line processing system. The Company records an offsetting reduction to revenue for any rebates earned from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators that are payable to the Company’s customers.
For transactions at the Company's participating pharmacies, under the terms of the customer contracts, the pharmacy is solely obligated to collect the co-payments from the participants. The Company does not assume liability for participant co-payments in non-Company owned pharmacy transactions, and therefore does not include participant co-payments in revenue or cost of revenue. If these amounts were included in the Company’s operating results, its operating income and net income would not have been affected.
The Company evaluates customer contracts to determine whether the Company acts as a principal or as an agent in the fulfillment of prescriptions through its participating pharmacy network. The Company acts as a principal in certain of its transactions with customers and, in these cases, revenues are recognized at the prescription price (ingredient cost plus dispensing fee) negotiated with customers, plus the Company’s administrative fees (“gross reporting”). Gross reporting is appropriate when the Company (i) has separate contractual relationships with customers and with pharmacies, (ii) is responsible to validate and manage a claim through its claims adjudication process, (iii) commits to set prescription prices for the pharmacy, (iv) manages the overall prescription drug plan relationship with the patients, who are members of customers’ plans, and (v) has credit risk for the amount due from the customer.
Revenue for the sale of prescription drugs dispensed at the Company's mail and specialty pharmacies, including amounts due from third-party payors and member co-payments, is recorded when the prescription drugs are shipped.
HCIT revenue: HCIT revenues are generated primarily from transaction processing and related services. The Company recognizes revenue for its HCIT products and services at the time the transaction is processed, or at the time the service is provided. If multiple elements are required to be delivered under a customer contract, the Company follows the guidance described above in relation to multiple elements.
Cost of revenue:
The Company’s cost of revenue includes the cost of pharmaceuticals dispensed, either directly dispensed at its mail and specialty pharmacy locations, or indirectly through its nationwide network of participating pharmacies. Cost of revenue is reduced for rebates earned from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators. Cost of revenue also includes the cost of personnel to support the Company’s transaction processing services, system sales, maintenance, and professional services. In addition, the Company includes in cost of revenue an amount of depreciation expense that is related to property and equipment used to provide services to customers.
Cash and cash equivalents:
The Company considers cash on hand, deposits in banks, money market funds, and bank term deposits with original maturities of ninety days or less as cash and cash equivalents. The amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value of cash and cash equivalents. These assets are deemed Level 1 securities in the fair value hierarchy.
Fair value measurements:
The Company applies the fair value accounting guidance for measuring its financial and non-financial assets and liabilities. Currently, none of the Company’s non-financial assets are required to be carried at fair value. The Company would apply the fair value accounting guidance to non-financial assets and liabilities in the event that a non-financial asset or liability was impaired, or, if non-financial assets and liabilities were purchased in a business acquisition.
The fair value of contingent consideration is based upon probability-weighted discounted cash flow models, utilizing the Company's expectation of the amounts to be paid in the future to settle the contingent purchase price. The inputs utilized in calculating the fair value of the contingent purchase price liabilities are not observable in the marketplace. The fair value of the Company’s interest rate contracts is based upon
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
observable market-based inputs that reflect the current value of the difference between the fixed rate payments the Company will make to the counter party, and the future variable rate receipts from the counterparty.
Other assets and liabilities held by the Company deemed as financial instruments and required to be carried at fair value include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, rebates receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities (current portion), pharmacy benefit management rebates payable and pharmacy benefit claim payments payable. The estimated fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of their maturities.
Inventory:
Inventory consists primarily of prescription drugs held for resale and is carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory costs are calculated using the first-in, first-out method and the weighted-average method.
Property and equipment:
Property and equipment (“P&E”) are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is generally calculated over the expected estimated useful lives of the assets. Assets are depreciated in the following manner: 1) Furniture and equipment is depreciated using the straight- line method based on a useful life of five years, 2) Computer equipment and software assets are depreciated using a straight-line method and a useful life of three to five years, and 3) Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the asset’s life or the lease term.
Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts:
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Amounts collected on trade accounts receivable are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. In assessing the valuation of the allowance for doubtful accounts, management reviews the collectability of accounts receivable in aggregate and on an individual account-basis. Individual customer events such as subsequent collections, discussions with management of the debtor companies, or other activities are used by management as factors in concluding whether to increase or decrease the calculated allowance. Any increase or decrease to the allowance is recognized in the statements of operations as bad debt expense within selling, general and administrative expense.
Impairment of long-lived assets:
Long-lived assets or asset groups held and used, including P&E and purchased intangibles subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Circumstances that could trigger a review include, but are not limited to: significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors; the accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the asset; current period cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset; and a current expectation that the asset will more likely than not be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Recoverability is assessed based on the carrying amount of the asset and the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset or asset group. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group. The impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of undiscounted cash flows exceeds fair value. During each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, no events or circumstances occurred that indicated that the carrying amounts of the long-lived assets may not be recoverable.
While no asset was deemed impaired during 2012, the Company assessed whether one of its assets was recoverable due to a triggering event. In October 2012, the Company launched its new specialty brand BriovaRx. The Company previously acquired MedfusionRx, a specialty pharmacy, and recorded a trade name intangible asset related to the acquisition. As a result of the re-branding of the specialty business, the Company concluded that a triggering event had occurred that could impair the value of the trade name. While the asset was not deemed impaired, the Company concluded that the useful life of the trade name intangible asset should be reduced since the name would no longer be used by the Company, which was the asset's highest and best use. Before adjusting the useful life of the asset, the Company considered whether the asset had any value as a defensible asset which would extend its useful life. The Company determined that the MedfusionRx trade name had an insignificant value as a defensible asset, and the asset's useful life should be shortened due to the name change of the business. As a result, the Company recorded an additional $8.0 million in amortization expense in 2012.
Goodwill:
Goodwill is the residual amount that results when the purchase price of an acquired business exceeds the sum of the amounts allocated to the identifiable assets acquired, less liabilities assumed, based on their fair values. Goodwill is allocated to the Company’s reporting unit that is expected to benefit from the business combination as of the date of the business combination. As of December 31, 2014, the amount of goodwill carried at the PBM and HCIT segments was $4.7 billion and $19.7 million, respectively.
Goodwill is not amortized, but rather, is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The Company completes its goodwill impairment test annually as of October 31. Circumstances that could trigger an interim impairment test include: a significant adverse change in the business climate or legal factors; an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; unanticipated competition; the loss of key personnel; a change in reporting units; the likelihood that a reporting unit
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
or significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed of; the results of testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit; and the recognition of a goodwill impairment loss in the financial statements of a subsidiary that is a component of a reporting unit.
The Company performed its goodwill impairment assessment in 2014 and there was no indication of an impairment to the Company's goodwill balances. In addition, an impairment in the near future is not considered reasonably likely. The Company previously completed impairment tests in 2013 and 2012 and concluded no impairments existed.
The qualitative assessment performed by the Company considered the current operating results of the Company's reporting units, future expectations of each reporting unit, industry and competitor performance and other recent events that may impact each reporting unit. The Company then assessed whether, in light of the evidence gathered, it was more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value was less than its carrying amount. As noted above, the Company concluded that it was not more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value was less than its carrying value. If in the future the Company's qualitative assessment indicates that a reporting unit's fair value may be below its carrying value, the Company would prepare a quantitative test to determine whether an impairment existed, and the amount of such impairment.
The quantitative impairment test is carried out in two steps for each of the Company's reporting units. In the first step, the carrying amount of the reporting unit is compared with its fair value. When the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not to be impaired and the second step of the impairment test is unnecessary. The second step is carried out when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, in which case the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is compared with its carrying amount to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as the value of goodwill is determined in a business combination using the fair value of the reporting unit as if it was the purchase price. When the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess and is presented as a separate line item in the consolidated statements of operations.
Intangible assets:
The cost of a group of intangible assets acquired in a transaction, including those acquired in a business combination that meet the specified criteria for recognition apart from goodwill, is recorded to the individual assets acquired based on their fair values. Intangible assets acquired individually or as part of a group of other assets are initially recognized and measured at cost.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives on either a straight-line basis or in proportion to the economic benefits expected to be consumed. Customer relationships acquired with the acquisitions are amortized based on projected cash flows associated with existing customers at the acquisition date and typically have a life of three to ten years. The Company's remaining intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over one to fifteen years.
Rebates:
The Company administers a rebate program through which it receives rebates and administrative fees from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators that are shared with a majority of the Company’s customers. The rebates earned for the administration of the program are recorded as a reduction of cost of revenue and the portion of the rebate payable to customers, if applicable, is treated as a reduction of revenue. Rebates receivable include billed and unbilled PBM receivables from pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators. The Company records the gross rebate receivable and the related payable to the customers based on estimates, which are subject to final settlement due to the required validation of claims data submitted to the pharmaceutical manufacturers and third-party administrators, as well as contingent items contained in the total calculation for rebates earned. The estimates are based upon claims submitted and the Company’s rebate contracts, and are adjusted as additional information becomes available. Upon billing the pharmaceutical manufacturer or third-party administrator, any difference between the Company’s estimate and the actual amount of the rebate receivable is recorded to cost of revenue, net of the estimated impact to the Company’s customers. The Company generally pays rebates to its customers on a quarterly basis, or as agreed upon with its customers. There are certain instances where the Company pays rebates to its customers on a more accelerated basis. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, total unbilled pharmaceutical manufacturer rebates receivable amounted to $366.7 million and $54.6 million, respectively.
Stock-based compensation:
For stock-based awards issued to employees and directors, compensation cost related to those awards is measured based on the fair value of the awards on the date of the grant. For stock options, the fair value is determined by using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The compensation cost of the awards expected to vest is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period as compensation expense and additional paid-in capital. In addition, the Company estimates forfeitures as part of the initial measure of the grant date fair value of the award.
The cumulative compensation cost is treated as a temporary difference for stock-based awards that are deductible for tax purposes. If a deduction reported on a tax return exceeds the cumulative compensation cost for those awards, any resulting realized tax benefit that exceeds the previously recognized deferred tax asset for those awards (the excess tax benefit) is recognized as additional paid-in capital. If the amount deductible is less than the cumulative compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes, the write-off of a deferred tax asset related to that deficiency, net of the related valuation allowance, if any, is first offset to the extent of any remaining additional paid-in capital from excess tax benefits from previous awards with the remainder recognized in the statement of operations.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Derivatives:
The Company accounts for derivative instruments pursuant to derivative and hedge accounting guidance. The guidance requires that all derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at their respective fair values. The Company records the change in the fair value of its derivative instruments deemed as cash flow hedges through other comprehensive income in each reporting period.
Foreign currency:
The Company’s functional currency and reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. Monetary items denominated in foreign currency are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and non-monetary items are translated at rates in effect when the assets were acquired or obligations incurred. Revenue and expenses are translated at rates in effect at the time of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of operations as "Interest and other expense, net."
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares adjusted for the dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based awards. The dilutive effect is calculated by assuming that the proceeds from the exercise of in-the-money stock options were used to acquire shares of common stock at the average market price for the period.
Income taxes:
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the deferred tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the date of enactment.
Future tax benefits resulting from historical net operating losses (“NOLs”) and deductible temporary differences are recognized in accordance with tax accounting guidance. In assessing the realizability of the related deferred income tax assets (“DTAs”), management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the DTAs will be realized. The ultimate realization of DTAs is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the period in which those temporary differences become deductible, in addition to management’s tax planning strategies. Management considers projected future taxable income, uncertainties related to the industry in which the Company operates, tax planning strategies, historical taxable income, and a comparison of actual levels of taxable income with pre-tax book income in making this assessment. Valuation allowances are established for DTAs that are not considered more likely than not to be realized. The amount of this valuation allowance is subject to adjustment by the Company in future periods based upon its assessment of evidence supporting the degree of probability that DTAs will be realized.
The Company recognizes liabilities for uncertain tax positions, although the Company believes its tax position is supportable, when the Company believes that the tax positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. Benefits from uncertain tax positions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.
Non-refundable investment tax credits for Scientific Research and Experimental Development (“SRED”) activities are recorded when the Company has reasonable assurance that the credit will be realized. Management has made a number of estimates and assumptions in determining the expenditures eligible for the investment tax credit claim. It is possible that the allowable amount of the investment tax credit claim could be materially different from the recorded amount upon assessment by the Canada Revenue Agency. Non-refundable investment tax credits are recorded as a reduction of income tax expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
(b) Recent accounting standards implemented are summarized below:
In July 2013, the FASB issued authoritative guidance containing changes to the presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a loss or credit carryforward exists. The new standard requires the netting of unrecognized tax benefits against a deferred tax asset for a loss or other carryforward that would apply in the settlement of the uncertain tax positions. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2014; however, the implementation of the standard did not have a significant impact on its financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
In February 2013, the FASB issued an update on the reporting of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income. An entity is required to present either parenthetically on the face of the financial statements or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income and the income statement line items affected by the reclassification. However, an entity is not required to show the income statement line item affected for certain components that are not required to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, such as amounts amortized into net periodic pension cost. The standard was effective prospectively for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2012. The Company adopted this standard on January 1,
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2013; however, the implementation of the amendments did not have a significant impact on its financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
No other new accounting standards have been adopted during the year ended December 31, 2014.
(c) Recent accounting standards issued and not yet adopted are summarized below:
In August 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which provides guidance on determining when and how to disclose going-concern uncertainties in the financial statements. The new standard requires management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued. An entity must provide certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The ASU applies to all entities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
In June 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments, when the terms of an award provide that a performance target could be achieved after the requisite service period. The amendments require that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target shall not be reflected in estimating the fair value of the award at the grant date. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 for all entities, however earlier adoption is permitted. Adoption of the standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.
On April 10, 2014, the FASB issued (ASU) No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity, which changes the criteria for determining which disposals can be presented as discontinued operations and modifies related disclosure requirements. The guidance applies prospectively to new disposals and new classifications of disposal groups as held for sale after the effective date. The standard is required to be adopted by the Company in annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014, and interim periods within those annual periods. However, all entities may early adopt the guidance for new disposals (or new classifications as held for sale) that have not been reported in financial statements previously issued or available for issuance. Adoption of the standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
No other new standards have been issued during the year ended December 31, 2014 that the Company assessed to have a significant impact on its financial results or in the presentation and disclosure of its financial statements.
3. Stock Split
On September 6, 2012, the Company announced that its board of directors had declared a nominal dividend on the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company to effect a two-for-one stock split. Shareholders of record at the close of business on September 20, 2012 were issued one additional common share for each share owned as of that date. The additional common shares were distributed on October 1, 2012.
All share and per share data presented in these consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the stock split noted above.
4. Business Combinations
Restat Acquisition
On October 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of all of outstanding equity interests of Restat, LLC ("Restat"), a privately held pharmacy benefit manager based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for a purchase price of $409.5 million in cash subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran’s existing cash balance and $350.0 million in borrowings under a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility”). The acquisition provides the Company the opportunity to bring Catamaran's full-suite of technology and clinical services to Restat's clients, including mail and specialty pharmacy services. The results of Restat have been included in the Company's results since October 1, 2013. The consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 includes Restat's total revenues of $209.2 million following the acquisition.
The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with the Company treated as the acquiring entity. Accordingly, the consideration paid by the Company to complete the acquisition has been recorded to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. The carrying values for current assets and liabilities were deemed to approximate
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
their fair values due to the short-term nature of their maturities. Fair values for acquired amortizable intangible assets were determined as follows: customer relationships were valued using an excess earnings model based on expected future revenues derived from the customers acquired, non-compete agreements were valued using discounted cash flow models based on expected future results of Restat, trademarks/tradenames were valued using a royalty savings model based on future projected revenues of Restat and applicable market royalty rates and licenses utilized a replacement cost approach. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill.
All of the assets and liabilities recorded for the acquisition are included within the Company's PBM segment. The residual amount of the purchase price after allocation to identifiable net assets represents goodwill. Goodwill is non-amortizing for financial statement purposes. Goodwill of $227.8 million related to the Restat acquisition is tax deductible. The goodwill recognized by the Company represents many of the synergies and business growth opportunities that the Company anticipates may be realized from the acquisition of Restat. The synergies include improved pricing from the Company's suppliers due to the increased volume of prescription drug purchases, pull through opportunities of the Company's mail and specialty service offerings, and a more efficient leveraging of resources to achieve operating profits.
The following summarizes the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in thousands):
(a) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2013.
(b) These measurement period adjustments were recorded from January 1, 2014 through June 30, 2014 to reflect an additional $2.0 million paid to former Restat owners in connection with post-closing working capital adjustment as well as changes in the estimated fair values of the associated assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on factors existing as of the acquisition date.
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 the Company recognized $33.7 million and $8.7 million of amortization expense from intangible assets acquired in the Restat acquisition, respectively.
The estimated fair values and useful lives of intangible assets acquired are as follows (dollars in thousands):
None of the acquired intangible assets will have any residual value at the end of the amortization periods. There were no in-process research and development assets acquired.
Catalyst Merger
On July 2, 2012, the Company completed its merger with Catalyst, a full-service PBM. Each share of Catalyst common stock outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger (other than shares owned by the Company or Catalyst or any of their respective wholly-owned subsidiaries) was converted in the Merger into the right to receive 1.3212 (0.6606 prior to split adjustment) of a Company common share and $28.00 in cash. This resulted in the Company issuing approximately 66.8 million common shares, issuing 0.5 million warrants, and paying
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
$1.4 billion in cash to Catalyst stockholders to complete the Merger. The results of Catalyst have been included in the Company's results since July 2, 2012.
The Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with the Company treated as the acquiring entity. Accordingly, the consideration paid by the Company to complete the acquisition has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. The carrying values for current assets and liabilities were deemed to approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of their maturities. The fair value for the acquired customer relationships intangible asset was valued using an excess earnings model based on expected future revenues derived from the customers acquired. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill.
All of the assets and liabilities recorded for the Merger are included within the Company's PBM segment. Goodwill of $525 million related to the Catalyst Merger is tax deductible. The goodwill recognized by the Company represents many of the synergies and business growth opportunities that the Company expected to be realized from the Merger. The synergies included improved pricing from the Company's suppliers due to the increased volume of prescription drug purchases, pull through opportunities of the combined companies' mail and specialty service offerings, and a more efficient leveraging of resources to achieve operating profits.
The purchase price of the acquired Catalyst operations was comprised of the following (in thousands):
(a)
Valued based on the number of outstanding shares issued in the Merger multiplied by the closing market price of Catamaran shares on July 2, 2012.
(b)
The Black-Scholes option pricing model was used to calculate the fair value of the replacement warrants and stock options issued.
The following summarizes the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date (in thousands):
(a) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2012.
(b) These measurement period adjustments from the acquisition date through December 31, 2012 were recorded to reflect changes in the estimated fair values of the associated assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on factors existing as of the acquisition date.
(c) These represent measurement period adjustments during 2013 through the end of the measurement period and were recorded to reflect changes in the estimated fair values of the associated assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on factors existing as of the acquisition date.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 the Company recognized $154.7 million and $166.1 million of amortization expense from intangible assets acquired in the Merger, respectively. The estimated fair value of the customer relationship intangible asset was $1.2 billion at the date of acquisition with a useful life of 9 years. The intangible asset acquired will not have any residual value at the end of the amortization period. There were no in-process research and development assets acquired.
Separate Transactions and Preexisting Relationships
During the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company incurred transaction and integration expenses related to the Merger, exclusive of debt financing costs, totaling $27.2 million which includes transaction expenses of $22.8 million. These costs are included in selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company recorded $17.0 million in charges to SG&A expenses due to transactions related to the Merger, recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumptions of liabilities from the Merger. The charges recorded related to $3.5 million in contract settlements and terminations made by Catalyst prior to the acquisition that had future benefit to the Company, $3.1 million for payments made to Catalyst employees based on contractual arrangements which had future benefit to the Company, and $10.4 million in severance charges incurred subsequent to the close of the Merger.
Due to the previous contractual relationship between the Company and Catalyst, there were pre-existing transactions between the entities which resulted in approximately $4.1 million in accounts receivable due to the Company from Catalyst at the time of the Merger, mainly for HCIT transaction processing services provided. No gain or loss was generated from the subsequent settlement of these pre-existing balances.
HealthTran LLC Acquisition
In January 2012, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding equity interests of HealthTran LLC (“HealthTran”), a full-service PBM, in exchange for $250.0 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments, in each case upon the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the HealthTran purchase agreement. HealthTran was an existing HCIT client and utilized a Company platform for its claims adjudication services. The acquisition provided the opportunity to create new revenues from HealthTran's customer base and generate cost savings through purchasing and SG&A synergies. The results of HealthTran have been included in the Company's results since January 1, 2012. Costs related to the HealthTran acquisition of $0.9 million were included in SG&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2011.
The HealthTran acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting with the Company treated as the acquiring entity. Accordingly, the consideration paid by the Company to complete the acquisition has been recorded to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. The carrying values for current assets and liabilities were deemed to approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of their maturities. Fair values for acquired amortized intangible assets were determined as follows: customer relationships were valued using an excess earnings model based on expected future revenues derived from the customers acquired, non-compete agreements were valued using discounted cash flow models based on expected future results of HealthTran, trademarks/tradenames were valued using a royalty savings model based on future projected revenues of HealthTran and applicable market royalty rates and licenses utilized a replacement cost approach. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. All of the assets and liabilities recorded for the HealthTran acquisition are included within the Company's PBM segment. Goodwill is non-amortizing for financial statement purposes and the entire goodwill balance generated from the HealthTran acquisition is tax deductible. The goodwill recognized by the Company represents many of the synergies and business growth opportunities that may be realized from this acquisition. The synergies include the expansion of the Company's product offerings and improved pricing from the Company's suppliers due to the increased volume of prescription drug purchases.
The following summarizes the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date and related measurement period adjustments (in thousands):
(a) As previously reported in the Company's Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2012.
(b) These measurement period adjustments were recorded to reflect an additional $1.0 million paid to the former HealthTran owners for the working capital reconciliation and changes in the estimated fair values of the associated assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on factors existing as of the acquisition date.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The estimated fair values and useful lives of intangible assets acquired are as follows (dollars in thousands):
During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 the Company recognized $12.6 million and $14.6 million of amortization expense from intangible assets acquired in the HealthTran acquisition, respectively. None of the acquired intangible assets will have any residual value at the end of the amortization periods. There were no in-process research and development assets acquired.
Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the combined historical results of operations of the Company and its acquisition of Restat as if the acquisition had occurred on the first day of the fiscal year prior to the fiscal year the acquisition was completed. The unaudited pro forma financial information includes certain adjustments related to the acquisition, such as increased amortization from the fair value of intangible assets acquired recorded as part of the purchase accounting, the elimination of transactions between the Company and the acquired entity, and related income tax effects.
Unaudited pro forma results of operations are as follows (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
This unaudited pro forma financial information is not intended to represent or be indicative of what would have occurred if the transactions had taken place on the dates presented and is not indicative of what the Company’s actual results of operations would have been had the acquisitions been completed at the beginning of the periods indicated above. Further, the pro forma combined results do not reflect one-time costs to fully merge and operate the combined organization more efficiently, or anticipated synergies expected to result from the combination and should not be relied upon as being indicative of the future results that the Company will experience.
Salveo Specialty Pharmacy Acquisition
Subsequent to the end of the Company's current reporting period, on January 2, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of Salveo Specialty Pharmacy, Inc. ("Salveo"), an independent specialty pharmacy platform with pharmacy locations in New York and California, for a purchase price of $260.0 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The purchase price was funded from Catamaran's existing cash balance. The initial accounting for this acquisition was incomplete at the time these financial statements were available for issuance. The Company expects to finalize its accounting for this acquisition as soon as practicable, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.
Healthcare Solutions Inc. Acquisition
Subsequent to the end of the Company's current reporting period, on February 26, 2015, the Company announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Healthcare Solutions, Inc., a current PBM client that serves the workers' compensation market, for $405 million in cash, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2015, subject to certain customary closing conditions.
5. Variable Interest Entity
The Company holds an ownership interest in excess of 40%, but not a controlling interest, in Script Relief LLC ("Script Relief"), a Delaware limited liability company. Script Relief operates a direct to consumer pharmacy benefit business, including discount card offerings
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
and associated activities. The Company evaluated its investment in Script Relief and determined that Script Relief is a variable interest entity with Catamaran being the primary beneficiary, as the Company's underlying PBM and pharmacy contracts represent Script Relief's key business operations and the Company has the power to direct these activities. As a result, Script Relief is consolidated in the Company's consolidated financial statements with the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interests disclosed. Through April 2016, the Company has the right to purchase all of the outstanding interests owned by the other equity member of Script Relief. The purchase of the outstanding interests is at the Company's sole discretion and is subject to a contractually-defined purchase price.
6.
Property and Equipment
Net property and equipment was made up of the following at December 31, 2014 and 2013 (in thousands):
Depreciation expense, including property and equipment acquired under capital leases, totaled $63.5 million, $42.2 million, and $20.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, respectively. Of the total depreciation expense, $4.0 million, $4.3 million, and $3.5 million was related to the data center operations and allocated to cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows (in thousands):
(1)
Initial goodwill recorded in connection with the acquisition of Restat in October 2013 and another insignificant acquisition in 2013.
(2)
Adjustments to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed for recent acquisitions during the measurement period. The measurement period adjustments were not recast to the 2012 consolidated financial statements as they were not deemed material.
(3)
Represents adjustments to purchase price for the Restat acquisition, including settlement of working capital adjustment.
(4)
Represents adjustments in connection with the post-closing working capital adjustment as well as changes in the estimated fair values of the associated assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Restat acquisition during the measurement period. The measurement period adjustments were not recast to the 2013 consolidated financial statements as they were not deemed material.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the useful lives of the related assets. The components of intangible assets were as follows (in thousands):
Future amortization associated with intangible assets recorded as of December 31, 2014 is estimated to be $194.0 million in 2015, $166.7 million in 2016, $147.5 million in 2017, $137.2 million in 2018, $126.8 million in 2019, and $196.0 million for years after 2019.
8. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
The Company's accrued expenses and other current liabilities are comprised of the following (in thousands):
9. Long-Term Liabilities
Long- term debt
The following table sets forth the components of long-term debt (in thousands), net of unamortized debt discounts as of December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.
Senior Notes
In March 2014, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2021 (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes mature on March 15, 2021 and bear interest at 4.75% per year. The Company pays interest semi-annually on the Senior Notes on March 15 and September 15 of each year, or the first business day thereafter if such date is not a business day. The Company made an initial interest payment of $12.1 million in September 2014 on the Senior Notes. The Company received approximately $492.5 million in net proceeds from the Senior Note offering, after deducting $7.5 million in underwriting discounts. Additionally the Company incurred approximately $2.0 million in offering expenses. The Company used part of the net proceeds from this offering to repay $300.0 million of the Company's outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility and the remainder of the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes.
As discussed, in connection with the Senior Notes, the Company incurred approximately $7.5 million in underwriting debt discount and approximately $2.0 million in debt issuance costs. The $7.5 million debt discount incurred in connection with the Senior Notes is presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a reduction to long-term debt. The debt discount amounts are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the Senior Notes. The Company uses the straight-line method to amortize the debt discount amounts as it does not result in a materially different amount of interest expense than the effective interest rate method. The $2.0 million in offering expenses incurred in connection with the issuance of the Senior Notes are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as other assets. The offering expenses are being amortized to
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
interest expense over the life of the Senior Notes using the straight-line method. The amortization related to financing costs and debt discounts totaled $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Guarantees
The Senior Notes are jointly and severally and fully and unconditionally guaranteed by each of the Company’s existing and future wholly-owned subsidiaries that guarantees obligations under (i) the Credit Agreement or (ii) certain other future indebtedness in aggregate principal amount in excess of $175.0 million.
A subsidiary guarantor will be released from its obligations under its respective guarantee of the Senior Notes upon the release or discharge of such subsidiary guarantor from its guarantee of obligations under the Credit Agreement or certain other future indebtedness in an aggregate principal amount in excess of $175.0 million, or upon the earlier occurrence of certain other customary circumstances as set forth in the indenture governing the Senior Notes. The Senior Notes and the guarantees by the subsidiary guarantors are the general senior unsecured obligations of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors, respectively and rank equally in right of payment with the existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors, respectively.
Prepayments and Repayments
Prior to the scheduled maturity of the Senior Notes, the Company may at any time redeem all or a part of the Senior Notes, upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice at a redemption price equal to the greater of: (i) 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes to be redeemed, and (ii) the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal of and interest on the Senior Notes to be redeemed (exclusive of interest accrued to the applicable redemption date) discounted to such redemption date on a semi-annual basis, assuming a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, at the then current treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the applicable redemption date.
If the Company experiences a change of control triggering event (as defined in the supplemental indenture governing the Senior Notes), holders of the Senior Notes may require the Company to purchase the Senior Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of purchase.
The Company is not required to make mandatory redemption payments or sinking fund payments with respect to the Senior Notes.
Certain Covenants and Events of Default
The indenture governing the Senior Notes includes certain restrictive covenants, including covenants that limit the Company's ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to, among other things, incur secured debt; enter into sale and leaseback transactions; and amalgamate, consolidate, merge or transfer substantially all of the Company's assets to another entity. The covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications set forth in the indenture.
The indenture governing the Senior Notes provides for customary events of default (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods), which include nonpayment, breach of covenants in the indenture and certain events of bankruptcy and insolvency. Generally, if an event of default occurs, the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of and accrued but unpaid interest on the then outstanding Senior Notes may declare the principal amount of all the Senior Notes to be due and payable immediately. As of December 31, 2014, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Senior Notes.
Senior secured credit facility
Concurrent with the consummation of the Merger on July 2, 2012, the Company executed a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. ("JPMCB"), as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders. The Credit Agreement initially provided for a senior secured credit facility in an aggregate amount of $1.8 billion consisting of (i) a five-year senior secured term loan facility in the amount of $1.1 billion (the “Term Loan Facility”) and (ii) the Revolving Facility in the amount of $700.0 million. In July 2012, the Company borrowed $1.4 billion under the Credit Agreement consisting of $1.1 billion under the Term Loan Facility and $300.0 million under the Revolving Facility to fund in part the aggregate cash consideration payable to Catalyst stockholders in the Merger, repay and discharge existing indebtedness of the Company and Catalyst and pay related transaction fees and expenses. Net proceeds received under the Term Loan Facility were $1.1 billion less $29.6 million in debt discount. Additionally, the Company paid $18.8 million in debt issuance costs related to the Revolving Facility.
On June 3, 2013, the Company entered into an Amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Amendment, the following key terms of the Credit Agreement were modified:
•
an extension of the maturity date for the Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility from July 2, 2017 to June 1, 2018;
•
an increase in the commitments under the Revolving Facility from $700.0 million to $800.0 million;
•
a decrease in the commitments under the Term Loan Facility from $1.1 billion to $1.0 billion;
•
additional flexibility for the Company and its subsidiaries to (i) make certain permitted acquisitions, (ii) create liens, (iii) make
investments, loans, advances or guarantees, and (iv) pay dividends and distributions or repurchase its own capital stock; and
•
modifications to the interest rates and financial covenants applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries as described further below.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
After giving effect to the Amendment, the interest rates applicable to the Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility will continue to be based on a fluctuating rate of interest measured by reference to either, at the Company's option, (i) a base rate, plus an applicable margin, or (ii) an adjusted London interbank offered rate (adjusted for maximum reserves) (“LIBOR”), plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin, in each case, will continue to be adjusted from time to time based on the Company's consolidated leverage ratio for the previous fiscal quarter. The Amendment provides for a reduction in the applicable margins that would be in effect at any time when the Company's consolidated leverage ratio is greater than 1.50 to 1 and less than 2.50 to 1. After giving effect to the Amendment, the initial applicable margin for all borrowings was 0.625% per annum with respect to base rate borrowings and 1.625% per annum with respect to LIBOR borrowings. The Company intends to continue to elect the LIBOR rate as it has previously done during the term of the loan. This resulted in the applicable interest rate decreasing to 1.81% at December 31, 2014 from 2.25% prior to the Amendment. See Note 18 - Financial Instruments for information on the Company's interest rate swap agreements.
In connection with the Amendment, the Company made a $100.0 million prepayment on the Term Loan Facility to reduce its outstanding balance to $1.0 billion from $1.1 billion. In addition, the Company made scheduled principal repayments of $12.5 million in 2013 on the Term Loan Facility leaving the Company with $987.5 million outstanding as of December 31, 2013. The Company made scheduled principal repayments of $37.5 million on the Term Loan Facility in 2014 leaving the Company with $950.0 million outstanding as of December 31, 2014.
The Company utilized funds from the Revolving Facility to make the prepayment in connection with the Amendment, leaving the Company with $700.0 million of remaining available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility at the time of the Amendment execution. On October 1, 2013, the Company utilized $350.0 million under the Revolving Facility to partially fund the acquisition of Restat. In 2013, the Company repaid $150.0 million, of the amount borrowed under the Revolving Facility, leaving the Company with approximately $500.0 million of borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility as of December 31, 2013. In March 2014 the Company used the proceeds from the offering of the Senior Notes (refer above for a detailed discussion) to repay $300.0 million of the outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had approximately $800.0 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility.
In connection with executing the Amendment, the Company paid $2.3 million in direct lender fees to the syndication of banks providing credit to the Company. The fees consisted of a $1.3 million debt discount related to the Term Loan Facility and $1.0 million of debt issuance costs related to the Revolving Facility. The $1.3 million debt discount incurred in connection with the Amendment is presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a reduction to long-term debt, along with the $24.1 million of unamortized debt discount incurred in connection with the execution of the Credit Agreement. The debt discount amounts are being amortized to interest expense over the amended life of the Term Loan Facility. The Company uses the straight-line method to amortize the debt discount as it does not result in a materially different amount of interest expense than the effective interest rate method. The additional $1.0 million debt issue cost incurred in connection with the execution of the Amendment related to the Revolving Facility, along with $16.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs incurred in connection with the execution of the Credit Agreement are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as other assets. The debt issuance costs are being amortized to interest expense over the amended life of the Revolving Facility using the straight-line method.
The amortization related to financing costs and debt discounts totaled $8.5 million, $9.1 million, and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, December 31, 2013, and December 31, 2012, respectively.
As a result of executing the Amendment, the Company assessed whether the modifications to the Credit Agreement were substantial and should be accounted for using extinguishment accounting. The Company made its assessment both on a total basis of all lenders and on an individual basis for each member of the syndicate. The Company performed separate assessments for the Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Facility. As a result of the assessments, the Company recorded an additional interest expense charge of $0.4 million from unamortized debt discount and debt issuance costs during the year ended December 31, 2013.
The Credit Agreement, as amended by the Amendment, requires the Company to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio at all times less than or equal to 4.00 to 1 and a consolidated senior secured leverage ratio at all times less than or equal to 3.25 to 1. The Company's consolidated leverage ratio is defined as the ratio of (1) consolidated total debt to (2) consolidated EBITDA (with add-backs permitted to consolidated EBITDA for (a) fees and expenses related to the Merger, the closing of the Credit Agreement, a specified historic acquisition and future permitted acquisitions, (b) synergies projected by the Company in good faith to be realized as a result of the Merger in an aggregate amount not to exceed a specified threshold and (c) fees and expenses and integration costs related to historical acquisitions by Catalyst in an aggregate amount not to exceed a specified threshold). The Company's new consolidated senior secured leverage ratio is defined as the ratio of (1) (a) consolidated total debt minus (b) any portion of consolidated total debt that is subordinated or not secured by a lien upon the assets of the Company or its subsidiaries to (2) consolidated EBITDA (subject to the permitted add-backs noted above). The Amendment continues to require the Company to maintain an interest coverage ratio greater than or equal to 4.00 to 1. The interest coverage ratio is defined as the ratio of (1) consolidated EBIT (subject to the permitted add-backs noted above) to (2) consolidated interest expense, tested at the end of each fiscal quarter for the rolling four fiscal quarter period then most recently ended. As of December 31, 2014, the Company was in compliance with the covenants of the Credit Agreement, as amended by the Amendment.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Principal amounts outstanding under the Revolving Facility are due and payable in full on June 1, 2018. Principal repayments on the Term Loan Facility will be due as follows (in thousands):
The Credit Agreement also contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; create liens; make investments, loans, advances or guarantees; sell or transfer assets; pay dividends and distributions or repurchase its own capital stock; prepay certain indebtedness; engage in mergers, acquisitions or consolidations (subject to exceptions for certain permitted acquisitions); change its lines of business or enter into new lines of business; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; enter into agreements restricting the ability to grant liens in favor of the collateral agent for the benefit of the secured parties; engage in sale and leaseback transactions; or enter into swap, forward, future or derivative transaction or option or similar agreements. In addition, the Credit Agreement includes various (i) customary affirmative covenants and other reporting requirements and (ii) customary events of default, including, without limitation, payment defaults, violation of covenants, material inaccuracy of representations or warranties, cross-defaults to other material agreements evidencing indebtedness, bankruptcy events, certain ERISA events, material judgments, invalidity of guarantees or security documents and change of control. Drawings under the Revolving Facility are subject to certain conditions precedent, including material accuracy of representations and warranties and absence of default.
The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by all existing and future, direct and indirect, material subsidiaries of the Company (collectively, the “Subsidiary Guarantors”). In addition, the Company and each Subsidiary Guarantor have pledged substantially all of their assets, subject to certain exceptions, to secure the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement.
The carrying value of the Company's debt at December 31, 2014 approximates its fair value.
10.
Shareholders' Equity
(a)
Common shares:
(i) Authorized: Unlimited no par value voting common shares
(ii) Issuance of common shares:
On May 16, 2012, the Company completed a public offering of 12.0 million of its common shares at a price to the public of $45.30 per share. The net proceeds to the Company from the offering were approximately $519.1 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The Company used part of the net proceeds from the offering to pay a portion of the cash component of the Merger consideration and other related fees and expenses in connection with the Merger and the balance was used for general corporate purposes.
On July 2, 2012, the Company issued 66.8 million common shares and 0.5 million warrants in connection with the Catalyst Merger. See Note 4 - Business Combinations for further information related to the Merger.
(b)
Equity incentive plans:
Effective on March 11, 2009, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted the Catamaran Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”), which was approved by the shareholders of the Company at the Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders on May 13, 2009. The LTIP provides for the grant of stock option awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit ("RSU") awards, performance awards and other stock-based awards to eligible persons, including executive officers and directors of the Company. The purpose of the LTIP is to advance the interests of the Company by attracting and retaining high caliber employees and other key individuals who perform services for the Company, a subsidiary or an affiliate; align the interests of the Company’s shareholders and recipients of awards under the LTIP by increasing the proprietary interest of such recipients in the Company’s growth and success; and motivate award recipients to act in the best long-term interest of the Company and its shareholders. The LTIP replaced the previous stock option plan, and no further grants or awards will be issued under the previous stock option plan. The maximum common shares of the Company allowed to be issued under the LTIP was increased by 3.6 million on May 11, 2011, after the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the LTIP at the Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders of the Company. In July 2012, the maximum common shares of the Company allowed to be issued under the LTIP was increased by 5.0 million. Any full-value awards (i.e., any awards other than stock options or stock appreciation rights) granted under the LTIP are counted against this share limit as 1.79 shares for every one share granted. There were 4,815,112 stock-based awards available for grant under the LTIP as of December 31, 2014.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
In connection with the closing of the Merger with Catalyst on July 2, 2012, the Company assumed two stock incentive plans (together the "Assumed Plans"), each as amended and adjusted for the purpose of granting awards to certain employees of the Company subsequent to the close of the Merger or to newly hired employees of the Company who were not employed with the Company as of the close of the Merger. The Assumed Plans provide for the grant of stock option awards, RSU awards, performance awards and other stock-based awards to eligible persons. The maximum common shares of the Company allowed to be issued under the Assumed Plans is 1,480,936. Any full-value awards (i.e., any awards other than stock options or SARs) granted under the Assumed Plans are counted against this share limit as 1.45 shares for every one share granted. There were 730,056 stock-based awards available for grant under the Assumed Plans as of December 31, 2014.
(c)
Stock Options
The following table summarizes activity related to stock options for the year ended December 31, 2014:
Options granted during 2014, were primarily subject to a graded vesting schedule of four years. Options granted expire seven years from the grant date.
The following table summarizes certain information about the options outstanding at December 31, 2014:
The aggregate intrinsic value and remaining contractual term of exercisable stock options at December 31, 2014 was $14.0 million and 3.26 years, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value and remaining contractual term of all vested options and options that are expected to vest are $21.0 million and 4.47 years, respectively. The total fair value of stock options which vested during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was approximately $4.6 million, $3.5 million, and $2.8 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2014, there were $8.2 million and $1.7 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to stock options for LTIP and Assumed Plans, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.39 years and 3.01 years, respectively.
The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $8.2 million, $14.9 million, and $50.3 million, respectively.
(d)
Employee Stock Purchase Plan:
On May 16, 2007, shareholders of the Company approved the creation of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) which allows eligible employees to withhold annually up to a maximum of 15% of their base salary, or $25,000, subject to U.S. Internal Revenue Service limitations, for the purchase of the Company’s common shares. Common shares will be purchased on the last day of each offering period at a discount of 5% of the fair market value of the common shares on such date. The aggregate number of common shares that may be awarded under the ESPP may not exceed 400,000 common shares. Common shares available for purchase under the ESPP are drawn from reacquired common shares purchased on behalf of the Company in the open market. During 2014, 2013, and 2012, the Company delivered 40,156, 33,728, and 14,697 common shares, respectively, under the ESPP.
The ESPP is not considered compensatory as the plan terms are no more favorable than to all other shareholders, and the purchase discount does not exceed the per-share costs that would be incurred through a public offering. Since the plan is not considered compensatory, no portion of the costs related to ESPP purchases is included in the Company’s stock-based compensation expense.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(e)
Restricted Stock Units:
During 2014, the Company granted both time-based RSUs and performance based RSUs to its employees and non-employee directors under both the LTIP and the Assumed Plans. Time-based RSUs vest on a straight-line basis over a range of three to four years. During 2012 and 2013, the Company also granted time-based RSUs that cliff vest after a three to four year period. Performance-based RSUs cliff vest based upon reaching agreed upon three-year performance conditions. The number of outstanding performance-based RSUs as of December 31, 2014 stated below assumes the associated performance targets will be met at the maximum level. The table below summarizes the number of time-based and performance-based RSUs that were granted and outstanding under both plans for the year ended December 31, 2014:
The total fair value of RSUs that vested during 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $20.8 million, $27.3 million, and $18.0 million, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of awards granted during 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $44.72, $55.99, and $38.49, respectively.
The following table summarizes the information about RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2014 under the Company's equity incentive plans:
(f)
Warrants:
On July 2, 2012, the Company issued 66.8 million common shares and 0.5 million warrants in connection with the Company's merger with Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. As of December 31, 2013, 425,160 of the warrants issued were outstanding. In June 2014, all of the outstanding warrants were exercised carrying a weighted average exercise price of $8.12. As of December 31, 2014, there were no warrants outstanding.
(g)
Stock-based Compensation:
For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $33.6 million, $25.6 million, and $17.7 million, respectively. At December 31, 2014, there was $34.6 million and $12.0 million unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs under the LTIP and Assumed Plans, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.02 and 2.49 years, respectively.
The Company allocated stock-based compensation costs to the same statement of operations line item as the cash compensation to those employees. Accordingly, the allocation of the compensation costs is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 (in thousands):
The total income tax benefit, using the Company’s statutory tax rates, recognized in the statements of operations for stock-based compensation arrangements for years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $12.7 million, $9.5 million, and $6.5 million, respectively.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model was used to estimate the fair value of the options at grant date for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012, based on the following assumptions:
The volatility assumption is based on historical volatility at the date of grant for the period equal to the expected life of the option.
The expected life assumption is based on historical exercise patterns. The options issued to employees typically have a longer expected life of 4.5 to 5 years due to the vesting schedules, whereas options issued to directors have a shorter expected life of 1 to 2.5 years due to the shorter vesting period of some director options.
The Company does not expect to pay dividends and, therefore, no dividend yield assumption is used in calculating the fair value of stock options.
11. Income Taxes
The income tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows.
At December 31, 2014, the Company had gross deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) totaling $137.4 million compared to $98.9 million at December 31, 2013. Of the $137.4 million, $30.8 million of DTAs related to its Canadian operations compared to $18.1 million at December 31, 2013. The Company also had deferred tax liabilities which decreased to $308.8 million at December 31, 2014 from $338.7 million at December 31, 2013.
The balance of the valuation allowance was $29.7 million at December 31, 2014 compared to $18.4 million at December 31, 2013. The valuation allowance arising from the Canadian operations was $28.4 million at December 31, 2014 and $17.1 million at December 31, 2013. The Canadian valuation allowance increased during the year as a result of a loss from operations. The amount of this valuation allowance is subject to adjustment by the Company in future periods based upon its assessment of evidence supporting the degree of probability that DTAs will be realized.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
At December 31, 2014, the Company had a DTA of $28.9 million related to Canadian, US Federal and state NOLs. The NOLs are available to reduce future years’ taxable income and expire beginning in 2031. A valuation allowance of $26.7 million has been established against a portion of the NOLs not anticipated to be utilized.
The differences between the effective tax rate reflected in the provision for income taxes and the U.S. statutory income tax rate are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Income from U.S. operations before income taxes was $428.7 million, $319.8 million, and $158.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Income from outside the U.S. before income taxes, including taxable income attributable to intercompany debt, was $79.2 million, $82.3 million, and $31.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):
Uncertain Tax Positions
Accounting guidance for uncertain tax positions prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute criteria for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. As of December 31, 2014, the Company has an accrued liability in the consolidated balance sheet of $35.4 million. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had an accrued liability of $28.9 million and $18.8 million, respectively. This liability related to various uncertain federal and state income tax matters, the resolution of all of which would not have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, for 2014, 2013 and 2012 , respectively are as follows (in millions):
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Accrued interest and penalties at December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $5.9 million, $4.7 million, and $0.5 million, respectively. It is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will increase or decrease within twelve months of December 31, 2014. The Company currently estimates that such increases or decreases will not be material.
The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions, including Canada. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2010.
12. Lease Exit Costs
Bannockburn Lease
In September 2014, the Company executed a plan to exit the space it had leased in Bannockburn, IL. As a result of this exit, the Company recorded a charge and corresponding lease loss accrual equal to the present value of the amount by which the net future lease obligations exceed the remaining rent-related deferred balances. As a result of this exit, the Company recorded approximately $5.7 million of lease loss expense during 2014 in SG&A expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had an accrual for the present value of future amounts due through the end of the lease term of approximately $6.9 million, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Based on the Company's current assumptions as of December 31, 2014, we expect that cash outflows totaling $7.0 million will occur through July 2015. The exit from the space in Bannockburn, IL did not involve any employee termination costs.
Maryland Lease
In August 2013, the Company executed a plan to exit a portion of space it had leased in Maryland and entered into a sub-lease agreement with a third-party tenant that was coterminous with the Company's remaining lease term. As a result of this exit, the Company recorded an approximately $5.6 million charge in SG&A expense and corresponding lease loss accrual equal to the present value of the amount by which the net future lease obligations exceed the remaining rent-related deferred balances. The net future lease obligations were calculated by taking the remaining contractual rent obligation less the amount the Company will receive from the sub-lease agreement and recorded at its present value based on the Company's credit adjusted risk-free interest rate. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had an accrual of approximately $5.2 million related to lease exit costs included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. A roll forward of the lease exit cost accrual is presented below (in thousands):
Based on the Company's current assumptions as of December 31, 2014, we expect that cash outflows totaling $6.1 million will occur through June 2022.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
13. Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 (in thousands, except share and per share data):
The Company calculated the number of options and RSUs included in the diluted EPS calculation following the treasury stock method as outlined in earnings per-share accounting guidance. The following represents the stock options and RSUs that are not included in the calculation of diluted EPS due to their anti-dilutive impact:
14. Supplemental Cash Flow Information
(a) Other non-cash activities (in thousands):
(b) Cash paid / received for income taxes and interest was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 (in thousands):
15.
Employee Benefit Plans
The Company has a 401(k) savings plan that allows eligible employees to defer a percentage of their salary, not to exceed $17,500 in 2014 and 2013 and $17,000 in 2012. The Company matches an amount equal to 100% of the first 1% of eligible earnings and 50% of the next 2% through 6% eligible earnings. All participant contributions are 100% vested. Employer contributions become 20% vested after one year of service and 100% vested after completion of two years of service. For 2014, 2013 and 2012, the Company’s contributions to this plan were $9.0 million, $7.0 million, and $4.9 million, respectively.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
16.
Commitments and Contingencies
(a)
Lease Commitments:
The Company maintains operating lease agreements for office space in its main operating locations. The Company also leases certain office equipment.
Aggregate future minimum payments in respect of non-cancellable operating lease agreements as of December 31, 2014, which extend until 2025, are as follows (in thousands):
The total rental expense under operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, and 2012 was $36.0 million, $35.4 million, and $17.1 million, respectively. The lease renewal terms have not been factored into the commitments noted above as not renewing these leases would not have a detrimental impact on the Company.
(b)
Contingencies:
In July 2014, the Company received a subpoena from the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Rhode Island, requesting documents and information concerning bona fide service fees and rebates received from certain pharmaceutical manufacturers in connection with certain drugs utilized under Part D of the Medicare program. The Company has been cooperating with the government, collecting and producing documents in response to the subpoena.
Beeman, et al. v. Anthem Prescription Management, Inc., et al. A purported class action lawsuit was filed in February 2004 in the United States District Court for the Central District of California against a number of pharmacy benefit managers, including current subsidiaries of the Company, by several California pharmacies. Plaintiffs allege that defendants failed to comply with statutory obligations under California Civil Code Section 2527 to conduct studies of pharmacy dispensing fees and provide the results to third-party payors in California, and seek money damages. Because the lawsuit was stayed by appeals, including a challenge to the constitutionality of the statute, for nearly its entire history and was remanded back to the District Court in 2014, it is still in its early stages. As of December 31, 2014, based on currently available information, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a potential impact in this matter.
From time to time in connection with its operations, the Company is named as a defendant in other actions for damages and costs allegedly sustained by third-party plaintiffs. The Company has considered these proceedings and disputes in determining the necessity of any accruals for losses that are probable and reasonably estimable. In addition, various aspects of the Company’s business may subject it to litigation and liability for damages arising from errors in processing the pricing of prescription drug claims, failure to meet performance measures within certain contracts relating to its services performed, its ability to obtain certain levels of discounts or rebates on prescription purchases from retail pharmacies and drug manufacturers or other actions or omissions. The Company’s recorded accruals are based on estimates developed with consideration given to the potential merits of claims or quantification of any performance obligations. The Company takes into account its history of claims, the limitations of any insurance coverage, advice from outside counsel, and management’s strategy with regard to the settlement or defense of such claims and obligations. While the ultimate outcome of those claims, lawsuits or performance obligations cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes, based on its understanding of the facts of these claims and performance obligations, that adequate provisions have been recorded in the accounts where required. As of December 31, 2014, the Company did not have any material contingencies accrual related to lawsuits or allegations brought against the Company.
(c)
Guarantees:
The Company provides routine indemnification to its customers against liability if the Company’s products infringe on a third-party’s intellectual property rights. The maximum amount of these indemnifications cannot be reasonably estimated due to their uncertain nature. Historically, the Company has not made payments related to these indemnifications.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
17. Segment Information
(a) Reportable Segments
The Company manages its business in two segments: PBM and HCIT. The Company evaluates segment performance and allocates resources based upon revenue and gross profit. Selling, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, interest and other income and interest expense are reported as corporate expenses as these are managed on a consolidated basis by the Company. The Merger with Catalyst or the acquisition of Restat did not change the Company's conclusion on its reporting segments.
PBM Segment
The Company provides comprehensive PBM services to customers, which include managed care organizations, local governments, unions, corporations, HMOs, employers, workers’ compensation plans, third-party health care plan administrators, and federal and state government programs through its network of licensed pharmacies throughout the United States. The PBM services include electronic point-of-sale pharmacy claims management, retail pharmacy network management, mail and specialty pharmacy claims management, Medicare Part D services, benefit design consultation, preferred drug management programs, drug review and analysis, consulting services, data access and reporting and information analysis.
Revenue primarily consists of sales of prescription drugs, together with any associated administrative fees, to customers and participants, through the Company’s nationwide network of participating pharmacies and the Company's own mail and specialty pharmacies. Revenue and costs related to the sales of prescription drugs are recognized when the claims are adjudicated and the prescription drugs are shipped. Claims are adjudicated at the point-of-sale using an on-line processing system. Revenue and cost primarily consists of sales of prescription drugs to customers and participants.
HCIT Segment
The Company also provides HCIT solutions and services to providers, payors and other participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain in North America. The Company’s product offerings include a wide range of software products for managing prescription drug programs and for drug prescribing and dispensing. The Company’s solutions are available on a license basis with on-going maintenance and support or on a transaction fee basis using an ASP model. The Company’s payor customers include managed care organizations, Blue Cross Blue Shield organizations, government agencies, employers and intermediaries such as pharmacy benefit managers. The Company’s provider customers include independent, regional chain, institutional, and mail-order pharmacies. The solutions offered by the Company’s services assist both payors and providers in managing the complexity and reducing the cost of their prescription drug programs and dispensing activities. The Company’s profitability from HCIT depends primarily on revenue derived from transaction processing services, software license sales, hardware sales, maintenance, and professional services.
Financial information by segment (in thousands):
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
(b) Geographic Information
Revenues of the Company are primarily earned in the United States. The Company’s Canadian operations represented less than 0.2% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012.
(c) Major Customers
During the year ended December 31, 2014, one customer accounted for 34% of total revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2013, one customer accounted for 23% of total revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2012, one customer accounted for 31% of total revenue. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, this major customer was included in the PBM segment.
At December 31, 2014, one customer accounted for 17% of the total accounts receivable balance. At December 31, 2013, one customer accounted for 15% of the total accounts receivable balance.
18.
Financial Instruments
(a)
Credit risk:
The Company is subject to concentrations of credit risk through cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company monitors the credit risk and credit standing of counterparties on a regular basis.
(b)
Interest rate risk:
To manage credit risks, the Company selects counterparties based on credit assessments, limits overall exposure to any single counterparty, and monitors the market position with each counterparty. The Company assesses interest rate cash flow risk by continually identifying and monitoring changes in interest rate exposures that may adversely impact expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The Company used variable rate debt to assist in financing its Merger with Catalyst and acquisition of Restat. The Company is subject to interest rate risk related to the variable rate debt. When interest rates increase, interest expense could increase. Conversely, when interest rates decrease, interest expense could also decrease.
In order to manage fluctuations in cash flows resulting from interest rate risk attributable to changes in the benchmark interest rates, the Company entered into 3-year interest rate swap agreements with a total notional amount of $500 million to fix the variable LIBOR rate on the Company's term loan to 0.52%, resulting in an effective rate of 2.14% after adding the 1.63% margin per the Credit Agreement. Under the interest rate swap, the Company receives LIBOR-based variable interest rate payments and makes fixed interest rate payments, thereby creating the equivalent to fixed-rate debt with respect to the notional amount of such swap agreements. The interest rate contract derivative instrument was designated as a cash flow hedge upon its inception in August 2012 and it expires in August 2015. Hedge effectiveness is assessed by the Company on a quarterly basis. Based on the Company's assessment as of December 31, 2014, the Company concluded that the hedge is highly effective and thus hedge accounting is appropriate.
The Company assesses interest rate cash flow risk by continually identifying and monitoring changes in interest rate exposures that may adversely impact expected future cash flows and by evaluating hedging opportunities. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments for any purpose other than hedging identified exposures. That is, the Company does not speculate using derivative instruments and has not designated any instruments as fair value hedges or hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in foreign operations.
(c)
Fair value:
The fair value of the interest rate swap liability as of December 31, 2014 was $1.1 million, and is included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 includes $1.7 million of interest expense reclassified from other comprehensive income into current earnings. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $1.1 million of deferred expenses related to the derivative instruments accumulated in other comprehensive income is expected to be reclassified as interest expense during the next twelve months. This expectation is based on the expected timing of the occurrence of the hedged forecasted transactions.
The estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments has been determined based on the Company’s assessment of available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, these estimates may not necessarily be indicative of the amounts that the Company could realize in a current market exchange. See Note 19 for the Company’s disclosure on the fair value of derivative instruments.
(d)
Foreign exchange risk:
The Company is subject to foreign exchange risk related to its operations in Canada. The Company does not enter into derivative instruments to mitigate this risk. Exposure to fluctuations in Canadian-dollar denominated transactions is partially offset by Canadian dollar-denominated assets and liabilities.
19. Fair Value
Fair value measurement guidance defines a hierarchy to prioritize the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, with Level 1 considered the most reliable. For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheet, the table below categorizes fair value measurements across the three levels as of December 31, 2014 (in thousands):
Contingent purchase price consideration
The contingent purchase price consideration liability as of December 31, 2013 reflects the fair values of potential future payments related to the acquisition of Walgreens Health Initiatives (acquired by Catalyst in 2011). The potential future payments were contingent upon the acquired entity meeting or exceeding certain revenue, gross profit or client retention targets. The contingent consideration criteria was met and during 2014 this liability was settled. Accordingly, there is no outstanding balance as of December 31, 2014. There was no impact on the consolidated statement of operations as a result of this settlement.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
As the fair value measurement for the contingent consideration was based on inputs not observed in the market, these measurements are classified as Level 3 measurements as defined by fair value measurements guidance.
Derivatives
Derivative liabilities relate to the interest rate swap (refer to Note 18 - Financial Instruments for further information), which had a fair value of $1.1 million as of December 31, 2014. As the fair value measurement for the derivative instrument is based on quoted prices from a financial institution, the measurement is classified as Level 2 measurement as defined by fair value measurements guidance.
During 2014 and 2013, there were no movements of fair value measurements between levels 1, 2 and 3.
20. Supplemental Information
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
21. Condensed Consolidating Financial Information
The Senior Notes issued by the Company are fully and unconditionally (subject to certain customary release provisions), guaranteed by certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
The following condensed consolidating financial information has been prepared in accordance with the requirements for presentation of such information (statements of comprehensive income were omitted as all other comprehensive income is attributed to the issuer and was not material in any period presented). The condensed consolidating financial information presented below is not indicative of what the financial position, results of operations or cash flows would have been had each of the entities operated as an independent company during the period for various reasons, including, but not limited to, intercompany transactions and integration of systems.
The condensed consolidating financial information is presented separately for:
i.
Catamaran Corporation (the parent company), the issuer of the Senior Notes;
ii.
Guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis
iii.
Non-guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis;
iv.
Consolidating entries and eliminations representing adjustments to (a) eliminate intercompany transactions between or among Catamaran Corporation, the guarantor subsidiaries and the non-guarantor subsidiaries, (b) eliminate the investments in our subsidiaries and (c) record consolidating entries; and
v.
Catamaran Corporation and subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
ITEM 9.
ITEM 9.
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.
ITEM 9A.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We conducted an evaluation (under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer), pursuant to Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2014 (the “Evaluation Date”), which is the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of the Evaluation Date such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted by the Company under the Exchange Act was accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on the criteria set forth in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2014, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their audit report, included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
(c) Change in Controls and Procedures
As reported in our 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K as of December 31, 2013, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as a result of a material weakness related to ineffective general information technology controls ("GITCs") intended to ensure that access to applications and data, and the ability to place program changes into production for such applications and data, was adequately restricted to appropriate internal personnel. Due to this material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, our management concluded in our 2013 Form 10-K that our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of December 31, 2013.
During 2014, management has taken steps to remediate the material weakness, including enhancing its internal documentation and monitoring approach to ensure that all GITC procedures designed to restrict access to applications and data are operating in a manner in order to provide management with comfort that access is properly limited to the appropriate internal personnel and the ability to place program changes into production for such applications and data. As a result of the successful implementation of the remediation actions noted, as well as subsequent successful testing of the design and operation of the enhanced control procedures, management has concluded that its material weakness as disclosed in the Company's 2013 Annual Report on Form 10-K has been remediated as of December 31, 2014.
Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B.
ITEM 9B.
OTHER INFORMATION
None
PART III
ITEM 10.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information relating to directors is contained in the “Matters to be Acted Upon at the Meeting - Election of Directors” section in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information relating to executive officers is contained in the “Executive Officers” section in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information relating to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is contained in the “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” section in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information relating to the audit committee and the audit committee financial expert is contained in the “Report of the Audit Committee” and “Statement of Corporate Governance Practices” sections in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
The Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applies to all directors, officers and employees. You can find the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on the "Corporate Governance" section of the Company’s Investor Relations website located at www.catamaranrx.com. The Company will post any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and any waivers that are required to be disclosed by the rules of either the SEC or NASDAQ, on its Internet site.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information relating to executive and director compensation is contained in the “Executive Compensation” section in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
The material incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth under the subheading “Compensation Committee Report” contained in the “Executive Compensation” section in the Proxy Statement shall be deemed furnished, and not filed, in this Form 10-K and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a result of this furnishing, except to the extent that is specifically incorporated by reference by the Company.
Information relating to compensation committee interlocks and insider participation is incorporated herein by reference to the information under the heading “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in the Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12.
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is contained in the “Voting Securities and Principal Shareholders Thereof” section in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Information related to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2014 is set forth in the table below.
(1)
The Long Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") provides for the grant of stock option awards, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance awards and other stock-based awards to eligible persons, including executive officers and directors of the Company.
(2)
At December 31, 2014, the Company had no outstanding options denominated in Canadian dollars. There are 1,448,532 options outstanding that are denominated in U.S. dollars with a weighted average exercise price of $37.22. The remaining 1,545,690 securities outstanding are unvested RSUs with a weighted average grant date fair value of $44.69 per unit.
(3)
In connection with the completion of the Catalyst Merger on July 2, 2012, the Company assumed the 2003 HealthExtras, Inc. Equity Incentive Plan (the “Catalyst 2003 Plan”) and the Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Catalyst 2006 Plan” and, together the Catalyst 2003 Plan, the "Assumed Plans"). Although the former public stockholders of Catalyst approved the Assumed Plans, the Company's stockholders have not approved the Assumed Plans. New awards under the Assumed Plans may not be made to any persons who were employees of Catamaran (formerly SXC Health Solutions) and its subsidiaries at the time of the completion of the Catalyst Merger. The Catalyst 2003 Plan terminated on March 4, 2013, and the Catalyst 2006 Plan will terminate on April 7, 2020. Currently, the Company's Board of Directors may terminate or amend the Assumed Plans at any time, subject to applicable
NASDAQ and TSX stockholder approval requirements. The Catalyst 2003 Plan provides for the grant of stock options and restricted stock awards, and the Catalyst 2006 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards, performance awards and other stock-based awards. Any full-value awards (i.e., any awards other than stock options or SARs) granted under the Assumed Plans are counted as 1.45 shares for every one share granted for the purpose of determining the number of remaining common shares available for future issuance under the Assumed Plans. The Company's Compensation Committee has the exclusive authority to administer the Assumed Plans, including the power to determine eligibility, the types and sizes of awards, the price and timing of awards and the acceleration or waiver of any vesting restriction. At December 31, 2014, the Company had outstanding 330,873 unvested RSUs under the Assumed Plans with a weighted average grant date fair value of $46.62 per unit.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information about certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is contained in the “Related Party Transactions” and “Statement of Corporate Governance Practices - Board of Directors - Board Composition and Director Independence” sections in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information on principal accountant fees and services is contained in the “Matters to be Acted Upon at the Meeting - Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accountants” section in the Proxy Statement, and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
ITEM 15.
ITEM 15.
EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
1) Financial Statements:
See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, filed herewith, for a list of financial statements.
2) Financial Statement Schedules:
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because the information either is not required or is otherwise included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
3) Exhibits Filed:
See the Exhibit Index following the signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference. Each management contract and compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this annual report is identified in the Exhibit Index by a cross following its exhibit number.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 27, 2015.
CATAMARAN CORPORATION
By:
/s/ Mark A. Thierer
Mark A. Thierer
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacity and on the dates indicated.
Exhibit Index
†Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
*The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally to the SEC a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit upon the request of the SEC in accordance with Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K.