Item 1. Business
The discussion of our business contained in this annual report on form 10-K may contain predictions, estimates and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed below at “Risks and Uncertainties.” While this outlook represents management’s current judgment on the future direction of the business, such risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from any future performance suggested below. We undertake no obligation to release publicly the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this annual report.
Our trademarks, trade names and service marks referenced in this annual report include ONTAK®, Panretin® and Targretin®. Each other trademark, trade name or service mark appearing in this annual report belongs to its holder.
References to Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated ("Ligand", the "Company", "we" or "our") include our wholly owned subsidiaries - Glycomed Incorporated; Ligand Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated; Ligand Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.; and Seragen, Inc. ("Seragen").
We were incorporated in Delaware in 1987. Our principal executive offices are located at 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, 92121. Our telephone number is (858) 550-7500.
Overview
Our goal is to build a profitable pharmaceutical company which discovers, develops and markets new drugs that address critical unmet medical needs of patients in the areas of cancer, men’s and women’s health and skin diseases, as well as osteoporosis, metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. We strive to develop drugs that are more effective and/or safer than existing therapies and that are more convenient (taken orally or topically administered) and cost effective. We plan to build a profitable pharmaceutical company by generating income from specialty pharmaceutical products we develop and market and from research, milestone and royalty revenues resulting from collaborations where large pharmaceutical partners develop and market products in large markets beyond our strategic focus or resources.
We currently market four oncology products in the United States, Panretin® gel, ONTAK® and Targretin® capsules, approved by the FDA in 1999 and Targretin® gel, approved by the FDA in 2000. In Europe, the EC granted an MA for Panretin® gel in October 2000 and the CPMP recommended the grant of an MA for Targretin® capsules in November 2000. We also continue efforts to acquire or in-license products, such as ONTAK® (acquired in the 1998 acquisition of Seragen) and Morphelan™ (licensed from Elan Corporation, plc), which have near-term prospects of FDA approval and which can be marketed by our specialty sales force. We are developing additional products through our internal development programs and currently have various products in clinical development, including marketed products for larger market indications such as NSCLC, B-cell NHL, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
We have research and development collaborations with numerous global pharmaceutical companies, including Abbott Laboratories, Allergan, American Home Products, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Organon (AKZO-Nobel) and Pfizer. During 2000, our corporate partners had six Ligand compounds in human development, including lasofoxifene being developed by Pfizer for osteoporosis that entered Phase III clinical trials, three compounds on an IND track, and numerous compounds in research and pre-clinical stages. These corporate partner products are being studied for the treatment of large market indications such as osteoporosis, diabetes, contraception and cardiovascular disease.
Internal and collaborative research and development programs utilize our proprietary science technology based on our leadership position in gene transcription technology. Our proprietary technologies involve two natural mechanisms that regulate gene activity: (1) non-peptide hormone activated IRs and (2) cytokine and growth factor activated STATs. Panretin® gel, Targretin® capsules, Targretin® gel and all of our corporate partner products currently on human development track are IR modulators, discovered using our IR technology.
In late 1998, we assembled a specialty oncology and HIV-center sales and marketing team to market in the U.S. products developed, acquired or licensed by us. In late 1999, we expanded our U.S. sales force from approximately 20 to approximately 40 sales representatives to support the launch of Targretin® capsules and Targretin® gel and increase market penetration of ONTAK® and Panretin® gel. In 2001, we expanded our sales force to approximately 50 sales representatives, including approximately 20 full-time contract sales representatives that will focus on the dermatology market. Internationally, through marketing and distribution agreements with Elan, Ferrer International and Alfa Wassermann, we
have established marketing and distribution capabilities in Europe including the major markets in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and Central and South America.
Business Strategy
Our goal is to become a profitable pharmaceutical research, development and marketing company that generates significant cash flow. Building primarily on our proprietary IR and STATs technologies, our strategy is to generate cash flow primarily from (1) the sale in the U.S., Europe and Latin America of specialty pharmaceutical products we develop, acquire or in-license and (2) research, milestone and royalty revenues from the development and sale of products our collaborative partners develop and market.
Building a Specialty Pharmaceutical Franchise in the U.S., Europe and Latin America.
Our strategy with respect to specialty pharmaceutical products is to develop a product pipeline based on our IR and STATs technologies and acquired and in-licensed products and to market these products initially with a specialized sales force in the U.S. and through marketing partners in selected international markets. Focusing initially on niche pharmaceutical and dermatology indications with the possibility of expedited regulatory approval has allowed us to bring products to market quickly. This strategy has allowed us to spread the cost of our sales and marketing infrastructure among multiple products. Our goal is to expand the markets for our products through additional indication approvals and approvals in international markets. To further leverage our sales force, we intend to selectively acquire or license-in complementary technology and/or products in advanced stages of development.
Building a Collaborative-Based Business in Large Product Markets
Our strategy in our collaborative research and development business is to share the risks and benefits of discovering and developing drugs to treat diseases that are beyond our strategic focus or resources. These diseases typically affect large populations often treated by primary care physicians, and drugs to treat these diseases may be more costly to develop and/or to market effectively with a small specialty sales force. Despite these factors, drugs approved for these indications may have large market potential - often in excess of $1 billion in global sales.
We currently have nine collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies focusing on a broad range of disease targets.
Corporate Collaborator
Initiation of Collaboration
Focus
Pfizer Inc.
May 1991
Osteoporosis, breast cancer prevention
Allergan, Inc.
June 1992
Skin disorders
GlaxoSmithKline (Glaxo Wellcome plc)
September 1992
Cardiovascular diseases
Abbott Laboratories
July 1994
Inflammatory diseases
Wyeth-Ayerst, the pharmaceutical division of American Home Products
September 1994
Women's and men's health, oncology
GlaxoSmithKline (SmithKline Beecham)
February 1995
Blood disorders
Eli Lilly
November 1997
Type II diabetes, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases
Organon
February 2000
Women's health
Bristol-Myers Squibb
May 2000
Cardiovascular diseases
Our collaborative programs focus on discovering drugs for cardiovascular, inflammatory, metabolic and other diseases, as well as broad applications for women’s and men’s health. We believe that our collaborators have the resources, including clinical and regulatory experience, manufacturing capabilities and marketing infrastructure, needed to develop and commercialize drugs for these large markets. The arrangements generally provide for collaborative discovery programs funded largely by the corporate partners aimed at discovering new therapies for diseases treated by primary care physicians.
In general, drugs resulting from these collaborations will be developed, manufactured and marketed by the corporate partners. Our collaborative agreements provide for us to receive: (1) research revenue during the drug discovery stage; (2) milestone revenue for compounds successfully moving through clinical development and regulatory submission and approval; and (3) royalty revenue from the sale of approved drugs developed through collaborative efforts.
Ligand Marketed Products
U.S. Specialty Pharmaceutical Franchise. We currently market four pharmaceutical products in the U.S.
Marketed Product
Approved Indication
European Status
Indications in Development
ONTAK®
CTCL
Preparing for submission
B-cell NHL, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis
Targretin® capsules
CTCL
CPMP approval recommendation
NSCLC, psoriasis, renal cell cancer
Targretin®gel
CTCL
Preparing for submission
Eczema
Panretin®gel
KS
MA issued
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CTCL Market. CTCL is a type of NHL that appears initially in the skin, but over time may involve other organs. CTCL is a cancer of T-lymphocytes, white blood cells that play a central role in the body’s immune system. The disease can be extremely disfiguring and debilitating and median survival for late-stage patients is less than three years. The prognosis for CTCL is based in part on the stage of the disease when diagnosed. CTCL is most commonly a slowly progressing cancer, and many patients live with the complications of CTCL for 10 or more years after diagnosis. However, some patients have a much more aggressive form of this disease. CTCL affects an estimated 16,000 people in the U.S. and 12,000 to 14,000 in Europe. With ONTAK®, Targretin® capsules, and Targretin® gel currently approved in the U.S. for the treatment of CTCL, our current strategy is to have multiple products available for treating this disease.
ONTAK®. ONTAK® was approved by the FDA and launched in the U.S. in February 1999 as our first product for the treatment of patients with CTCL and the first treatment to be approved for CTCL in nearly 10 years. ONTAK® is currently in three Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with B-cell NHL. Clinical trials using ONTAK® for the treatment of patients with psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis have also been conducted with further trials being considered. These indications provide significantly larger market opportunities than CTCL. An MAA filing in Europe for CTCL is targeted for the second half of 2001.
Targretin® capsules. We launched U.S. sales and marketing of Targretin® capsules in January 2000 following receipt of FDA approval in December 1999. Targretin® capsules offer the convenience of a daily oral dose administered by the patient at home. We are developing Targretin® capsules in a variety of larger market opportunities, including NSCLC, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and renal cell cancer. We are also pursuing approval of Targretin® capsules in Europe for the treatment of patients with CTCL, where the CPMP in November 2000 recommended the grant of an MA.
Targretin® gel. We launched U.S. sales and marketing of Targretin® gel in September 2000 following receipt of FDA approval in June 2000. Targretin® gel offers patients with refractory early stage CTCL a novel, non-invasive, self-administered treatment topically applied only to the affected areas of the skin. Targretin® gel is currently in clinical development for hand eczema. An MAA filing in Europe for CTCL is targeted for the first half of 2001.
Panretin® gel. Panretin gel was approved by the FDA and launched in February 1999 as the first FDA approved patient-applied topical treatment for AIDS-related KS. Panretin gel represents a new non-invasive option to the traditional management of this disease. Most approved therapies require the time and expense of periodic visits to a healthcare facility and administration of the treatment by a doctor or nurse. AIDS-related KS adversely affects the quality of life of thousands of people in the U.S. and Europe. Panretin® gel was approved in Europe for the treatment of patients with KS in October 2000, with an expected launch in the second half of 2001.
Product Development Process
There are three phases in product development - the research phase, the preclinical phase and the clinical trials phase. See “Government Regulation” for a more complete description of the regulatory process involved in development of drugs. Activities during the research phase include research related to specific IR and STATs targets and the identification of lead compounds. Lead compounds are chemicals that have been identified that meet pre-selected criteria in cell culture models for activity and potency against IR or STATs targets. More extensive evaluation is then undertaken to determine if the compound should be selected to enter into preclinical development. Once a lead compound is selected, chemical modification of the compound is then undertaken to create the best drug candidate.
The preclinical phase includes pharmacology and toxicology testing in preclinical models (in vitro and in vivo), formulation work and manufacturing scale-up to gather necessary data to comply with applicable regulations prior to commencement of human clinical trials. Development candidates are lead compounds that have successfully undergone in vitro and in vivo evaluation to demonstrate that they have an acceptable profile, which justifies taking them through preclinical development with the intention of filing an IND and initiating human clinical testing.
Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap. In Phase I, the initial introduction of the pharmaceutical into humans, the emphasis is on testing for adverse effects, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and clinical pharmacology. Phase II involves studies in a representative patient population to determine the efficacy of the pharmaceutical for specific targeted indications, to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage and to identify related adverse side effects and safety risks. Once a compound is found to be effective and to have an acceptable safety profile in Phase II evaluations, Phase III trials are undertaken to evaluate clinical efficacy further and to further test for safety. Sometimes Phase I and II trials or Phase II and III trials are combined. In the U.S., the FDA reviews both the clinical plans and the results of the trials and may discontinue the trials at any time if there are significant safety issues.
Ligand Product Development Programs
We are developing several proprietary products for which we have worldwide rights for a variety of cancers and skin diseases, as summarized in the table below, which is not intended to be a comprehensive list of our internal research and development programs. Many of the indications being pursued may present larger market opportunities for our currently marketed products. Our clinical development programs are primarily based on products discovered through our IR technology, with the exception of ONTAK®, which was developed using Seragen’s fusion protein technology, and Morphelan™, which was developed by Elan. Five of the products in our proprietary product development programs are retinoids, discovered and developed using our proprietary IR technology. Our research is based on both our IR and STAT technologies. See “Technology” for a discussion of our IR and STAT technologies and retinoids.
Program
Disease/Indication
Development Phase
ONTAK®
CTCL
B-cell NHL
Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriasis (severe)
Marketed in U.S.
Phase II
Phase II
Phase II
Targretin® capsules
CTCL
NSCLC
Advanced breast cancer
Psoriasis (moderate to severe)
Renal cell cancer
Marketed in U.S.
Phase III
Phase II
Phase II
Phase II
Targretin® gel
CTCL
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Marketed in U.S.
Planned Phase II
Panretin® gel
KS
Marketed in U.S.
Panretin® capsules
KS
Bronchial metaplasia
Phase II
Phase II
LGD1550 capsules (RAR agonist)
Acne
Psoriasis
Advanced cancers
Planned Phase I/II
Planned Phase I/II
Phase I/II
Morphelan™
Pain management (moderate to severe)
NDA submitted
LGD2226 (Androgen agonist)
Male hypogonadism, HRT, female sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis
IND track
LGD1331 (Androgen antagonist)
Prostate cancer, hirsutism, acne, androgenetic alopecia
Pre-clinical
Glucocorticoid agonist
Inflammation, cancer
Pre-clinical
ONTAK® Development Programs
ONTAK® is the first of a new class of targeted cytotoxic biologic agents called fusion proteins that was acquired in the acquisition of Seragen and is marketed in the U.S. for patients with CTCL. CTCL affects approximately 16,000 people in the U.S. In addition to ongoing CTCL trials, we are or will be conducting clinical trials with ONTAK® in patients with B-cell NHL, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis, indications that represent significantly larger market opportunities than CTCL.
In early 1999, ONTAK® entered Phase II trials for the treatment of patients with NHL. One study is assessing ONTAK® in patients with certain types of low-grade B-cell NHL who have previously been treated with at least one systemic anti-cancer treatment. A second multi-center trial for ONTAK® is being conducted in patients with low-grade B-cell NHL who have been previously treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen and at least one monoclonal antibody therapy. A third trial allows certain patients to enter with low to intermediate grade B-cell NHL. Preliminary results of these trials are expected in the second half of 2001. NHL affects approximately 300,000 people in the U.S. with an estimated target market of approximately 54,000 patients who have failed chemotherapy or monoclonal antibody therapy.
Clinical trials with ONTAK® have demonstrated benefits in patients with long-standing, previously treated severe psoriasis. Based on these positive preliminary results, additional investigations are being considered. Moderate to severe psoriasis affects an estimated 1.1 million people in the U.S. Phase II studies are being planned for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Estimated by the Arthritis Foundation to affect 2.1 million Americans, rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints, as well as inflammation in internal organs.
Targretin® capsules Development Programs
Targretin® capsules are marketed in the U.S. for patients with refractory CTCL. Ligand is also investigating the use of Targretin® capsules in several cancer and skin disease markets which represent significantly larger market opportunities in comparison to the CTCL market.
In August 2000, we reported that Phase I/II clinical results demonstrated that Targretin® capsules, in conjunction with chemotherapy, may be an effective treatment for patients with NSCLC and renal cell cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that 164,100 Americans were diagnosed with lung cancer in 2000; of those approximately 80% were diagnosed with NSCLC. These results add to the phase II/III results and to a growing body of evidence that suggests Targretin® therapy may delay disease progression and extend survival of patients with some forms of solid tumors. This body of evidence is now large enough to begin large-scale Phase III clinical studies to conclusively demonstrate Targretin® capsules’ benefit in the treatment of patients with NSCLC. We anticipate launching Phase III trials in both the first and second half of 2001. As this is a large program that is expected to involve well over 1,000 patients, our primary focus for Targretin® capsules during 2001 and 2002 will be NSCLC. We will, however, continue to explore in Phase II trials the potential of Targretin® capsules in combination regimens for the treatment of patients in solid tumor indications as well as psoriasis.
The Phase II trial with Targretin® capsules for the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer has been fully accrued and nearly all patients have completed treatment. Although a number of patients appeared to benefit from treatment with Targretin® capsules, the overall observed objective anti-tumor response did not meet the protocol-defined target for activity. While we continue to assess whether Phase II combination studies are warranted, it is clear that further laboratory experiments are needed to understand the mechanism of action of Targretin® in breast cancer. A study of changes in various tissue biomarkers that are potentially associated with Targretin® capsules in patients with high risk of developing breast cancer is scheduled to begin soon under the sponsorship of the National Cancer Institute to further evaluate the mechanism.
Preliminary results of the Phase II trial with Targretin® capsules for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis showed that Targretin® capsules have activity in psoriasis as a monotherapy at daily doses substantially lower than approved oncology doses. This activity is sufficiently interesting to stimulate further dose-ranging trials in patients with psoriasis and evaluation in the context of a combination drug regiment or as part of multimodality therapy, such as phototherapies.
Targretin® gel Development Program
Targretin® gel is marketed in the U.S. for patients with refractory CTCL. In addition, we are planning a Phase II trial with Targretin® gel for the treatment of patients with eczema. An MAA filing in Europe for Targretin® gel in CTCL is targeted for 2001.
Panretin® capsules Development Programs
Panretin® capsules have demonstrated clinical promise for the systemic treatment of cutaneous AIDS-related KS, other cancers and skin disorders. We have reported favorable results in two Phase II trials with Panretin(R)capsules in patients with KS and are currently evaluating whether to proceed with development for this indication. Phase II trials with Panretin(R)capsules are ongoing in bronchial metaplasia.
LGD1550 capsules Development Programs
LGD1550 is a potent RAR agonist that strongly inhibits growth in vitro of several human cancer cell lines. Phase I/ II clinical trials in advanced cancer have shown that LGD1550 capsules were well tolerated. Investigators observed dose-limiting skin toxicities, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Other dose-limiting toxicities, such as headache and lipid abnormalities, frequently observed with other retinoids, have not been observed with LGD1550. Unlike all-trans retinoic acid, a retinoid approved for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, LGD1550 does not appear to induce its own metabolism over the dose range tested since blood levels are maintained with continued therapy. Phase I/II studies with LGD1550 for the treatment of patients with acne and psoriasis are being considered for development.
Morphelan™ Development Program
As part of a broader strategic alliance formed in 1998 with Elan, Elan licensed to Ligand exclusive rights to market Elan’s proprietary product Morphelan™ in the U.S. and Canada for pain management in cancer and HIV patients. Morphelan™, a once-daily, oral capsule form of morphine, may provide sustained pain management as compared to current therapies requiring frequent doses. An NDA was submitted in the U.S. by Elan in May 2000. We expect FDA review of the NDA to be completed in the second quarter of 2001. If approved, we will market and sell Morphelan™ in the U.S. and Canada through our existing specialty sales force. Please see note 5 of notes to consolidated financial statements for further details on our strategic alliance with Elan.
SARMs Programs
We are pioneering the development of tissue SARMs, a novel class of non-steroidal, orally active molecules that selectively modulate the activity of the AR in different tissues, providing a wide range of opportunities for the treatment of many diseases and disorders in both men and women. Tissue-selective AR agonists or antagonists may provide utility in male HRT and the treatment of patients with skin disorders, osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and other diseases. The use of androgen antagonists has shown efficacy in the treatment of prostate cancer, with three androgen antagonists currently approved by the FDA for use in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, we believe that there is a substantial medical need for improved androgen modulators for use in the treatment of prostate cancer due to significant side effects seen with currently available drugs that may be eliminated or reduced by SARMs.
Our SARMs programs have been our largest internally funded programs over the past five years. We have assembled an extensive SARM compound library and one of the largest and most experienced AR drug discovery teams in the pharmaceutical industry. We intend to pursue the specialty applications emerging from SARMs internally, but may seek collaborations with major pharmaceutical companies to exploit broader clinical applications.
We have two first generation SARMs in preclinical development: (1) LGD1331, an androgen antagonist for acne, prostate cancer, hirsutism, and androgenetic alopecia, and (2) LGD2226, an androgen agonist for male hypogonadism, female sexual dysfunction, HRT, and osteoporosis. Preclinical studies of LGD1331 indicate that it may have utility for treating acne and hirsutism disorders that affect a significant number of women. In vivo studies of LGD1331 have revealed favorable characteristics, including indirect evidence of diminished effects on the central nervous system, compared with currently marketed drugs of this type for the treatment of these conditions. In March 2000, we announced that LGD2226 had been moved onto the human development track. We believe this candidate represents the first SARM for the treatment of patients with major androgen related diseases and disorders, such as osteoporosis, male hormone replacement, and male and female sexual dysfunction.
STATs Research Programs
In contrast to our IR programs, our STATs programs focus on cytokines and growth factors whose receptors are found on the surface of the cell. STATs play a modulating role in the biology of cytokines and growth factors. Many diseases, such as inflammatory conditions, may result from excessive cytokine activity, and others may result from insufficient cytokine activity. See “Technology - STATs Technology” for a more complete discussion of our STATs technology. In our STATs programs, we seek to develop drug candidates that mimic the activity of thrombopoietin for use in a variety of conditions including cancer and disorders of blood cell formation.
Collaborative Research and Development Programs
We are pursuing several major collaborative drug discovery programs to further develop the research and development of compounds based on our IR and STATs technologies. These collaborations focus on several large market indications as shown in the table below.
Indication
Breast Cancer
Cardiovascular Disease
Contraception
Hormone replacement therapy
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Type II diabetes
U.S. Prevalence
2 million
58 million
35 million
46 million
48 million
12 million
15 million
During 2000, six of our collaborative product candidates were in human development - lasofoxifene, TSE424, ERA923, GW544, GW516, AGN4310, and three were on an IND track. Please see note 9 of notes to consolidated financial statements for a description of the financial terms of our key ongoing collaboration agreements. The table below summarizes our collaborative research and development programs, but is not intended to be a comprehensive list of these programs.
Program
Disease/Indication
Development Phase
Marketing Rights
SEX HORMONE MODULATORS
SERMs
• Lasofoxifene
• TSE424
• ERA923
Osteoporosis, breast cancer prevention
Osteoporosis, HRT
Breast cancer
Phase III
Phase II/III
Phase II
Pfizer
AHP
AHP
PR modulators
• PR agonists
• WAY248 (PR antagonist)
• WAY166989 (PR agonist)
HRT, contraception, reproductive disorders
Contraception, reproductive disorders
HRT, contraception
Research
IND track
Pre-clinical
Organon
AHP
AHP
MR modulators
Congestive heart failure, hypertension
Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb
METABOLIC/CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
PPAR modulators
• GW544
• GW516
• LY510929
• LY519818
• LYXXX
Cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia
Cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia
Type II diabetes, metabolic diseases, dyslipidemia
Type II diabetes, metabolic diseases
Dyslipidemia
Phase I/II
Phase I
IND track
IND track
Pre-clinical
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline
Lilly
Lilly
Lilly
RXR modulators
Type II diabetes, metabolic diseases
Pre-clinical
Lilly
HNF-4
Type II diabetes, metabolic diseases
Research
Lilly
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Glucorcorticoid agonists
Inflammation
Pre-clinical
Abbott
STATs/BLOOD DISORDERS
Hematopoietic growth factors
Thrombocytopenia
Pre-clinical
GlaxoSmithKline
DERMATOLOGY
AGN4310
Mucocutaneous toxicity
Phase II
Allergan
Sex Hormone Modulators Collaborative Programs
The primary objective of our sex hormone modulators collaborative programs is to develop drugs for hormonally responsive cancers of men and women, hormone replacement therapies, the treatment and prevention of diseases affecting women’s health, as well as hormonal disorders prevalent in men. Our programs, both collaborative and internal, in the sex hormone modulators area target development of tissue-selective modulators of the PR, the ER and the AR. Through our collaborations with Pfizer and American Home Products, three SERMs are in development in osteoporosis, breast cancer and HRT. In addition, we seek to enter into collaborations with large global pharmaceutical companies for the development of SARMs in large markets beyond our strategic focus or resources.
Pfizer Collaboration. In 1991, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Pfizer to develop better alternative therapies for osteoporosis. In November 1993, we jointly announced the successful completion of the research phase of our alliance with the identification of a development candidate and backups for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In preclinical studies, the candidates from the program mimic the beneficial effects of estrogen on bone and have an impact on blood serum lipids often associated with cardiac benefits without increasing uterine or breast tissue proliferation.
We have milestone and royalty rights to lasofoxifene which is under development by Pfizer for osteoporosis and breast cancer prevention. Lasofoxifene is a second generation estrogen partial agonist discovered through our collaborative relationship with Pfizer to which Pfizer has retained marketing rights. Lasofoxifene has been shown to reduce bone loss and decrease low-density lipoprotein levels (“LDL”, or “bad” cholesterol). In September 2000, Pfizer announced that it initiated Phase III studies of lasofoxifene for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in post menopausal women.
American Home Products Collaboration. In 1994, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, the pharmaceutical division of American Home Products (“AHP”), to discover and develop drugs that interact with ERs or PRs for use in HRT, anti-cancer therapy, gynecological diseases, and central nervous system disorders associated with menopause and fertility control. We granted AHP exclusive worldwide rights to all products discovered in the collaboration that are agonists or antagonists to the PR and ER for application in the fields of women’s health and cancer therapy.
As part of this collaboration, we tested AHP’s extensive chemical library for activity against a selected set of targets. In 1996, AHP exercised its option to include compounds we discovered that modulate PRs and to expand the collaboration to encompass the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis through the ER. AHP also added four advanced chemical compound series from its internal ER-osteoporosis program to the collaboration. The research phase of the collaboration ended in August 1998.
AHP has ongoing clinical studies with two SERMs from the collaboration. AHP is developing TSE424 for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis, with Phase III trials expected to be initiated in the second or third quarter of 2001. ERA923 is being developed for the treatment of breast cancer. AHP filed an IND for ERA923 for the treatment of women with breast cancer in December 1998 and Phase II trials are ongoing. AHP has also elected to proceed with IND track development of WAY248, a non-steroidal PR antagonist that may be useful in the creation of the first estrogen-free oral contraceptive.
Organon Collaboration. In February 2000, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Organon to focus on small molecule compounds with potential effects for the treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases mediated through the PR. The objective of the collaboration is the discovery of new non-steroidal compounds that are tissue-selective in nature and may have fewer side effects. Such compounds may provide utility in hormone replacement therapy, oral contraception, reproductive diseases, and other hormone-related disorders. The initial research phase concludes in February 2002. Organon may extend the research term for up to two additional years.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Collaboration. In May 2000, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company to focus on the discovery, design and development of orally active compounds that selectively modulate the MR. This receptor plays a critical role in many illnesses, particularly cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure and hypertension. The initial research term concludes in May 2002. Bristol-Myers Squibb may extend the research term for up to two additional years.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Collaborative Programs
We are exploring the role of certain IRs, including the peroxisome proliferation activated receptors, in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. PPARs, a subfamily of orphan IRs, have been implicated in processes that regulate plasma levels of very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides. See "Technology-- Intracellular Receptor Technology" for a discussion of PPARs and orphan IRs. Data implicate PPARs in the mechanism of action of lipid lowering drugs such as Lopid(R). There are three subtypes of the PPAR subfamily with defined novel aspects of their action-- alpha, beta and gamma. The subtype PPAR alpha appears to regulate the metabolism of certain lipids and is useful in treating hyperlipidemia. PPAR gamma plays a role in fat cell differentiation and cellular responses to insulin. Modulators of PPAR gamma activity (e.g., the glitazone class of insulin sensitizers) have utility in the management of type II diabetes. PPARs are believed to function in cells in partnership with RXRs. In addition to compounds that act directly on PPARs and that may have utility in various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, certain retinoids are able to activate this RXR:PPAR complex (e.g., Targretin(R)capsules) and they may also have utility in these disorders. We have two collaborative partners, GlaxoSmithKline and Lilly, in the areas of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, with two compounds in clinical development and two on an IND track.
GlaxoSmithKline Collaboration. In 1992, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Glaxo Wellcome plc (now GlaxoSmithKline) to discover and develop drugs for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis and other disorders affecting the cardiovascular system. The collaboration focuses on discovering drugs which produce beneficial alterations in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in three project areas: (1) regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and expression of a receptor which removes cholesterol from the blood stream, (2) the IRs influencing circulating HDL levels, and (3) PPARs, the subfamily of IRs activated by lipid lowering drugs, such as Lopid® and Atromid-S. The research phase was successfully completed in 1997 with the identification of a novel lead structure that activates selected PPAR subfamily members and the identification of a different lead compound that shows activity in preclinical models for lowering LDL cholesterol by up-regulating LDL receptor gene expression in liver cells. We retained the right to develop and commercialize products arising from the collaboration in markets not exploited by Glaxo or where Glaxo is not developing a product for the same indication.
In 1999, two compounds were advanced to exploratory development: (1) GW544, a PPAR agonist in Phase I/II trials for cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia; and (2) GW516, a second candidate that is in clinical development for cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia. Cardiovascular disease affects more than 58 million Americans and is estimated to be responsible for 30% of all deaths worldwide each year.
Eli Lilly Collaboration. In November 1997, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Eli Lilly (“Lilly”) for the discovery and development of products based upon our IR technology with broad applications in the fields of metabolic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Under the collaboration, Lilly received: (1) worldwide, exclusive rights to our compounds and technology associated with the RXR receptor in the field; (2) rights to use our technology to develop an RXR compound in combination with a SERM in cancer; (3) worldwide, exclusive rights in certain areas to our PPAR technology, along with rights to use PPAR research technology with the RXR technology; and (4) exclusive rights to our HNF-4 receptor and the obesity gene promoter technology. Lilly has the right to terminate the development of compounds under the agreements. We would receive rights to certain of such compounds in return for a royalty to Lilly, the rate of which is dependent on the stage at which the development is terminated. The initial research term concludes in November 2002. Lilly may extend the term for up to three additional years.
Under the Lilly collaboration, we retained or received: (1) exclusive rights to independently research, develop and commercialize Targretin® and other RXR compounds in the fields of cancer and dermatology; (2) an option to obtain selected rights to one of Lilly’s specialty pharmaceutical products; and (3) rights to receive milestones, royalties and options to obtain certain co-development and co-promotion rights for the Lilly-selected RXR compound in combination with a SERM.
Our rights under the initial agreements have changed. In connection with the acquisition of Seragen in 1998, we obtained from Lilly its rights to ONTAK® in satisfaction of our option to obtain selected rights to one of Lilly’s specialty pharmaceutical products. In 1999, we agreed to focus our collaborative efforts on the RXR modulator second-generation program, which has compounds with improved therapeutic indices relative to the three first-generation compounds, and on co-agonists of the PPAR receptor program. In early 1999, Lilly opted not to proceed with the development of certain first-generation compounds, including Targretin®, in the RXR program for diabetes. As a result of this decision, all rights to the oral form of Targretin® reverted to us and LGD1268 and LGD1324 returned to the pool of eligible RXR modulators for possible use in oncology in combination with a SERM under the collaboration agreement between Ligand and Lilly.
In September 2000, Lilly declared LY510929, a PPAR agonist, a clinical candidate for development as a novel oral treatment for type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and, in December 2000, LY519818, another PPAR agonist, was also declared a clinical candidate for type II diabetes.
Inflammatory Disease Collaborative Program
Abbott Collaboration. In 1994, we entered into a research and development collaboration with Abbott Laboratories ("Abbott") to discover and develop small molecule compounds for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases. The collaborative program includes several molecular approaches to discovering modulators of glucocorticoid receptor activity that have significantly improved therapeutic profiles relative to currently known anti-inflammatory steroids such as prednisone and dexamethasone. The collaboration is focused on the development of novel non-steroidal glucocorticoids that maintain the efficacy of corticosteroids that are currently used to treat inflammatory diseases, but lack some or all of corticosteroids' dose-limiting side effects. The research phase concluded in July 1999. Several compounds discovered during the collaboration have progressed to advanced preclinical testing in an effort to select a clinical candidate.
Abbott received exclusive worldwide rights for all products discovered in the collaboration for use in inflammation. We received exclusive worldwide rights for all anti-cancer products discovered in the collaboration. Abbott will make milestone and royalty payments on products targeted at inflammation resulting from the collaboration, while we will make milestone and royalty payments on products targeted at anti-cancer resulting from the collaboration. Each party will be responsible for the development, registration and commercialization of the products in its respective field.
STATs/Blood Disorders Collaborative Program
Our proprietary STAT technology is distinct from our IR technology platform. STATs are activated through a receptor located on the surface of the cell rather than a receptor located within the cell. STAT technology provides us with a second broadly enabling drug discovery platform that has potential applications in cancer, inflammation, asthma, allergy, infectious
disease, anemia, obesity, diabetes and growth disorders. See "Technology" for a more complete discussion of our STAT technology. We are pursuing product development opportunities based on our STAT technology through a collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline.
GlaxoSmithKline Collaboration. In February 1995, we entered into a research and development collaboration with SmithKline Beecham (now GlaxoSmithKline) to utilize our proprietary STATs technology to discover and characterize small molecule, orally bioavailable drugs to control hematopoiesis (the formation and development of blood cells) for the treatment of a variety of blood cell deficiencies. In 1998, we announced the discovery of the first non-peptide small molecule that mimics in mice the activity of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (“G-CSF”), a natural protein that stimulates production of infection-fighting neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). While this lead compound has only been shown to be active in mice, its discovery is a major scientific milestone and suggests that orally active, small molecule mimics can be developed not only for G-CSF, but for other cytokines as well.
A number of lead series have been found that mimic the activity of natural growth factors for white cells and platelets. The optimization of compounds that mimic the activity of thrombopoietin, the protein that stimulates production of blood clotting platelets, is nearing completion. A decision on whether to progress a lead compound to an IND track is expected in 2001. The research phase concluded in February 2001.
Under the collaboration, we have the right to select up to three compounds related to hematopoietic targets for development as anti-cancer products other than those compounds selected for development by GlaxoSmithKline. GlaxoSmithKline has the option to co-promote these products with us in North America and to develop and market them outside North America.
Dermatology Program
Allergan. In 1997, in conjunction with the buyback of Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc. (“ALRT”), we agreed with Allergan to restructure the terms and conditions relating to research, development, and commercialization and sublicense rights for the ALRT compounds. Under the restructured arrangement, we received exclusive, worldwide development, commercialization and sublicense rights to Panretin® capsules and Panretin® gel, LGD1550, LGD268 and LGD324. Allergan received exclusive, worldwide development, commercialization and sublicense rights to LGD4310, an RAR antagonist. Allergan also received LGD4326 and LGD4204, two advanced preclinical RXR selective compounds. In addition, we participated in a lottery with Allergan for each of the approximately 2,000 retinoid compounds existing in the ALRT compound library as of the closing date, with each party acquiring exclusive, worldwide development, commercialization and sublicense rights to the compounds which they selected. Ligand and Allergan will each pay the other a royalty based on net sales of products developed from the compounds selected by each in the lottery and the other ALRT compounds to which each acquires exclusive rights. We will also pay to Allergan royalties based on our net sales of Targretin® for uses other than oncology and dermatology indications. In the event that we license commercialization rights to Targretin® to a third party, we will pay to Allergan a percentage of royalties payable to us with respect to sales of Targretin® other than in oncology and dermatology indications. Allergan has one compound (AGN4310) in Phase II clinical development for mucocutaneous toxicity.
Technology
In our successful efforts to discover new and important medicines, we and our exclusive academic collaborators and consultants have concentrated on two areas of research: advancing the understanding of the activities of hormones and hormone-related drugs and making scientific discoveries related to IR and STAT technologies. We believe that our expertise in these technologies will enable us to develop novel, small-molecule drugs acting through IRs or STATs with more target-specific properties than currently available drugs, resulting in either improved therapeutic and side effect profiles and new indications for IRs or novel mechanisms of action and oral activity for STATs. Both STATs and IRs are families of transcription factors that change cell function by selectively turning on or off particular genes in response to circulating signals that impinge on cells. In addition to our proprietary IR and STAT technologies, we acquired fusion protein technology, which was utilized by Seragen in the development of ONTAK®.
Intracellular Receptor Technology
Hormones occur naturally within the body and control processes such as reproduction, cell growth, and differentiation. Hormones generally fall into two classes, the non-peptide hormones and the peptide hormones. The non-peptide hormones include the retinoids, sex steroids (estrogens, progestins and androgens), adrenal steroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids), vitamin D and thyroid hormone. These non-peptide hormones act by binding to their corresponding IRs
to regulate the expression of genes in order to maintain and restore balanced cellular function within the body. Hormonal imbalances can lead to a variety of diseases. The hormones themselves and drugs that mimic or block hormone action may be useful in the treatment of these diseases. Furthermore, hormone mimics (agonists) or blockers (antagonists) can be used in the treatment of diseases in which the underlying cause is not hormonal imbalance. The effectiveness of the IRs as drug targets is clearly demonstrated by currently available drugs acting through IRs for several diseases. However, the use of most of these drugs has been limited by their often significant side effects. Examples of currently marketed hormone-related drugs acting on IRs are glucocorticoids (steroids used to treat inflammation), natural and synthetic estrogens and progesterones (used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception), tamoxifen (an estrogen antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer), and various retinoids such as Accutane® and Retin-A® (used to treat acne) and Dovonex® (used to treat psoriasis).
We have built a strong proprietary position and accumulated substantial expertise in IRs applicable to drug discovery and development. Building on our scientific findings about the molecular basis of hormone action, we have created proprietary new tools to explore and manipulate non-peptide hormone action for potential therapeutic benefit. We employ a proprietary cell-culture based assay system for small molecules that can modulate IRs, referred to as the co-transfection assay. The co-transfection assay system simulates the actual cellular processes controlled by IRs and is able to detect whether a compound interacts with a particular human IR and whether this interaction mimics or blocks the effects of the natural regulatory molecules on target gene expression.
The understanding of non-peptide hormones and their actions has increased substantially in the last 15 years. Driving this rapid expansion of knowledge has been the discovery of the family of IRs through which all the known small-molecule, non-peptide hormones act. We and our academic collaborators and consultants have made major discoveries pertaining to IRs and small molecule hormones and compounds, which interact with these IRs. These discoveries include: (1) the identification of the IR superfamily, (2) the recognition of IR subtypes, (3) the heterodimer biology of RXR-selective compounds and (4) the discovery of orphan IRs. We believe that each of these broad areas of knowledge provides important opportunities for drug discovery.
IR Superfamily. The receptors for all the non-peptide hormones are closely related members of a superfamily of proteins known as IRs. Human IRs for all of the known non-peptide hormones have now been cloned, in many cases by our scientists or our collaborators. The structure and underlying mechanism of action of the IRs have many common features, such that drug discovery insights about one IR can often be directly applied to other members of the IR superfamily, bringing synergy to our IR-focused drug discovery efforts. First generation drugs were developed and commercialized for their therapeutic benefits prior to the discovery of IRs and often cross-react with the IRs for hormones other than the intended target, which can result in significant side effects. The understanding that IRs are structurally similar has enabled us to determine the basis for the side effects of some first-generation drugs and to discover improved drug candidates.
IR Subtypes. For some of the non-peptide hormones, several closely related but non-identical IRs, known as IR subtypes, have been discovered. These include six subtypes of the IRs for retinoids, two subtypes of the IRs for thyroid hormone, two subtypes for the ER, and three subtypes for the PPARs. Patent applications covering many of these IR subtypes have been exclusively licensed by us. We believe that drugs capable of selective modulation of IR subtypes will allow more specific pharmacological intervention that is better matched to therapeutic need. Targretin®, an RXR selective molecule, was discovered as a result of our understanding of retinoid receptor subtypes.
Retinoid Responsive IRs. Retinoic acid, a derivative of Vitamin A, is one of the body’s natural regulatory hormones that has a broad range of biological actions, influencing cell growth, differentiation, programmed cell death and embryonic development. Many chemical analogues of retinoic acid, called retinoids, also have biological activity. Specific retinoids have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of psoriasis and certain severe forms of acne. Evidence also suggests that retinoids can be used to arrest and, to an extent, reverse the effects of skin damage arising from prolonged exposure to the sun. Other evidence suggests that retinoids are useful in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including kidney cancer and certain forms of leukemia. For example, all-trans-Retinoic-acid has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoids have also shown an ability to reverse precancerous (premalignant) changes in tissues, reducing the risk of development of cancer, and may have potential as preventive agents for a variety of epithelial malignancies, including skin, head and neck, bladder and prostate cancer. Currently marketed retinoids, which were developed and commercialized prior to the discovery of retinoid-responsive IRs, cause significant side effects. These include severe birth defects if fetal exposure occurs, severe irritation of the skin and mucosal surfaces, elevation of plasma lipids, headache and skeletal abnormalities.
The six RRs that have been identified to date can be grouped in two subfamilies -RARs and RXRs. Patent applications covering members of both families of RRs have been licensed exclusively to us primarily from The Salk Institute. The RR subtypes appear to have different functions, based on their distribution in the various tissues within the body and data arising
from in vitro and in vivo studies, including studies of transgenic mice. Several of the retinoids currently in commercial use are either non-selective in their pattern of RR subtype activation or are not ideal drugs for other reasons. We are developing chemically synthesized retinoids that, by selectively activating RR subtypes, may preserve desired therapeutic effects while reducing side effects.
We have three retinoid products approved by the FDA (Panretin® gel, Targretin® capsules and Targretin® gel) and four retinoid products in clinical trials (Panretin® capsules, Targretin® capsules, Targretin® gel and LGD1550 capsules). Panretin® gel and Panretin® capsules incorporate 9-cis retinoic acid, a retinoid isolated and characterized by us in 1991 in collaboration with scientists at The Salk Institute and Baylor. 9-cis retinoic acid is the first non-peptide hormone discovered in over 25 years and appears to be a natural ligand for the RAR and RXR subfamilies of retinoid receptors. Bexarotene, the active substance in Targretin®, is a synthetic retinoid developed by us that shows selective retinoid receptor subtype activity that is different from that of 9-cis retinoic acid, the active substance in Panretin®. Targretin® selectively activates a subclass of retinoid receptors called RXRs. RXRs play an important role in the control of a variety of cellular functions. LGD1550 is a potent RAR agonist that strongly inhibits growth of several human cancer cell lines.
RXRs. RXRs can form a dimer with numerous IRs, such as the RAR, thyroid hormone receptor and vitamin D receptor. While RXRs are widely expressed, their IR partners are more selectively expressed in different tissues, such as liver, fat or muscle. As a result, compounds that bind RXRs offer the unique potential to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer and metabolic diseases. In preclinical models of type II diabetes, RXR agonists appear to stimulate the physiological pathways responsive to RXR-PPAR receptor partners expressed in key target tissues that are involved in glucose metabolism. As a result, a discrete set of genes is activated in these tissues, resulting in a decrease in serum glucose levels and insulin.
Orphan Receptors. Over 50 additional members of the IR superfamily, which do not interact with the known non-peptide hormones, have been discovered. These members of the IR superfamily have been designated orphan receptors. We believe that among the orphan IRs may be receptors for uncharacterized small molecule hormones and that the physiological roles of the various orphan IRs are likely to be diverse. We devised strategies to isolate small molecules that interact with orphan IRs. In 1999, we invested in and exclusively licensed specified orphan IR technology to a new private corporation, X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc., which is conducting research to identify therapeutic products from orphan nuclear receptors. Please see note 10 of notes to consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our investment in X-Ceptor.
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Technology
STATs are a family of proteins that are a key part of the signal transduction pathway for a variety of biologically important polypeptide hormones (e.g., interferons, interleukins, leptin, and hematopoietic growth factors). STATs play a role in the biology of cytokines and growth factors functionally analogous to that played by IRs in the biology of the non-peptide hormones. When various cytokines or growth factors bind to their receptors on the cell surface, this triggers the activation of specific members of the JAKs, which in turn activate specific STATs. The activated STATs enter the cell nucleus and bind to the control regions of specific target genes and alter their expression, thereby modulating physiologic or pathophysiologic processes.
The discovery of STATs, the elucidation of their roles in interferon signal transduction, and the first cloning of genes encoding STATs were all accomplished by our exclusive collaborator, Dr. James Darnell, and were described initially in 1992. A total of seven members of the STAT family have been identified and a large number of peptide hormones have been shown to utilize STAT signaling pathways. These peptide hormones include the interferons (alpha, beta and gamma), the hematopoietic colony stimulating factors (interleukin-3, EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF and thrombopoietin), growth hormone, prolactin, leptin and many of the interleukins.
In certain conditions it may prove beneficial to block the actions of specific cytokines. In other pathological states, there is insufficient activity of specific cytokines. For example, in patients with chronic renal failure, diminished erythropoietin (“EPO”) release by the damaged kidneys results in the inadequate production of red blood cells, causing anemia. Recombinant human EPO protein (Epogen®) can be administered to correct this anemia effectively, but must be injected. Other cytokines are useful as injected protein medicines, including interferons (Intron-A®, Roferon®, Betaseron®), interleukins (Proleukin®), G-CSF (Neupogen®). Each of these and many other cytokines appear to exert their actions through JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways.
We have established a collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline to discover and characterize small molecule drugs to modulate specific JAK/STAT pathways to control the formation of red, white and platelet blood cells for treating patients with cancer, anemia, or platelet deficiency disorders. Proof of principle for this approach was achieved with GlaxoSmithKline in the area of G-CSF and thrombopoietin mimics.
Fusion Protein Technology
Our fusion protein technology was developed by Seragen, which we acquired in 1998. Seragen's fusion proteins consist of a fragment of diphtheria toxin genetically fused to a ligand that binds to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. Once bound to the cell, the fusion proteins are designed to enter the cell and destroy the ability of the cell to manufacture proteins, resulting in cell death. Using this platform, Seragen genetically engineered six fusion proteins, each of which consists of a fragment of diphtheria toxin fused to a different targeting ligand, such as a polypeptide hormone or growth factor. ONTAK®, which is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent CTCL, is a fusion protein consisting of a fragment of diphtheria toxin genetically fused to a part of interleukin-2. In addition to treatment of CTCL, fusion proteins may have utility in oncology, dermatology, infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. Seragen has entered into exclusive license agreements with Harvard University and other parties for patents related to fusion protein technology and has been issued four U.S. patents for improvements in the technology licensed from Harvard University.
Academic Collaborations
To date, we have licensed technology from The Salk Institute, Baylor College of Medicine and Rockefeller University and developed relationships with key scientists to further the development of our core IR and STAT technologies.
The Salk Institute of Biological Studies. In 1988, we established an exclusive relationship with The Salk Institute, which is one of the research centers in the area of IR technology. Under our agreement, we have an exclusive, worldwide license to certain IR technology developed in the laboratory of Dr. Ronald Evans, a Salk professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Dr. Evans cloned and characterized the first IR in 1985 and is an inventor of the co-transfection assay used by us to screen for IR modulators. Under the agreement, we are obligated to make certain royalty payments based on sales of certain products developed using the licensed technology, as well as certain minimum annual royalty payments.
We have also entered into an exclusive consulting agreement with Dr. Evans that continues through July 2001. Dr. Evans serves as Chairman of Ligand's Scientific Advisory Board.
Baylor College of Medicine. In 1990, we established an exclusive relationship with Baylor, which is a center of IR technology. We entered into a series of agreements with Baylor under which we have an exclusive, worldwide license to IR technology developed at Baylor and to future improvements made in the laboratory of Dr. Bert W. O’Malley through the life of the related patents. Dr. O’Malley is a professor and the Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at the Baylor College of Medicine and the Director of the Center for Reproductive Biology who leads IR research at that institution.
We work closely with Dr. O’Malley and Baylor in scientific IR research, particularly in the area of sex steroids and orphan IRs. Under the agreement, we are obligated to make payments to Baylor College of Medicine in support of research done in Dr. O’Malley’s laboratory through March 2003. We are also obligated to make certain royalty payments based on the sales of products developed using the licensed technology. We have entered into a consulting agreement with Dr. O’Malley that will continue through September 2002. Dr. O’Malley is a member of Ligand’s Scientific Advisory Board.
Rockefeller University. In September 1992, we entered into a worldwide, exclusive license agreement with Rockefeller University and exclusive consulting agreements with Dr. James Darnell of Rockefeller University and Dr. David Levy of NYU to develop and commercialize certain technology involving STATs to control gene expression. Dr. Darnell is one of the leading investigators of the control of gene expression by STATs. Rockefeller University will receive a royalty on any commercialized products developed using the technology. Related technology was assigned by NYU to Rockefeller University and is covered by the license agreement with us.
In addition to the collaborations discussed above, we also have a number of other consulting, licensing, development and academic agreements by which we strive to advance our technology.
Manufacturing
We currently have no manufacturing facilities and, accordingly, rely on third parties, including our collaborative partners, for commercial or clinical production of any products or compounds.
Certain raw materials necessary for the commercial manufacturing of our products are custom and must be obtained from a specific sole source. In addition, our finished products are produced by sole source manufacturers. We currently attempt to manage the risk associated with such sole source raw materials and production by actively managing our inventories and
supply and production arrangements. We attempt to remain appraised of the financial condition of our suppliers and their ability to continue to supply our raw materials and finished products in an uninterrupted and timely manner. Unavailability of certain materials or the loss of current sources of production could cause an interruption in production and a reduced supply of finished product pending establishment of new sources, or in some cases, implementation of alternative processes. For a discussion of the risks associated with manufacturing, see “Risks and Uncertainties.”
Quality Assurance
Our success depends in great measure upon customer confidence in the quality of our products and in the integrity of the data that support their safety and effectiveness. The quality of our products arises from our total commitment to quality in all aspects of our business, including research and development, purchasing, manufacturing, and distribution. Quality-assurance procedures have been developed relating to the quality and integrity of our scientific information and production processes.
Control of production processes involves rigid specifications for ingredients, equipment, and facilities, manufacturing methods, packaging materials, and labeling. Control tests are made at various stages of production processes and on the final product to assure that the product meets all regulatory requirements and our standards. These tests may involve chemical and physical microbiological testing, preclinical testing, human clinical trials, or a combination of these trials.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $51.3 million, $59.4 million and $70.3 million in fiscal 2000, 1999 and 1998 respectively, of which approximately 68%, 73% and 75% we sponsored, and the remainder of which was funded pursuant to collaborative research and development arrangements.
Competition
Some of the drugs we are developing will compete with existing therapies. In addition, a number of companies are pursuing the development of novel pharmaceuticals, which target the same diseases that we are targeting. A number of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are pursuing IR-related or STAT-related approaches to drug discovery and development. Furthermore, academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection with respect to potentially competing products or technologies and may establish collaborative arrangements with our competitors.
Our competitive position also depends upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, obtain patent protection or otherwise develop proprietary products or processes and secure sufficient capital resources for the often substantial period between technological conception and commercial sales. For a discussion of the risks associated with competition, see “Risks and Uncertainties.”
Government Regulation
The manufacturing and marketing of our products, our ongoing research and development activities, and products being developed by our collaborative partners are subject to regulation for safety and efficacy by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. In the United States, pharmaceuticals are subject to rigorous regulation by federal and various state authorities, including the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Public Health Service Act govern the testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our products. There are often comparable regulations, which apply at the state level. Product development and approval within this regulatory framework takes a number of years and involves the expenditure of substantial resources.
The steps required before a pharmaceutical agent may be marketed in the United States include (1) preclinical laboratory tests, (2) the submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may commence, (3) adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug, (4) the submission of a NDA to the FDA and (5) the FDA approval of the NDA prior to any commercial sale or shipment of the drug. A company must pay a one-time user fee for NDA submissions, and annually pay user fees for each approved product and manufacturing establishment. In addition to obtaining FDA approval for each product, each domestic drug-manufacturing establishment must be registered with the FDA and in California, with the Food and Drug Branch of California. Domestic manufacturing establishments are subject to pre-approval inspections by the FDA prior to marketing approval and then to biennial inspections and must comply with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”). To supply products for use in the United States, foreign manufacturing establishments must comply with cGMP and are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA or
by regulatory authorities in such countries under reciprocal agreements with the FDA.
For both currently marketed and future products, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements after obtaining regulatory approval can, among other things, result in the suspension of regulatory approval, as well as possible civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, changes in existing regulations could have a material adverse effect to us.
For marketing outside the United States before FDA approval to market, we must submit an export permit application to the FDA. We also will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing human clinical trials and marketing approval for drugs. The requirements relating to the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country and there can be no assurance that we or any of our partners will meet and sustain any such requirements. For a discussion of the risks associated with government regulations, see “Risks and Uncertainties.”
Patents and Proprietary Rights
We believe that patents and other proprietary rights are important to our business. Our policy is to file patent applications to protect technology, inventions and improvements to our inventions that are considered important to the development of our business. We also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovations and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our competitive position.
To date, we have filed or participated as licensee in the filing of approximately 108 currently pending patent applications in the United States relating to our technology, as well as foreign counterparts of certain of these applications in many countries. In addition, we own or are the exclusive licensee to rights covered by approximately 190 patents issued, granted or allowed worldwide, which patents expire between 2013 and 2018. Subject to compliance with the terms of the respective agreements, our rights under our licenses with our exclusive licensors extend for the life of the patents covering such developments. For a discussion of the risks associated with patent and proprietary rights, see “Risks and Uncertainties.”
Human Resources
As of February 28, 2001, we had 356 full-time employees, of whom 207 were involved directly in scientific research and development activities. Of these employees, approximately 64 hold Ph.D. or M.D. degrees.
Risks and Uncertainties
The following is a summary description of some of the many risks we face in our business. You should carefully review these risks in evaluating our business, including the businesses of our subsidiaries. You should also consider the other information described in this report.
Our product development and commercialization involves a number of uncertainties and we may never generate sufficient revenues from the sale of products to become profitable.
We were founded in 1987. We have incurred significant losses since our inception. At December 31, 2000, our accumulated deficit was $542.7 million. To date, we have received the majority of our revenues from our collaborative arrangements and only began receiving revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical products in 1999. To become profitable, we must successfully develop, clinically test, market and sell our products. Even if we achieve profitability, we cannot predict the level of that profitability or whether we will be able to sustain profitability. We expect that our operating results will fluctuate from period to period as a result of differences in when we incur expenses and receive revenues from product sales, collaborative arrangements and other sources. Some of these fluctuations may be significant.
Most of our products in development will require extensive additional development, including preclinical testing and human studies, as well as regulatory approvals, before we can market them. We do not expect that any products resulting from our product development efforts or the efforts of our collaborative partners, other than those for which marketing approval has already been received, will be available for sale until the second half of the 2001 calendar year at the earliest, if at all. There are many reasons that we or our collaborative partners may fail in our efforts to develop our other potential products, including the possibility that:
preclinical testing or human studies may show that our potential products are ineffective or cause harmful side effects,
the products may fail to receive necessary regulatory approvals from the FDA or foreign authorities in a timely manner or at all,
the products, if approved, may not be produced in commercial quantities or at reasonable costs,
the products once approved, may not achieve commercial acceptance, or
the proprietary rights of other parties may prevent us or our partners from marketing the products.
We are building marketing and sales capabilities in the United States and Europe which is an expensive and time-consuming process.
Developing the sales force to market and sell products is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming process. We have developed an approximate 50 person U.S. sales force, some of which are contracted from a third party, and rely on third parties to distribute our products. The distributor is responsible for providing many marketing support services, including customer service, order entry, shipping and billing, and customer reimbursement assistance. In Europe, we will rely initially on other companies to distribute and market our products. We have entered into agreements for the marketing and distribution of our products in territories such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy, and Central and South America and have established a subsidiary, Ligand Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., with a branch in London, England, to prepare for our European marketing and operations. We may not be able to continue to expand our sales and marketing capabilities sufficiently to successfully commercialize our products in the territories where they receive marketing approval. To the extent we enter into co-promotion or other licensing arrangements, any revenues we receive will depend on the marketing efforts of others, which may or may not be successful.
Some of our key technologies have not been used to produce marketed products and may not be capable of producing such products.
To date, we have dedicated most of our resources to the research and development of potential drugs based upon our expertise in our IR and STATs technologies. Even though there are marketed drugs that act through IRs, some aspects of our IR technologies have not been used to produce marketed products. In addition, we are not aware of any drugs that have been developed and successfully commercialized that interact directly with STATs. Much remains to be learned about the location and function of IRs and STATs. If we are unable to apply our IR and STAT technologies to the development of our potential products, we will not be successful in developing new products.
Our drug development programs will require substantial additional future capital.
Our drug development programs require substantial additional capital to successfully complete them, arising from costs to:
conduct research, preclinical testing and human studies,
establish pilot scale and commercial scale manufacturing processes and facilities, and
establish and develop quality control, regulatory, marketing, sales and administrative capabilities to support these programs.
Our future operating and capital needs will depend on many factors, including:
the pace of scientific progress in our research and development programs and the magnitude of these programs,
the scope and results of preclinical testing and human studies,
the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals,
the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims,
competing technological and market developments,
our ability to establish additional collaborations,
changes in our existing collaborations,
the cost of manufacturing scale-up, and
the effectiveness of our commercialization activities.
For example, we are required under the terms of our agreement with Elan, to spend not less than $7 million through May 2003 to undertake additional clinical activities related to the commercialization of Morphelan. In the event we do not spend this amount, any shortfall would have to be paid to Elan. If additional funds are required to support our operations and we are unable to obtain them on terms favorable to us, we may be required to cease or reduce further commercialization of our products, to sell some or all of our technology or assets or to merge with another entity.
Our products must clear significant regulatory hurdles prior to marketing.
Before we obtain the approvals necessary to sell any of our potential products, we must show through preclinical studies and human testing that each product is safe and effective. Our failure to show any product’s safety and effectiveness would delay or prevent regulatory approval of the product and could adversely affect our business. The clinical trials process is complex and uncertain. The results of preclinical studies and initial clinical trials may not necessarily predict the results from later large-scale clinical trials. In addition, clinical trials may not demonstrate a product’s safety and effectiveness to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities. A number of companies have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials or in seeking regulatory approvals, despite promising results in earlier trials. The FDA may also require additional clinical trials after regulatory approvals are received, which could be expensive and time-consuming, and failure to successfully conduct those trials could jeopardize continued commercialization.
The rate at which we complete our clinical trials depends on many factors, including our ability to obtain adequate supplies of the products to be tested and patient enrollment. Patient enrollment is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites and the eligibility criteria for the trial. Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs and longer development times. In addition, our collaborative partners have rights to control product development and clinical programs for products developed under the collaborations. As a result, these collaborators may conduct these programs more slowly or in a different manner than we had expected. Even if clinical trials are completed, we or our collaborative partners still may not apply for FDA approval in a timely manner or the FDA still may not grant approval.
We may not be able to pay amounts due on our outstanding indebtedness when due which would cause defaults under these arrangements.
We and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient funds to make required payments due under existing debt. If we or our subsidiaries do not have adequate funds, we will be forced to refinance the existing debt and may not be successful in doing so. Our subsidiary, Glycomed, is obligated to make payments under convertible subordinated debentures in the total principal amount of $50 million. The debentures incur interest semi-annually at a rate of 7 ½% per annum, are due in 2003 and convertible into our common stock at $26.52 per share. In addition, at December 31, 2000, we had outstanding a $2.5 million convertible note to GlaxoSmithKline due in 2002 with interest at prime and convertible into our common stock at $13.56 per share. We also had outstanding $79.8 million in zero coupon convertible senior notes to Elan, due 2008 with an 8% per annum yield to maturity and convertible into our common stock at approximately $14 per share. Glycomed’s failure to make payments when due under its debentures would cause us to default under the outstanding notes to Elan.
We may require additional money to run our business and may be required to raise this money on terms which are not favorable to our existing stockholders.
We have incurred losses since our inception and do not expect to generate positive cash flow to fund our operations for one or more years. As a result, we may need to complete additional equity or debt financings to fund our operations. Our inability to obtain additional financing could adversely affect our business. Financings may not be available on acceptable terms. In addition, these financings, if completed, still may not meet our capital needs and could result in substantial dilution to our stockholders. For instance, the zero coupon convertible senior notes outstanding to Elan are convertible into common stock at the option of Elan, subject to some limitations, and in January 2001 we issued 2 million shares of our common stock in a private placement. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our drug development programs. Alternatively, we may be forced to attempt to continue development by entering into arrangements with collaborative partners or others that require us to relinquish some or all of our rights to technologies or drug candidates that we would not otherwise relinquish.
We face substantial competition.
Some of the drugs that we are developing and marketing will compete with existing treatments. In addition, several companies are developing new drugs that target the same diseases that we are targeting and are taking IR-related and STAT-
related approaches to drug development. Many of our existing or potential competitors, particularly large drug companies, have greater financial, technical and human resources than us and may be better equipped to develop, manufacture and market products. Many of these companies also have extensive experience in preclinical testing and human clinical trials, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. In addition, academic institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations are developing products that may compete with the products we are developing. These institutions are becoming more aware of the commercial value of their findings and are seeking patent protection and licensing arrangements to collect payments for the use of their technologies. These institutions also may market competitive products on their own or through joint ventures and will compete with us in recruiting highly qualified scientific personnel.
Our success will depend on third-party reimbursement and may be impacted by health care reform.
Sales of prescription drugs depend significantly on the availability of reimbursement to the consumer from third party payors, such as government and private insurance plans. These third party payors frequently require drug companies to provide predetermined discounts from list prices, and they are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Our current and potential products may not be considered cost-effective and reimbursement to the consumer may not be available or sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a competitive basis.
In addition, the efforts of governments and third-party payors to contain or reduce the cost of health care will continue to affect the business and financial condition of drug companies such as us. A number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the health care system have been discussed in recent years. In addition, an increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States has and will continue to increase pressure on drug pricing. We cannot predict whether legislative or regulatory proposals will be adopted or what effect those proposals or managed care efforts may have on our business. The announcement and/or adoption of such proposals or efforts could adversely affect our profit margins and business.
We rely heavily on collaborative relationships and termination of any of these programs could reduce the financial resources available to us.
Our strategy for developing and commercializing many of our potential products, including products aimed at larger markets, includes entering into collaborations with corporate partners, licensors, licensees and others. These collaborations provide us with funding and research and development resources for potential products for the treatment or control of metabolic diseases, hematopoiesis, women’s health disorders, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer and skin disease, and osteoporosis. These agreements also give our collaborative partners significant discretion when deciding whether or not to pursue any development program. Our collaborations may not continue or be successful.
In addition, our collaborators may develop drugs, either alone or with others, that compete with the types of drugs they currently are developing with us. This would result in less support and increased competition for our programs. If products are approved for marketing under our collaborative programs, any revenues we receive will depend on the manufacturing, marketing and sales efforts of our collaborators, who generally retain commercialization rights under the collaborative agreements. Our current collaborators also generally have the right to terminate their collaborations under specified circumstances. If any of our collaborative partners breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct their collaborative activities successfully, our product development under these agreements will be delayed or terminated.
We may have disputes in the future with our collaborators, including disputes concerning which of us owns the rights to any technology developed. For instance, we were involved in litigation with Pfizer, which we settled in April 1996, concerning our right to milestones and royalties based on the development and commercialization of droloxifene. These and other possible disagreements between us and our collaborators could delay our ability and the ability of our collaborators to achieve milestones or our receipt of other payments. In addition, any disagreements could delay, interrupt or terminate the collaborative research, development and commercialization of certain potential products, or could result in litigation or arbitration. The occurrence of any of these problems could be time-consuming and expensive and could adversely affect our business.
Our success depends on our ability to obtain and maintain our patents and other proprietary rights.
Our success will depend on our ability and the ability of our licensors to obtain and maintain patents and proprietary rights for our potential products and to avoid infringing the proprietary rights of others, both in the United States and in foreign countries. Patents may not be issued from any of these applications currently on file or, if issued, may not provide sufficient protection. In addition, disputes with licensors under our license agreements may arise which could result in additional financial liability or loss of important technology and potential products.
Our patent position, like that of many pharmaceutical companies, is uncertain and involves complex legal and technical questions for which important legal principles are unresolved. We may not develop or obtain rights to products or processes that are patentable. Even if we do obtain patents, they may not adequately protect the technology we own or have licensed. In addition, others may challenge, seek to invalidate, infringe or circumvent any patents we own or license, and rights we receive under those patents may not provide competitive advantages to us. Further, the manufacture, use or sale of our products may infringe the patent rights of others.
Several drug companies and research and academic institutions have developed technologies, filed patent applications or received patents for technologies that may be related to our business. Others have filed patent applications and received patents that conflict with patents or patent applications we have licensed for our use, either by claiming the same methods or compounds or by claiming methods or compounds that could dominate those licensed to us. In addition, we may not be aware of all patents or patent applications that may impact our ability to make, use or sell any of our potential products. For example, United States patent applications may be kept confidential while pending in the Patent and Trademark Office, and patent applications filed in foreign countries are often first published six months or more after filing. Any conflicts resulting from the patent rights of others could significantly reduce the coverage of our patents and limit our ability to obtain meaningful patent protection. If other companies obtain patents with conflicting claims, we may be required to obtain licenses to those patents or to develop or obtain alternative technology. We may not be able to obtain any such license on acceptable terms or at all. Any failure to obtain such licenses could delay or prevent us from pursuing the development or commercialization of our potential products.
We have had and will continue to have discussions with our current and potential collaborators regarding the scope and validity of our patent and other proprietary rights. If a collaborator or other party successfully establishes that our patent rights are invalid, we may not be able to continue our existing collaborations beyond their expiration. Any determination that our patent rights are invalid also could encourage our collaborators to terminate their agreements where contractually permitted. Such a determination could also adversely affect our ability to enter into new collaborations.
We may also need to initiate litigation, which could be time-consuming and expensive, to enforce our proprietary rights or to determine the scope and validity of others’ rights. If litigation results, a court may find our patents or those of our licensors invalid or may find that we have infringed on a competitor’s rights. If any of our competitors have filed patent applications in the United States which claim technology we also have invented, the Patent and Trademark Office may require us to participate in expensive interference proceedings to determine who has the right to a patent for the technology.
We have learned that Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. has received a United States patent and has made patent filings in foreign countries that relate to our Panretin® capsules and gel products. We filed a patent application with an earlier filing date than Hoffmann-La Roche’s patent, which we believe is broader than, but overlaps in part with, Hoffmann-La Roche’s patent. We currently are investigating the scope and validity of Hoffmann-La Roche’s patent to determine its impact upon our products. The Patent and Trademark Office has informed us that the overlapping claims are patentable to us and has initiated a proceeding to determine whether we or Hoffmann-La Roche are entitled to a patent. We may not receive a favorable outcome in the proceeding. In addition, the proceeding may delay the Patent and Trademark Office’s decision regarding our earlier application. If we do not prevail, the Hoffmann-La Roche patent might block our use of Panretin®capsules and gel in specified cancers.
We also rely on unpatented trade secrets and know-how to protect and maintain our competitive position. We require our employees, consultants, collaborators and others to sign confidentiality agreements when they begin their relationship with us. These agreements may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our competitors may independently discover our trade secrets.
We rely on third-party manufacturers to supply our products and thus have little control over our manufacturing resources.
We currently have no manufacturing facilities and we rely on others for clinical or commercial production of our marketed and potential products. To be successful, we will need to manufacture our products, either directly or through others, in commercial quantities, in compliance with regulatory requirements and at acceptable cost. Any extended and unplanned manufacturing shutdowns could be expensive and could result in inventory and product shortages. If we are unable to develop our own facilities or contract with others for manufacturing services, our revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to supply products in development, our ability to conduct preclinical testing and human clinical trials will be adversely affected. This in turn could also delay our submission of products for regulatory approval and our initiation of new development programs. In addition, although other companies have manufactured drugs
acting through IRs and STATs on a commercial scale, we may not be able to do so at costs or in quantities to make marketable products.
The manufacturing process also may be susceptible to contamination, which could cause the affected manufacturing facility to close until the contamination is identified and fixed. In addition, problems with equipment failure or operator error also could cause delays in filling our customers’ orders.
Our business exposes us to product liability risks or our products may need to be recalled and we may not have sufficient insurance to cover any claims.
Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks. Our products also may need to be recalled to address regulatory issues. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could result in payment of significant amounts of money and divert management’s attention from running the business. Some of the compounds we are investigating may be harmful to humans. For example, retinoids as a class are known to contain compounds which can cause birth defects. We may not be able to maintain our insurance on acceptable terms, or our insurance may not provide adequate protection in the case of a product liability claim. To the extent that product liability insurance, if available, does not cover potential claims, we will be required to self-insure the risks associated with such claims.
We are dependent on our key employees, the loss of whose services could adversely affect us.
We depend on our key scientific and management staff, the loss of whose services could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, we may need to hire new scientific, management and operational personnel. Recruiting and retaining qualified management, operations and scientific personnel is also critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain such personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous drug companies, universities and other research institutions for such personnel.
We use hazardous materials which requires us to incur substantial costs to comply with environmental regulations.
In connection with our research and development activities, we handle hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. To properly dispose of these hazardous materials in compliance with environmental regulations, we are required to contract with third parties at substantial cost to us. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from the handling and disposing of hazardous materials, whether by us or by our third-party contractors. In the event of any accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result, which could be significant.
Our stock price may be adversely affected by volatility in the markets.
The market prices and trading volumes for our securities, and the securities of emerging companies like us, have historically been highly volatile and have experienced significant fluctuations unrelated to operating performance. Future announcements concerning us or our competitors may impact the market price of our common stock. These announcements might include:
the results of research or development testing of ours or our competitors' products,
technological innovations related to diseases we are studying,
new commercial products introduced by our competitors,
government regulation of our industry,
receipt of regulatory approvals by competitors,
our failure to receive regulatory approvals for products under development,
developments concerning proprietary rights, or
litigation or public concern about the safety of our products.
Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could seriously harm prevailing market prices for our common stock. These sales might make it difficult or impossible for us to sell additional securities when we need to raise capital.
You may not receive a return on your shares other than through the sale of your shares of common stock.
We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. We intend to retain any earnings to support the expansion of our business and we do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, other than through a sale of your shares, you will not receive a return on your investment in our common stock.
Our shareholder rights plan and charter documents may prevent transactions that could be beneficial to you.
Our shareholder rights plan and provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our ownership, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares over then-current market prices. These provisions also may limit your ability to approve transactions that you deem to be in your best interests. In addition, our board of directors may issue shares of preferred stock without any further action by you. Such issuances may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our ownership.
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties
We currently lease and occupy office and laboratory facilities in San Diego, California. These include a 52,800 square foot facility leased through July 2015, an 82,500 square foot facility leased through February 2014, and a 7,500 square foot facility leased through February 2002. We believe these facilities will be adequate to meet our near-term space requirements.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Seragen, Inc., our subsidiary, and Ligand, were named parties to Sergio M. Oliver, et al. v. Boston University, et al., a putative shareholder class action filed on December 17, 1998 in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware in and for New Castle County, C.A. No. 16570NC, by Sergio M. Oliver and others against Boston University and others, including Seragen, its subsidiary Seragen Technology, Inc. and former officers and directors of Seragen. The complaint, as amended, alleged that Ligand aided and abetted purported breaches of fiduciary duty by the Seragen related defendants in connection with the acquisition of Seragen by Ligand and made certain misrepresentations in related proxy materials and seeks compensatory and punitive damages of an unspecified amount. Defendants thereafter filed motions to dismiss all claims. Rather than oppose the motion, plaintiffs sought and obtained permission to file a second amended complaint asserting essentially the same claims with a shorter class period. On August 23, 1999, defendants again filed motions to dismiss all claims of the second amended complaint. On July 25, 2000, the Delaware Chancery Court granted in part and denied in part defendants’ motions. Seragen, Ligand, Seragen Technology, Inc. and our acquisition subsidiary, Knight Acquisition Corporation were dismissed from the action. Claims alleging common law fraud and negligent misrepresentation were also dismissed. Claims of breach of fiduciary duty remain against the remaining defendants, including the former officers and directors of Seragen. On October 10, 2000, plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification, which the remaining defendants have opposed. The hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion for class certification took place on February 26, 2001. The court took the matter under submission and has not yet issued a ruling. The litigation is currently in the discovery phase. While Ligand and its subsidiary Seragen have been dismissed from the action, such dismissal is subject to a possible subsequent appeal upon judgment in the action against the remaining parties.
On September 21, 2000, a class action lawsuit was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California against Ligand and a specified former employee of Ligand. The complaint, as amended, alleges claims of invasion of privacy, negligence, fraud and deceit, and negligent infliction of emotional distress based on, among other things, an allegation that Ligand, as successor-in-interest to our Glycomed subsidiary and by reason of its position as employer, negligently and fraudulently allowed a former employee to access and publish private information of the plaintiffs. The complaint seeks damages of an unspecified amount on behalf of a class of plaintiffs consisting of former employees of Glycomed Incorporated. Plaintiffs have not yet filed a motion for class certification. The litigation is currently in the discovery phase.
We believe that each of these lawsuits is without merit and intend to vigorously defend against each of such lawsuits. Due to the uncertainty of the ultimate outcome of these matters, the impact on future financial results is not subject to reasonable estimates.
Item 4.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
There were no matters submitted to a vote of security holders in the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2000.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5. Markets for Registrant’s Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters (a) Market Information
Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq National Market tier of the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol "LGND." The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for our common stock on the Nasdaq National Market for the periods indicated.
High Low --------- ------- Year Ended December 31, 1999: 1st Quarter............................... $ 14 3/4 $ 8 3/16 2nd Quarter............................... 11 7/16 8 3/16 3rd Quarter............................... 11 3/16 6 7/16 4th Quarter............................... 13 7/8 7 1/2
Year Ended December 31, 2000: 1st Quarter............................... $ 26 1/2 $ 12 1/2 2nd Quarter............................... 18 11/16 9 11/16 3rd Quarter............................... 14 10 4th Quarter............................... 16 5/16 10 1/2
(b) Holders
As of February 28, 2001, there were approximately 2,300 holders of record of the common stock.
(c) Dividends
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain our earnings, if any, to finance future growth.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data
The selected financial data set forth below with respect to our consolidated financial statements has been derived from the audited financial statements. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this filing.
Year Ended December 31, ------------------------------------------------ 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (in thousands, except loss per share data)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA: Product sales (1).............$ 22,910 $ 11,307 $ 406 $ 418 $ -- Collaborative research and development and other revenues .......... 25,200 26,978 17,267 51,281 36,842 Cost of products sold (1)..... 8,591 3,563 466 520 -- Research and development expenses......... 51,287 59,442 70,273 71,906 59,494 Loss from operations (2) ..... (45,882) (61,293) (114,634) (95,805) (32,857) Loss before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle ..... (59,277) (74,719) (117,886) (100,150) (37,313) Cumulative effect on prior years (to December 31, 1999) of changing method of revenue recognition (3) ..... (13,099) -- -- -- -- Net loss...................... (72,376) (74,719) (117,886) (100,150) (37,313)
Basic and diluted per share amounts: Loss before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle ..... $ (1.06) $ (1.58) $ (2.92) $ (3.02) $ (1.30) Cumulative effect on prior years (to December 31, 1999) of changing method of revenue recognition (3)... (0.24) -- -- -- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Net loss................... $ (1.30) $ (1.58) $ (2.92) $ (3.02) $ (1.30) ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== Weighted average number of common shares.....55,664,921 47,146,312 40,392,421 33,128,372 28,780,914 ========== ========== ========== ========== ==========
Pro forma amounts assuming the new revenue recognition method is applied retroactively: Net loss...................$(59,277) $(73,131)$(114,136)$(118,587) $(37,313) ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== Basic and diluted net loss per share ....... $ (1.06) $ (1.55) $ (2.83) $ (3.58) $ (1.30) ======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Year Ended December 31, ----------------------------------------------------- 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- (in thousands) CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA: Cash, cash equivalents, short term investments and restricted investments (4)......... $ 25,097 $ 49,166 $ 72,521 $ 86,287 $ 84,179 Working capital.......... 16,234 35,978 51,098 62,399 71,680 Total assets............. 113,422 134,645 156,020 107,423 102,140 Long-term debt .......... 134,405 136,634 90,487 51,379 53,914 Accumulated deficit...... (542,725) (470,349) (395,630) (277,744) (177,594) Total stockholders' equity (deficit) ....... (55,125) (25,590) (11,362) 34,349 34,461
(1)
We began selling ONTAK® and Panretin® gel in 1999 and Targretin® capsules and Targretin® gel in 2000.
(2)
Includes write-offs of $5 million in 1999, $45 million in 1998 and $65 million in 1997 related to technology acquired from Elan in 1999 and 1998, the acquisition of Seragen in 1998, and the acquisition of ALRT in 1997.
(3)
In 2000, we changed our policy for the recognition of revenue related to up-front fees in accordance with a new accounting pronouncement. See note 2 (revenue recognition) of notes to consolidated financial statements.
(4)
In January 2001, we received net cash proceeds of $10 million from the issuance of convertible notes to Elan and $22.4 million from a private placement of our common stock. The convertible notes were issued to Elan on December 29, 2000 and the funds received on January 2, 2001.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management's Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results Of Operations
This annual report may contain predictions, estimates and other forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties, including those discussed at "Risks and Uncertainties" in "Item 1 - Business" above. This outlook represents our current judgment on the future direction of our business. Such risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from any future performance suggested. We undertake no obligation to release publicly the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this annual report.
Overview
Our goal is to build a profitable pharmaceutical company which discovers, develops and markets new drugs that address critical unmet medical needs of patients in the areas of cancer, men’s and women’s health and skin diseases, as well as osteoporosis, metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Internal and collaborative research and development programs utilize our proprietary science technology based on our leadership position in gene transcription technology. Our proprietary technologies involve two natural mechanisms that regulate gene activity: (1) non-peptide hormone activated IRs and (2) cytokine and growth factor activated STATs.
In 1999, we received marketing approval in the United States for Panretin gel for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients, ONTAK for the treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma or CTCL, and Targretin capsules for the treatment of CTCL in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. In June 2000, Targretin gel was granted marketing approval in the United States for the treatment of patients with early stage CTCL. In addition, in May 2000, our strategic partner Elan submitted a new drug application for its product Morphelan for pain management in cancer and HIV patients. We have the exclusive marketing rights to Morphelan in the United States and Canada. In Europe, we were granted a marketing authorization for Panretin gel in October 2000 and have been recommended for a marketing authorization for Targretin capsules. We expect to launch Panretin gel in Europe in the second half of 2001 after pricing has been approved.
During 2000, we were also involved in the research phase of research and development collaborations with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Eli Lilly and Company, Organon Company, SmithKline Beecham Corporation (now GlaxoSmithKline), and the Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical research division of Warner-Lambert Company. Collaborations in the development phase are being pursued by Abbott Laboratories, Allergan, Inc., American Home Products, and GlaxoWellcome plc (now GlaxoSmithKline). We receive funding during the research phase of the arrangements and milestone and royalty payments as products are developed and marketed by our corporate partners. Please see note 9 of notes to consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our research and development collaborations.
We have been unprofitable since our inception. We expect to incur substantial additional operating losses until the commercialization of our products generates sufficient revenues to cover our expenses. We expect that our operating results will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of differences in the timing of expenses incurred and revenues earned from product sales and collaborative research and development arrangements. Some of these fluctuations may be significant.
Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2000 ("2000"), as compared with Year Ended December 31, 1999 ("1999")
Total revenues for 2000 were $48.1 million, an increase of $7.2 million as compared to 1999 revenues of $40.9 million. Loss from operations for 2000 was $45.9 million, a decrease of $15.4 million as compared to 1999. Loss before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle for 2000 was $59.3 million or $(1.06) per share, a decrease of $15.4 million as compared to the 1999 net loss of $74.7 million or $(1.58) per share.
During 2000, we implemented a new accounting pronouncement that changed our method of revenue recognition for non-refundable up-front fees received in multiple element contractual arrangements. The new accounting pronouncement requires the deferral of up-front fees with recognition over the term of the contractual arrangement. The cumulative effect of this change to December 31, 1999 was to increase 2000 net loss by $13.1 million or $(0.24) per share. However, the effect on 2000 was to reduce net loss by $1.3 million or $0.02 per share. For additional details, please see “New Accounting Pronouncements” below and note 2 (revenue recognition) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Product sales for 2000 were $22.9 million, as compared to $11.3 million in 1999. The increase of $11.6 million is primarily due to $13.2 million in 2000 revenues from sales of ONTAK, approved for marketing in the United States in February 1999, up from $8.2 million in 1999, $6.7 million in 2000 revenues from sales of Targretin capsules, approved for marketing in the United States in December 1999, and $1.1 million in 2000 revenues from Targretin gel, approved for marketing in the United States in June 2000, offset by a decrease of $900,000 on sales of Panretin gel.
Collaborative research and development and other revenues for 2000 were $25.2 million, a decrease of $1.8 million as compared to 1999. In 2000, collaborative research and development revenues increased $7.2 million as compared to 1999. This increase was primarily due to $4.7 million earned on two new collaborations entered into in 2000 and $3.7 million from the recognition of a portion of an up-front fee received in a prior year that was deferred in accordance with the new
accounting pronouncement. This increase was offset by the absence in 2000 of 1999 revenues of $5.1 million from royalty transactions and a $2.3 million reduction of revenue earned on distribution agreements. The royalty transactions were specific to 1999, while $2.25 million of the 1999 revenue from distribution agreements was up-front payments subject to the new accounting pronouncement. The year to year comparison of collaborative research and development and other revenues is as follows ($,000):
Year Ended December 31, 2000 1999 ------------ ------------
Collaborative research and development $ 23,135 $ 15,954 Distribution agreements 922 3,250 Royalties -- 5,102 Other 1,143 2,672 ------------ ------------ $ 25,200 $ 26,978 ============ ============
Certain customers accounted for greater than 10% of total revenues in 2000 and 1999. For additional details, please see note 2 (revenue recognition) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Contract manufacturing revenues and costs for 1999 were $2.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively, which were generated under contract manufacturing agreements performed at Marathon Biopharmaceuticals. The assets of Marathon were sold on January 7, 2000. For additional details, please see note 6 (sale of contract manufacturing assets) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Cost of products sold increased from $3.6 million in 1999 to $8.6 million in 2000. The increase is due primarily to the increased sales of ONTAK in 2000 and the launch of Targretin capsules in January 2000 and Targretin gel in August 2000.
Research and development expenses were $51.3 million in 2000, compared to $59.4 million in 1999. The decrease is primarily due to a general reduction of research and development activities with an increased focus on commercialization of our new products. Specifically, research and development costs were incurred in 1999 related to Targretin capsules, submitted as a new drug application in June 1999 and approved for marketing in the United States in December 1999, and Targretin gel, submitted as a new drug application in December 1999 and approved for marketing in the United States in June 2000.
Selling, general and administrative expenses were $34.1 million in 2000, up from $27.3 million in 1999. The increase was due primarily to increased selling and marketing costs associated with the expansion of our U.S. based sales force from approximately 20 to approximately 40 representatives in late 1999 to support our increased sales efforts, marketing activities related to the launch of Targretin capsules and Targretin gel in 2000, and continued promotion of ONTAK and Panretin gel.
The debt conversion expense relates to incentives provided to Elan for their early conversion of outstanding zero coupon convertible senior notes. For additional details regarding the note conversions, please see note 5 (financing arrangement) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
We have significant net operating loss carry forwards for federal and state income taxes. For additional details, please see note 11 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Year Ended December 31, 1999 ("1999"), as compared with Year Ended December 31, 1998 ("1998")
Total revenues for 1999 were $40.9 million, an increase of $23.2 million as compared to 1998. Loss from operations for 1999 was $61.3 million, a decrease of $53.3 million as compared to 1998. Net loss for 1999 was $74.7 million or $(1.58) per share, a decrease of $43.2 million from the 1998 net loss of $117.9 million or $(2.92) per share.
In 1999, we wrote off $5 million related to a milestone payment made to Elan under the license agreement for its product Morphelan. In 1998 we wrote off $30 million of acquired in-process technology related to the merger with Seragen and $15 million related to the license agreement with Elan. For additional details, please see notes 5 (license agreement) and 6 (merger), respectively, of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Product sales for 1999 were $11.3 million, as compared to $406,000 in 1998. The increase is due to revenues from sales of ONTAK and Panretin gel, approved by the FDA in February 1999.
Collaborative research and development and other revenues for 1999 were $27 million, an increase of $9.7 million over 1998. The increase in 1999 was due primarily to $5.1 million of revenue earned under royalty arrangements and $3.3 million earned in connection with distribution agreements entered into in 1999. The year-to-year comparison of collaborative research and development and other revenues is as follows ($,000):
Year Ended December 31, 1999 1998 ------------ ------------ Collaborative research and development $15,954 $16,914 Royalties 5,102 -- -- Distribution agreements 3,250 -- -- Other 2,672 353 ------------ ------------ $26,978 $17,267 ============ ============
Certain customers accounted for greater than 10% of total revenues in 1999 and 1998. For additional details, please see note 2 (revenue recognition) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Contract manufacturing revenues and costs for 1999 were $2.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively, which were generated under contract manufacturing agreements performed at the Marathon facility acquired in January 1999.
Cost of products sold increased from $466,000 in 1998 to $3.6 million in 1999. The increase is due to manufacturing costs, amortization of acquired technology, and royalty expenses associated with the sale of ONTAK and Panretin gel.
Research and development expenses were $59.4 million in 1999, compared to $70.3 million in 1998. The decrease was due primarily to the reduction of clinical trial activity related to Panretin gel and Targretin capsules, approved by the FDA in February 1999 and December 1999, respectively, offset in part by increased clinical costs for Targretin gel submitted to the FDA for approval in December 1999. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $27.3 million in 1999, up from $16.6 million in 1998. The increase was due primarily to increased costs associated with the expansion of our sales and marketing activities related to the launch of our new products.
Interest expense in 1999 was $13 million, an increase of $4.7 million over 1998. The increase is due to the accretion related to the $100 million in issue price of zero coupon convertible notes issued to Elan in November 1998 ($40 million), July 1999 ($40 million) and August 1999 ($20 million). The debt conversion expense of $2.2 million relates to the incentive provided to Elan for their conversion of $20 million in notes in December 1999. For additional details, please see note 5 (financing arrangement) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have financed our operations through private and public offerings of our equity securities, collaborative research and development and other revenues, issuance of convertible notes, capital and operating lease transactions, equipment financing arrangements, product sales and investment income.
Working capital was $16.2 million at December 31, 2000 as compared to $36 million at December 31, 1999. Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, restricted investments, and the $10 million of funds receivable from Elan, totaled $35.1 million at December 31, 2000 as compared to $49.2 million at December 31, 1999. However, in January 2001, we raised approximately $22.4 million in a private placement of 2 million shares of our common stock. We primarily invest our cash in United States government and investment grade corporate debt securities.
Significant cash inflows in 2000 included $14.2 million of net cash received from the issuance our common stock upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants, net cash proceeds of $9.7 million resulting from the sale of our contract manufacturing assets, $1.4 million from equipment financing arrangements and $1.1 million from the sale of an investment security. Significant cash out flows included $47.4 million of net cash used to finance operating activities in 2000, as compared to $60.5 million in 1999, $4.2 million in payments under equipment financing arrangements and $1.1 million in purchases of property and equipment.
Our subsidiary, Glycomed, is obligated to make payments under convertible subordinated debentures in the total principal amount of $50 million. The debentures pay interest semi-annually at a rate of 7 ½% per annum, are due in 2003 and are convertible into our common stock at $26.52 per share. In addition, at December 31, 2000, we also had outstanding a $2.5 million convertible note to SmithKline Beecham Corporation, due in 2002 with interest at prime and convertible into our
common stock at $13.56 per share, and $79.8 million in zero coupon convertible senior notes to Elan, due 2008 with an 8% per annum yield to maturity and convertible into our common stock at approximately $14 per share. The final $10 million of such notes was issued on December 29, 2000 with the related cash received on January 2, 2001.
Certain of our property and equipment is pledged as collateral under various equipment financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2000, $8.3 million was outstanding under such arrangements with $3.5 million classified as current. Our equipment financing arrangements have terms of three to seven years with interest ranging from 6.75% to 11.02%. We lease our office and research facilities under operating lease arrangements with varying terms through July 2015.
We may be required to make a milestone payment of $5 million to Elan and are required to spend not less than $7 million through May 2003 for clinical expenditures under the Morphelan license agreement. The milestone payment to Elan may be made through the issuance of shares of our common stock. For additional details, please see note 5 (license agreement) of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
We believe our available cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and existing sources of funding will be adequate to satisfy our anticipated operating and capital requirements through at least the next 12 months. Our future operating and capital requirements will depend on many factors, including: the effectiveness of our commercialization activities; the pace of scientific progress in our research and development programs; the magnitude of these programs; the scope and results of preclinical testing and clinical trials; the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals; the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims; competing technological and market developments; the ability to establish additional collaborations or changes in existing collaborations; the efforts of our collaborators; and the cost of manufacturing.
Financial Condition December 31, 2000 ("2000"), as compared with December 31, 1999 ("1999")
Property and equipment decreased $9.6 million due to the sale of our contract manufacturing assets in January 2000, which included tangible assets of $6.7 million, and 2000 depreciation of $3.9 million, offset by 2000 purchases of $1.1 million. Acquired technology increased $2 million due to the capitalization of a $5 million milestone obligation to Lilly related to cumulative sales of ONTAK offset by 2000 amortization of $3 million.
Accrued liabilities increased $4.5 million primarily due to recognition of the $5 million ONTAK obligation to Lilly offset by the payment of $1 million in other liabilities associated with the sale of our contract manufacturing assets. Deferred revenues increased $11.1 million due primarily to implementation of the new accounting pronouncement on revenue recognition that resulted in the deferral of $11.8 million of non-refundable up-front fees received in prior years. Zero coupon convertible senior notes decreased $5.5 million due to Elan’s conversion of $20 million in original issue price of such notes plus $1 million in accrued interest offset by 2000 accretion of $5.5 million and the issuance of $10 million of additional notes in December 2000.
Stockholders’ deficit increased $29.5 million due primarily to the 2000 net loss of $72.4 million offset by $41.3 million in net equity from the issuance of 3.8 million shares of our common stock and amortization of deferred warrant expense of $1.4 million. In 2000, common stock was issued related to Elan’s note conversion, Elan’s early conversion incentive, the payment of the Morphelan milestone, and the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Revenue Recognition - In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements. SAB No. 101 provides guidance in applying accounting principles generally accepted in the United States to revenue recognition in financial statements, including the recognition of non-refundable up-front fees and milestone payments received in conjunction with contractual arrangements that have multiple performance elements and require continuing involvement. SAB No. 101 requires that such fees be recognized as products are delivered or services are performed that represent the culmination of a separate earnings process.
We received non-refundable up-front fees of $18.75 million in 1997, $2.25 million in 1999, and $4.325 million in 2000. We initially recognized those payments as revenue upon receipt, as the fees were non-refundable and we had transferred technology or product rights at contract inception or incurred costs in excess of the up-front fees prior to initiation of each arrangement. However, under the provisions of SAB No. 101, non-refundable up-front fees must be deferred upon receipt and recognized as products are delivered or services are performed during the term of the arrangement. We implemented
SAB No. 101 in the fourth quarter of 2000 as a change in accounting principle by deferring and recognizing these up-front payments over the term designated in the arrangement. The cumulative effect of this change to December 31, 1999, which was recorded in 2000, was $13.1 million or $0.24 per share. However, the effect on 2000 increased revenue and reduced loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle by $1.3 million or $0.02 per share. See the consolidated statements of operations and note 13 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for the cumulative and pro forma effects of implementing this new accounting pronouncement.
Stock Based Compensation - In March 2000, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Interpretation No. 44 (“FIN 44”), Accounting for Certain Transactions Involving Stock Compensation. FIN 44 clarifies certain issues in the application of APB No. 25. Among other issues, FIN 44 clarifies (a) the definition of employee for purposes of applying APB No. 25, (b) the criteria for determining whether a plan qualifies as a non-compensatory plan, (c) the accounting consequence of various modifications to the terms of a previously fixed stock option or award, and (d) the accounting for an exchange of stock compensation awards in a business combination. FIN 44 became effective July 1, 2000, but certain conclusions cover specific events that occur after either December 15, 1998, or January 12, 2000. The adoption of FIN 44 did not have a material impact on us in 2000.
Item 7A.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
At December 31, 2000 and 1999, our investment portfolio included fixed-income securities of $12.4 million and $15.2 million, respectively. These securities are subject to interest rate risk and will decline in value if interest rates increase. However, due to the short duration of our investment portfolio, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would have no material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Declines in interest rates over time will, however, reduce our interest income while increases in interest rates over time will increase our interest expense.
We generally conduct business including sales to foreign customers, in U.S. dollars and as a result we have very limited foreign currency exchange rate risk. The effect of an immediate 10% change in foreign exchange rates would have no material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 8.
Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The consolidated financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are set forth at the pages indicated in Item 14(a)(1).
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
The sections labeled “Election of Directors”, “Executive Officers” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” appearing in the Company’s Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the 2001 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The section labeled "Executive Compensation and Other Information" appearing in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
The sections labeled “Principal Stockholders” and “Security Ownership of Directors and Management” appearing in the Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
The sections labeled “Executive Compensation and Other Information” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” appearing in the Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 14.
Item 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K
(a) (1) Financial Statements
The financial statements required by this item are submitted in a separate section beginning on Page of this report.
Consolidated Financial Statements of Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
Reports of Independent Auditors
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2000 and
Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2000
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2000
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(b) Reports on Form 8-K.
The following report on Form 8-K was filed by the Company during the fourth quarter of 2000:
Date of Filing
November 6, 2000
Description
Item 4, Changes in Registrant's Certifying Accountant
(c) Exhibits
Exhibit Number
Description
2.1 (1)
Agreement and Plan of Reorganization dated May 11, 1998, by and among the Company, Knight Acquisition Corp. and Seragen, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 2.1).
2.2 (1)
Option and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and among the Company, Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC, 520 Commonwealth Avenue Real Estate Corp. and 660 Corporation. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3).
2.3 (19)
Asset Purchase Agreement among CoPharma, Inc., Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Seragen, Inc. and the Company dated January 7, 2000. (The schedules referenced in this agreement have not been included because they are either disclosed in such agreement or do not contain information which is material to an investment decision (with certain confidential portions omitted). The Company agrees to furnish a copy of such schedules to the Commission upon request.)
2.4 (3)
Agreement of Merger, dated February 7, 1995 by and among the Company, LG Acquisition Corp. and Glycomed Incorporated (other Exhibits omitted, but will be filed by the Company with the Commission upon request). (Filed as Exhibit 2.1).
2.5 (1)
Form of Certificate of Merger for acquisition of Seragen, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 2.2).
3.1 (1)
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 3.2).
3.2 (1)
Bylaws of the Company, as amended. (Filed as Exhibit 3.3).
3.3 (2)
Amended Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Participating Preferred Stock of the Company.
3.5
Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company dated June 14, 2000.
4.1 (4)
Specimen stock certificate for shares of Common Stock of the Company.
4.2 (16)
Preferred Shares Rights Agreement, dated as of September 13, 1996, by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1).
Exhibit Number
Description
4.3 (13)
Amendment to Preferred Shares Rights Agreement, dated as of November 9, 1998, between the Company and ChaseMellon Shareholder Services, L.L.C., as Rights Agent. (Filed as Exhibit 99.1).
4.4 (17)
Second Amendment to the Preferred Shares Rights Agreement, dated as of December 23, 1998, between the Company and ChaseMellon Shareholder Services, L.L.C., as Rights Agent (Filed as Exhibit 1).
4.5 (22)
Indenture, dated as of December 23, 1992 by and between Glycomed Incorporated and Chemical Trust Company of California. (Filed as Exhibit 4.3).
4.6 (3)
First Supplement Indenture, dated as of May 18, 1995 by and among the Company, Glycomed Incorporated and Chemical Trust Company of California. (Filed as Exhibit 10.133).
10.1 (3)
The Company's 1992 Stock Option/Stock Issuance Plan, as amended.
10.2 (4)
Form of Stock Option Agreement.
10.3 (4)
Form of Stock Issuance Agreement.
10.12 (4)
1992 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
10.13 (4)
Form of Stock Purchase Agreement.
10.29 (4)
Consulting Agreement, dated October 20, 1988, between the Company and Dr. Ronald M. Evans, as amended by Amendment to Consulting Agreement, dated August 1, 1991, and Second Amendment to Consulting Agreement, dated March 6, 1992.
10.30 (4)
Form of Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement.
10.31 (4)
Agreement, dated March 9, 1992, between the Company and Baylor College of Medicine (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.33 (4)
License Agreement, dated November 14, 1991, between the Company and Rockefeller University (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.34 (4)
License Agreement and Bailment, dated July 22, 1991, between the Company and the Regents of the University of California (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.35 (4)
Agreement, dated May 1, 1991, between the Company and Pfizer Inc (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.36 (4)
License Agreement, dated July 3, 1990, between the Company and the Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.37 (4)
Compound Evaluation Agreement, dated May 17, 1990, between the Company and SRI International (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.38 (4)
License Agreement, dated January 5, 1990, between the Company and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.40 (4)
License Agreement, dated January 4, 1990, between the Company and Baylor College of Medicine (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.41 (4)
License Agreement, dated October 1, 1989, between the Company and Institute Pasteur (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.42 (4)
Sublicense Agreement, dated September 13, 1989, between the Company and AndroBio Corporation (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.43 (4)
License Agreement, dated June 23, 1989, between the Company and La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.44 (4)
License Agreement, dated October 20, 1988, between the Company and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, as amended by Amendment to License Agreement dated September 15, 1989, Second Amendment to License Agreement, dated December 1, 1989 and Third Amendment to License Agreement dated October 20, 1990 (with certain confidential portions omitted).
Exhibit Number
Description
10.45 (4)
Agreement dated June 12, 1989, between the Company and the Regents of the University of California.
10.46 (4)
Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and each of its directors.
10.47 (4)
Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and each of its officers.
10.50 (4)
Consulting Agreement, dated October 1, 1991, between the Company and Dr. Bert W. O'Malley.
10.53 (4)
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated June 30, 1992 between the Company and Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Ltd., Inc.
10.58 (4)
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated September 9, 1992, between the Company and Glaxo, Inc.
10.59 (4)
Research and Development Agreement, dated September 9, 1992, between the Company and Glaxo, Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.60 (4)
Stock Transfer Agreement, dated September 30, 1992, between the Company and the Rockefeller University.
10.61 (4)
Stock Transfer Agreement, dated September 30, 1992, between the Company and New York University.
10.62 (4)
License Agreement, dated September 30, 1992, between the Company and the Rockefeller University (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.63 (4)
Professional Services Agreement, dated September 30, 1992, between the Company and Dr. James E. Darnell.
10.64 (4)
Letter Agreement, dated August 24, 1992, between the Company and Dr. Howard T. Holden.
10.67 (4)
Letter Agreement, dated September 11, 1992, between the Company and Mr. Paul Maier.
10.69 (5)
Form of Automatic Grant Option Agreement.
10.73 (21)
Supplementary Agreement, dated October 1, 1993, between the Company and Pfizer, Inc. to Agreement, dated May 1, 1991.
10.78 (23)
Research, Development and License Agreement, dated July 6, 1994, between the Company and Abbott Laboratories (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.75).
10.79 (23)
Stock and Note Purchase Agreement, dated September 2, 1994, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.80 (23)
Unsecured Convertible Promissory Note dated September 2, 1994, in the face amount of $10,000,000 executed by the Company in favor of American Home Products Corporation (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.78).
10.82 (23)
Research, Development and License Agreement, dated September 2, 1994, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation, as represented by its Wyeth-Ayerst Research Division (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.77).
10.83 (23)
Option Agreement, dated September 2, 1994, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation, as represented by its Wyeth-Ayerst Research Division (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.80).
10.84 (23)
Distribution and Marketing Agreement, dated September 16, 1994, between the Company and Cetus Oncology Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Chiron Corporation (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.82).
10.93 (6)
Indemnity Agreement, dated June 3, 1995, between the Company, Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc.
10.94 (6)
Tax Allocation Agreement, dated June 3, 1995, between the Company, Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc.
10.95 (6)
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 3, 1995, between the Company, Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Pharmaceuticals (Ireland), Ltd.
Exhibit Number
Description
10.97 (6)
Research, Development and License Agreement, dated December 29, 1994, between SmithKline Beecham Corporation and the Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.98 (6)
Stock and Note Purchase Agreement, dated February 2, 1995, between SmithKline Beecham Corporation, S.R. One, Limited and the Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.100 (3)
PHOTOFRIN(R) Distribution Agreement, dated March 8, 1995, between the Company and Quadra Logic Technologies Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.119 (28)
Option and Development Agreement, dated August 15, 1990, between Glycomed and Dr. Richard E. Galardy and Dr. Damian Grobelny with exhibit thereto (with certain portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.20).
10.120 (28)
Option and Development Agreement, dated November 27, 1989, between Glycomed and the President and Fellows of Harvard College with appendices thereto (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.21)
10.121 (28)
Option and Development Agreement, dated January 1, 1991, between Glycomed and UAB Research Foundation with exhibits thereto (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.22).
10.122 (28)
Joint Venture Agreement, dated December 18, 1990, among Glycomed, Glyko, Inc., Millipore Corporation, Astroscan, Ltd., Astromed, Ltd., Gwynn R. Williams and John Klock, M.D., with exhibits thereto (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.23).
10.127 (29)
Research and License Agreement, dated April 29, 1992, between Glycomed and the Alberta Research Council with Appendix thereto (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.28).
10.130 (30)
Amendment to Research and License Agreement, dated July 12, 1993, (confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.32).
10.131 (31)
Amendments to Research and License Agreement, dated October 22, 1993, December 16, 1993 and May 9, 1994 between Glycomed and the Alberta Research Council (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.33).
10.132 (31)
License Agreement, dated February 14, 1994 between Glycomed and Sankyo Company, Ltd., for the Far East marketing rights of ophthalmic indications of Galardin(TM) MPI and analogs (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.34).
10.133 (31)
Collaborative Technology Research and Development Agreement between Glycomed and Sankyo Company, Ltd., dated June 27, 1994 (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.35).
10.136 (32)
Amendment to Research and License Agreement, dated September 22, 1994 between Glycomed and Alberta Research Council (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.38).
10.140 (33)
Promissory Notes, General Security Agreements and a Credit Terms and Conditions letter dated March 31, 1995, between the Company and Imperial Bank (Filed as Exhibit 10.101).
10.142 (24)
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated June 27, 1995, between the Company and Sankyo Company, Ltd.
10.144 (24)
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated August 28, 1995, between the Company and Abbott Laboratories.
10.146 (24)
Amendment to Research and Development Agreement, dated January 16, 1996, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation, as amended.
10.147 (24)
Amendment to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated January 16, 1996, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation.
10.148 (24)
Lease, dated July 6, 1994, between the Company and Chevron/Nexus partnership, First Amendment to lease dated July 6, 1994.
10.149 (25)
Successor Employment Agreement, signed May 1, 1996, between the Company and David E. Robinson.
Exhibit Number
Description
10.150 (7)
Master Lease Agreement, signed May 30, 1996, between the Company and USL Capital Corporation.
10.151 (25)
Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release of all Claims, signed April 20, 1996, between the Company and Pfizer, Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.152 (25)
Letter Amendment to Abbott Agreement, dated March 14, 1996, between the Company and Abbott Laboratories (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.153 (26)
Letter Agreement, dated August 8, 1996, between the Company and Dr. Andres Negro-Vilar.
10.155 (7)
Letter Agreement, dated November 4, 1996, between the Company and William Pettit.
10.156 (7)
Letter Agreement, dated February 6, 1997, between the Company and Russell L. Allen.
10.157 (7)
Master Lease Agreement, signed February 13, 1997, between the Company and Lease Management Services.
10.158 (7)
Lease, dated March 7, 1997, between the Company and Nexus Equity VI LLC.
10.161 (34)
Settlement Agreement, License and Mutual General Release between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and SRI/LJCRF, dated August 23, 1995 (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.162 (35)
Limited Extension of Collaborative Technology Research, Option and Development Agreement between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and Sankyo Company Limited, dated June 24, 1997.
10.163 (35)
Extension of Master Lease Agreement between Lease Management Services and Ligand Pharmaceuticals dated July 29, 1997.
10.164 (27)
Third Amendment to Agreement, dated September 2, 1997, between the Company and American Home Products Corporation.
10.165 (8)
Amended and Restated Technology Cross License Agreement, dated September 24, 1997, among the Company, Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc.
10.166 (8)
Transition Agreement, dated September 24, 1997, among the Company, Allergan, Inc. and Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc.
10.167 (8)
Development and License Agreement, dated November 25, 1997, between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.168 (8)
Collaboration Agreement, dated November 25, 1997, among the Company, Eli Lilly and Company, and Allergan Ligand Retinoid Therapeutics, Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.169 (8)
Option and Wholesale Purchase Agreement, dated November 25, 1997, between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.170 (8)
Stock Purchase Agreement, dated November 25, 1997, between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company.
10.171 (8)
First Amendment to Option and Wholesale Purchase Agreement dated February 23, 1998, between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.172 (8)
Second Amendment to Option and Wholesale Purchase Agreement, dated March 16, 1998, between the Company and Eli Lilly and Company (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.174 (9)
Leptin Research, Development and License Agreement, dated March 17, 1998, between the Company and SmithKline Beecham, plc (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.175 (9)
Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated March 17, 1998, among the Company, SmithKline Beecham, plc. and SmithKline Beecham Corporation (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.176 (10)
Secured Promissory Note, dated March 7, 1997, in the face amount of $3,650,000, payable to the Company by Nexus Equity VI LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1).
10.177 (10)
Amended memorandum of Lease effective March 7, 1997, between the Company and Nexus Equity VI LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2).
Exhibit Number
Description
10.178 (10)
First Amendment to Lease, dated March 7, 1997, between the Company and Nexus Equity VI LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3).
10.179 (10)
First Amendment to Secured Promissory Note, date March 7, 1997, payable to the Nexus Equity VI LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4).
10.183 (11)
Extension Option Agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and among the Company, Seragen, Inc., Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC, 520 Commonwealth Avenue Real Estate Corp. and 660 Corporation. (Filed as Exhibit 99.5).
10.184 (11)
Letter agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and among the Company, Eli Lilly and Company and Seragen, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 99.6).
10.185 (1)
Amendment No. 3 to Option and Wholesale Purchase Agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and between Eli Lilly and Company and the Company. (Filed as Exhibit 10.6).
10.186 (1)
Agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and among Eli Lilly and Company, the Company and Seragen, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.7).
10.188 (11)
Settlement Agreement, dated May 1, 1998, by and among Seragen, Inc., Seragen Biopharmaceuticals Ltd./Seragen Biopharmaceutique Ltee, Sofinov Societe Financiere D'Innovation Inc., Societe Innovatech Du Grand Montreal, MDS Health Ventures Inc., Canadian Medical Discoveries Fund Inc., Royal Bank Capital Corporation and Health Care and Biotechnology Venture Fund (Filed as Exhibit 99.2).
10.189 (11)
Accord and Satisfaction Agreement, dated May 11, 1998, by and among Seragen, Inc., Seragen Technology, Inc., Trustees of Boston University, Seragen LLC, Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC, United States Surgical Corporation, Leon C. Hirsch, Turi Josefsen, Gerald S.J. and Loretta P. Cassidy, Reed R. Prior, Jean C. Nichols, Elizabeth C. Chen, Robert W. Crane, Shoreline Pacific Institutional Finance, Lehman Brothers Inc., 520 Commonwealth Avenue Real Estate Corp. and 660 Corporation (Filed as Exhibit 99.4).
10.190 (1)
Amendment No. 1 to Service Agreement, dated as of May 11, 1998, by and between Seragen, Inc. and Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.11).
10.191 (10)
Letter of Agreement dated September 28, 1998 among the Company, Elan Corporation, plc and Elan International Services, Ltd. (with certain confidential portions omitted), (Filed as Exhibit 10.5).
10.192 (10)
Stock Purchase Agreement dated September 30, 1998 between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd. (with certain confidential portions omitted), (Filed as Exhibit 10.6).
10.195 (12)
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated November 9, 1998 between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd., No. R-1.
10.196 (12)
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated November 9, 1998 between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd., No. R-2.
10.197 (14)
Research, Development and License Agreement by and between the Company and Warner-Lambert Company dated September 1, 1999 (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.1).
10.198 (14)
Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and Warner-Lambert Company dated September 1, 1999 (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.2).
10.200 (14)
Nonexclusive Sublicense Agreement, effective September 8, 1999, by and among Seragen, Inc., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.4).
10.201 (14)
Amendment to Development, Licence and Supply Agreement between the Company and Elan Corporation, plc dated August 20, 1999 (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.5).
10.202 (14)
Ligand Purchase Option (to acquire outstanding capital stock of X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc.), contained in Schedule I to the Certificate of Incorporation of X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc., as amended. (Filed as Exhibit 10.6).
Exhibit Number
Description
10.203 (14)
License Agreement effective June 30, 1999 by and between the Company and X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc. (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.7).
10.204 (14)
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated July 14, 1999 between the Company and Monksland Holdings, B.V., No. R-3. (Filed as Exhibit 10.10).
10.205 (14)
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated August 31, 1999 between the Company and Monksland Holdings, B.V., No. R-4. (Filed as Exhibit 10.11).
10.206 (14)
Stock Purchase Agreement dated September 30, 1999 by and between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd. (with certain confidential portions omitted). (Filed as Exhibit 10.13).
10.209 (14)
Series X Warrant dated August 4, 1999 between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd. (Filed as Exhibit 10.15).
10.210 (15)
Securities Purchase Agreement dated November 6, 1998 among Elan Corporation, plc, Elan International Services, Ltd. and the Company (Filed as Exhibit 1). (Filed as Exhibit 10.8).
10.211 (15)
Development, Licence and Supply Agreement dated November 6, 1998 between Elan Corporation, plc and the Company (Filed as Exhibit 2). (Filed as Exhibit 10.9).
10.212 (15)
Letter Agreement dated August 13, 1999 among the Company, Elan International Services, Ltd. and Elan Corporation, plc (Filed as Exhibit 3). (Filed as Exhibit 10.12).
10.213 (18)
Incentive Agreement dated December 31, 1999 among the Company, Elan International Services, Ltd. and Monksland Holdings, BV. (The schedules referenced in this agreement have not been included because they are either disclosed in such agreement or do not contain information which is material to an investment decision. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of such schedules to the Commission upon request.)
10.216 (18)
Amendment to Ligand Purchase Option (to acquire outstanding capital stock of X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc.), contained in Schedule I to the Certificate of Incorporation of X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc., as amended October 1, 1999.
10.217 (18)
Amended and Restated Series X Warrant dated November 22, 1999 between the Company and Elan International Services, Ltd.
10.218 (18)
Royalty Stream Purchase Agreement dated as of December 31, 1999 among Seragen, Inc., the Company, Pharmaceutical Partners, L.L.C., Bioventure Investments, Kft, and Pharmaceutical Royalties, LLC. (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.219 (19)
Supply and Development Agreement among Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Seragen, Inc. and CoPharma, Inc. dated January 7, 2000 (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.220 (19)
Research, Development and License Agreement by and between Organon Company and Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated dated February 11, 2000 (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.222 (19)
Incentive Agreement dated March 1, 2000 among Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Elan International Services, Ltd. and Monksland Holdings, BV. (The schedules referenced in this agreement have not been included because they are either disclosed in such agreement or do not contain information which is material to an investment decision. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of such schedules to the Commission upon request.)
10.223 (19)
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated July 14, 1999 and amended March 1, 2000 between Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and Monksland Holdings, BV, No. R-3A.
10.224 (20)
Research, Development and License Agreement by and between Bristol Myers Squibb Company and Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated dated May 19, 2000 (with certain confidential portions omitted).
10.225
Zero Coupon Convertible Senior Note Due 2008 dated December 29, 2000 between Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and Monksland Holdings, BV, No. R-5.
10.226
Letter Agreement, dated January 5, 1998, between the Company and Steven D. Reich.
10.227
Letter Agreement, dated August 23, 1999, between the Company and Eric S. Groves.
Exhibit Number
Description
10.228
Letter Agreement, dated December 9, 1999, between the Company and Philip A. Duffy.
10.229
Letter Agreement, dated January 17, 2000, between the Company and Thomas H. Silberg.
10.230
Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of June 29, 2000 among the Company and certain of its investors.
10.231 (2)
Marketing and Distribution Agreement with Ferrer Internacional S.A. to market and distribute Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated products in Spain, Portugal and Greece. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3).
10.232 (2)
Marketing and Distribution Agreement with Ferrer Internacional S.A. to market and distribute Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated products in Central and South America. (Filed as Exhibit 10.4).
21.1
Subsidiaries of Registrant.
23.1
Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.
23.2
Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
24.1
Power of Attorney (See Page 40).
__________________________________
(1)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 333-58823) filed on July 9, 1998.
(2)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of and is hereby incorporated by reference to same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1999.
(3)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 33-90160) filed on March 9, 1995, as amended.
(4)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 33-47257) filed on April 16, 1992 as amended.
(5)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 filed with the Company's Form S-8 (No. 33-85366), filed on October 17, 1994.
(6)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Registration Statement on Form S-1/S-3 (No. 33-87598 and 33-87600) filed on December 20, 1994, as amended.
(7)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 1996.
(8)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 1997.
(9)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1998.
(10)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1998.
(11)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Current Report on Form 8-K of Seragen, Inc. filed on May 15, 1998.
(12)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 1998.
(13)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A Amendment No. 1 (No. 0-20720) filed on November 10, 1998.
(14)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1999.
(15)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Schedule 13D of Elan Corporation, plc, filed on January 6, 1999, as amended.
(16)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-12603) filed on September 25, 1996, as amended.
(17)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Registration Statement on Form 8-A/A Amendment No. 2 (No. 0-20720) filed on December 24, 1998.
(18)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 1999.
(19)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2000.
(20)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2000.
(21)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and are hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1993.
(22)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Registration Statement on Form S-3 of Glycomed Incorporated (Reg. No. 33-55042) filed on November 25, 1992, as amended.
(23)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1994.
(24)
This exhibit was previously filed, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995.
(25)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 1996.
(26)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference at the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1996.
(27)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1997.
(28)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with Glycomed's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 33-39961) filed on April 12, 1991, as amended.
(29)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with Glycomed's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 0-19161) filed on September 25, 1992.
(30)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with Glycomed's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 0-19161) filed on September 13, 1993.
(31)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with Glycomed's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 0-19161) filed on September 27, 1994.
(32)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the numbered exhibit filed with Glycomed's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-19161) filed on February 10, 1995.
(33)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and are hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1995.
(34)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 1997.
(35)
This exhibit was previously filed as part of, and is hereby incorporated by reference to the same numbered exhibit filed with the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 1997.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: March 29, 2001
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
By: /s/ DAVID E. ROBINSON
David E. Robinson
President and Chief Executive Officer
POWER OF ATTORNEY
Know all men by these presents, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David E. Robinson or Paul V. Maier, his or her attorney-in-fact, with power of substitution in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same with exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that the attorney-in-fact or his or her substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ DAVID E.ROBINSON
David E. Robinson
Chairman of the Board, President,
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
March 22, 2001
/s/ PAUL V. MAIER
Paul V. Maier
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
March 22, 2001
/s/ HENRY F. BLISSENBACH
Henry F. Blissenbach
Director
March 22, 2001
/s/ ALEXANDER D. CROSS
Alexander D. Cross
Director
March 22, 2001
/s/ JOHN GROOM
John Groom
Director
March 23, 2001
/s/ IRVING S. JOHNSON
Irving S. Johnson
Director
March 22, 2001
/s/ CARL C. PECK
Carl C. Peck
Director
March 22, 2001
/s/ MICHAEL A. ROCCA
Michael A. Rocca
Director
March 23, 2001
Reports of Independent Auditors.............................................F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets.................................................F-3 Consolidated Statements of Operations.......................................F-4 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Deficit............................F-5 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.......................................F-6 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements..................................F-7
REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2000, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2000, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, in 2000 the Company changed its method of revenue recognition to comply with the provisions of Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements, issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
San Diego, California
February 23, 2001
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated as of December 31, 1999, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 1999. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated at December 31, 1999, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 1999, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
ERNST & YOUNG LLP
San Diego, California
February 22, 2000
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share data)
ASSETS December 31, --------------------- 2000 1999 --------- ---------- Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents..............................$ 9,224 $ 29,903 Short-term investments................................. 14,439 17,252 Funds receivable from Elan ............................ 10,000 -- Accounts receivable, net .............................. 2,824 1,657 Inventories............................................ 5,651 5,732 Other current assets................................... 2,511 2,135 --------- ---------- Total current assets........................... 44,649 56,679 Restricted investments................................... 1,434 2,011 Property and equipment, net.............................. 10,972 20,542 Acquired technology, net ................................ 40,924 38,969 Other assets............................................. 15,443 16,444 --------- ---------- $ 113,422 $ 134,645 ========= ==========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT Current liabilities: Accounts payable.......................................$ 3,827 $ 5,395 Accrued liabilities.................................... 12,675 8,173 Current portion of deferred revenue.................... 8,435 3,028 Current portion of equipment financing obligations .... 3,478 4,105 --------- ---------- Total current liabilities...................... 28,415 20,701 Long-term portion of deferred revenue ................... 5,727 -- Long-term portion of equipment financing obligations .... 4,788 6,907 Convertible subordinated debentures...................... 44,651 41,977 Accrued acquisition obligation........................... 2,700 2,900 Convertible note......................................... 2,500 2,500 Zero coupon convertible senior notes..................... 79,766 85,250 --------- ---------- Total liabilities.............................. 168,547 160,235 --------- ---------- Commitments and contingencies (Notes 5, 6, 7 and 9) Stockholders' deficit: Convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued............ -- -- Common stock, $0.001 par value; 130,000,000 shares and 80,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2000 and 1999, respectively; 56,823,716 shares and 53,018,248 shares issued at December 31, 2000 and 1999, respectively... 57 53 Additional paid-in capital............................. 490,484 448,784 Deferred warrant expense .............................. (2,076) (3,460) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).......... 46 (607) Accumulated deficit.................................... (542,725) (470,349) --------- ---------- (54,214) (25,579) Treasury stock, at cost; 73,842 shares and 1,114 shares at December 31, 2000 and 1999, respectively............................... (911) (11) --------- ---------- Total stockholders' deficit ..................... (55,125) (25,590) --------- ---------- $ 113,422 $ 134,645 ========= ==========
See accompaning notes.
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except net loss per share data)
Year ended December 31, --------------------------------------- 2000 1999 1998 ----------- ----------- ----------- Revenues: Product sales..................... $ 22,910 $ 11,307 $ 406 Collaborative research and development and other revenues .............. 25,200 26,978 17,267 Contract manufacturing............ -- 2,610 -- ----------- ----------- ----------- Total revenues............. 48,110 40,895 17,673 ----------- ----------- ----------- Operating costs and expenses: Cost of products sold ............. 8,591 3,563 466 Contract manufacturing ............ -- 6,926 -- Research and development........... 51,287 59,442 70,273 Selling, general and administrative................ 34,114 27,257 16,568 Write-off of acquired technology........................ -- 5,000 45,000 ----------- ----------- ----------- Total operating costs and expenses................. 93,992 102,188 132,307 ----------- ----------- ----------- Loss from operations................. (45,882) (61,293) (114,634) ----------- ----------- ----------- Other income (expense): Interest income.................. 2,574 2,470 3,070 Interest expense................. (13,119) (12,979) (8,322) Debt conversion expense ......... (2,025) (2,200) -- Other, net....................... (825) (717) 2,000 ----------- ----------- ----------- Total other income (expense) ................... (13,395) (13,426) (3,252) ----------- ----------- ----------- Loss before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle ............... (59,277) (74,719) (117,886) Cumulative effect on prior years (to December 31, 1999) of changing method of revenue recognition ........................ (13,099) -- -- ----------- ----------- ----------- Net loss............................. $ (72,376) $ (74,719) $ (117,886) =========== =========== =========== Basic and diluted per share amounts: Loss before cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle ............ $ (1.06) $ (1.58) $ (2.92) Cumulative effect on prior years (to December 31, 1999) of changing method of revenue recognition .......... (0.24) -- -- ----------- ----------- ----------- Net loss.......................... $ (1.30) $ (1.58) $ (2.92) =========== =========== =========== Weighted average number of common shares ................ 55,664,921 47,146,312 40,392,421 =========== =========== ===========
Pro forma amounts assuming the new revenue recognition method is applied retroactively: Net loss.......................... $ (59,277) $ (73,131) $ (114,136) =========== =========== =========== Basic and diluted net loss per share............... $ (1.06) $ (1.55) $ (2.83) =========== =========== ===========
See accompaning notes.
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
(in thousands, except share data)
Common stock Additional Deferred ------------------- paid-in warrant Shares Amount capital expense ----------- ------- ---------- ------------ Balance at January 1, 1998........... 38,504,459 $ 39 $ 311,681 $ -- Issuance of Common Stock .. 7,185,608 7 73,034 -- Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... -- -- -- -- Net loss .................. -- -- -- -- ----------- ------- ---------- ------------ Balance at December 31, 1998......... 45,690,067 46 384,715 -- Issuance of Common Stock .. 7,328,181 7 59,695 -- Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... -- -- -- -- Issuance of warrants ...... -- -- 4,374 (3,990) Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. -- -- -- 530 Net loss .................. -- -- -- -- ----------- ------- ---------- ------------ Balance at December 31, 1999 ........ 53,018,248 53 448,784 (3,460) Issuance of Common Stock .. 3,805,468 4 41,294 -- Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities ............... -- -- -- -- Reclassification adjustment on sale of investment security ... -- -- -- -- Foreign currency translation adjustments .. -- -- -- -- Stock-based compensation .. -- -- 406 -- Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. -- -- -- 1,384 Stock received for milestone payment .................. -- -- -- -- Net loss .................. -- -- -- -- ----------- ------- ---------- ------------ Balance at December 31, 2000 ........ 56,823,716 $ 57 $ 490,484 $ (2,076) =========== ======= ========== ============
Accumulated other Treasury stock comprehensive Accumulated ----------------- income (loss) deficit Shares Amount ------------- ----------- ------- ------- Balance at January 1, 1998........... $ 384 $ (277,744) (1,114) $ (11) Issuance of Common Stock .. -- -- -- -- Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... (866) -- -- -- Net loss .................. -- (117,886) -- -- ------------- ----------- ------- ------- Balance at December 31, 1998......... (482) (395,630) (1,114) (11) Issuance of Common Stock .. -- -- -- -- Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... (125) -- -- -- Issuance of warrants ...... -- -- -- -- Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. -- -- -- -- Net loss .................. -- (74,719) -- -- ------------- ----------- ------- ------- Balance at December 31, 1999 ........ (607) (470,349) (1,114) (11) Issuance of Common Stock .. -- -- -- -- Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities ............... 182 -- -- -- Reclassification adjustment on sale of investment security ... 550 -- -- -- Foreign currency translation adjustments .. (79) -- -- -- Stock-based compensation .. -- -- -- -- Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. -- -- -- -- Stock received for milestone payment .................. -- -- (72,728) (900) Net loss .................. -- (72,376) -- -- ------------- ----------- ------- ------- Balance at December 31, 2000 ........ $ 46 $(542,725) (73,842) $ (911) ============= =========== ======= =======
Total stockholders' equity Comprehensive (deficit) income (loss) ---------------- ------------- Balance at January 1, 1998........... $ 34,349 $ (99,688) ============= Issuance of Common Stock .. 73,041 Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... (866) $ (866) Net loss .................. (117,886) (117,886) ---------------- ------------- Balance at December 31, 1998......... (11,362) $(118,752) ============= Issuance of Common Stock .. 59,702 Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities ............... (125) $ (125) Issuance of warrants ...... 384 Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. 530 Net loss .................. (74,719) (74,719) ---------------- ------------- Balance at December 31, 1999 ........ (25,590) $ (74,844) ============= Issuance of Common Stock .. 41,298 Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities ............... 182 $ 182 Reclassification adjustment on sale of investment security ... 550 550 Foreign currency translation adjustments .. (79) (79) Stock-based compensation .. 406 Amortization of deferred warrant expense .................. 1,384 Stock received for milestone payment .................. (900) Net loss .................. (72,376) (72,376) ---------------- ------------- Balance at December 31, 2000 ........ $ (55,125) $ (71,723) ================ =============
See accompaning notes.
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Year ended December 31, ----------------------------------- 2000 1999 1998 ---------- ---------- ---------- OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net loss................................ $ (72,376) $ (74,719) $(117,886) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Accretion of debt discount and interest.............. 8,212 7,942 3,194 Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment............. 3,928 5,565 4,326 Amortization of acquired technology ............... 3,045 1,343 -- Debt conversion expense............. 2,025 2,200 -- Write-off of acquired technology................ -- 5,000 45,000 Other............................... 70 725 257 Changes in operating assets and liabilities net of effects from sale of manufacturing assets: Accounts receivable .............. (1,389) (1,657) -- Inventories....................... 81 434 (2,899) Other current assets ............. (173) (275) (1,031) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities.............. (1,912) (6,011) 891 Deferred revenue.................. 11,134 (1,087) 1,499 ---------- ---------- ---------- Net cash used in operating activities......... (47,355) (60,540) (66,649) ---------- ---------- ---------- INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchases of short-term investments................. (11,974) (21,402) (52,245) Proceeds from sale of short-term investments................. 14,908 41,191 35,191 Purchases of property and equipment.......................... (1,085) (2,385) (5,365) Payments on accrued acquisition obligation ................ (200) (37,100) -- Increases in other assets............... (1,669) (7,525) (4,462) Decreases in other assets............... 3,876 2,325 925 Net proceeds from sale of manufacturing assets ............... 9,676 -- -- Proceeds from sale of investment security ................ 1,119 -- -- Net cash paid for Seragen acquisition.................... -- -- (5,756) ---------- ---------- ---------- Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities................... 14,651 (24,896) (31,712) ---------- ---------- ---------- FINANCING ACTIVITIES Principal payments on equipment financing obligations........ (4,188) (3,381) (2,983) Proceeds from equipment financing arrangements ................ 1,442 3,027 3,095 Proceeds from restricted investments............................ 577 543 503 Net proceeds from issuance of zero coupon convertible senior notes........................... -- 60,000 30,000 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants........... 14,194 22,349 38,295 ---------- ---------- ---------- Net cash provided by financing activities...... 12,025 82,538 68,910 ---------- ---------- ---------- Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents................... (20,679) (2,898) (29,451) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year................... 29,903 32,801 62,252 ---------- ---------- ---------- Cash and cash equivalents at end of year......................... $ 9,224 $ 29,903 $ 32,801 ========== ========== ==========
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION Interest paid........................... $ 4,824 $ 4,941 $ 5,736
SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES Conversion of zero coupon convertible senior notes to common stock........................ $ 21,022 $ 20,537 $ -- Issuance of common stock and notes for acquired technology ................... 4,000 5,000 15,000 Issuance of common stock for debt conversion incentive .................. 2,025 2,200 -- Accrual of ONTAK obligation for acquired technology ................... 5,000 -- -- Issuance of common stock to satisfy accrued acquisition obligations................ -- 10,000 -- Issuance of warrants to X-Ceptor investors ................. -- 3,990 -- Issuance of common stock to purchase Seragen.............. -- -- 25,996 Conversion of convertible note to common stock................... -- -- 3,750
See accompaning notes.
LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. The Company and its Business
Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, a Delaware corporation (the “Company” or “Ligand”), discovers, develops and markets new drugs that address critical unmet medical needs of patients in the areas of cancer, and men’s and women’s health and skin diseases, as well as osteoporosis, metabolic, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Ligand’s drug discovery and development programs are based on gene transcription technology, primarily related to Intracellular Receptors and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription. The financial statements include its direct wholly owned subsidiaries, Ligand Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Glycomed Incorporated (“Glycomed”), Ligand Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Incorporated, and Seragen, Inc. (“Seragen”).
In February 1999, the Company was granted U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) marketing approval for its first two products, Panretin® gel for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients and ONTAK™ for the treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (“CTCL”). In December 1999, the FDA approved Targretin® capsules for the treatment of CTCL in patients who are refractory to at least one prior systemic therapy. In June 2000, the FDA approved Targretin® gel for the treatment of patients with early stage CTCL.
The Company’s other potential products are in various stages of development. Potential products that appear to be promising at early stages of development may not reach the market for a number of reasons. Most of the Company’s revenues to date have been derived from its research and development agreements with major pharmaceutical collaborators. Prior to generating revenues from these products, the Company or its collaborators must complete the development of the products in the human health care market. No assurance can be given that: (1) product development efforts will be successful, (2) required regulatory approvals for any indication will be obtained, (3) any products, if introduced, will be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at reasonable costs or, (4) patient and physician acceptance of these products will be achieved. There can be no assurance that Ligand will ever achieve or sustain profitability.
The Company faces risks common to companies whose products are in various stages of development. These risks include, among others, the Company’s need for additional financing to complete its research and development programs and commercialize its technologies. The Company expects to incur substantial additional research and development expenses, including continued increases in personnel and costs related to preclinical testing, clinical trials, and sales and marketing expenses related to product sales. The Company intends to seek additional funding sources of capital and liquidity through collaborative arrangements, collaborative research or through public or private financing. There is no assurance such funding would be available under favorable terms, if at all.
The Company believes that patents and other proprietary rights are important to its business. The Company’s policy is to file patent applications to protect technology, inventions and improvements to its inventions that are considered important to the development of its business. The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, including the Company, are uncertain and involve complex legal and technical questions for which important legal principles are largely unresolved.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts included in the prior years financial statements to conform to the presentation for the year ended December 31, 2000.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid securities with original maturities at the date of acquisition of three months or less. Investments with an original maturity of more than three months are considered short-term investments and have been classified by management as available-for-sale. Such investments are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of stockholders’ deficit.
Restricted Investments
Restricted investments consist primarily of a certificate of deposit held with a financial institution as collateral under an equipment financing arrangement.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
The Company invests its excess cash principally in United States government debt securities, investment grade corporate debt securities and certificates of deposit. The Company has established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that maintain safety and liquidity. These guidelines are periodically reviewed and modified to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates. The Company has not experienced any significant losses on its cash equivalents or short-term investments.
The Company extends credit on an uncollateralized basis primarily to wholesale drug distributors throughout the United States. The Company has not experienced significant credit losses on customer accounts.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined using the first-in-first-out method. Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- Raw materials.................................... $ 498 $ 705 Work-in-process.................................. 4,276 3,645 Finished goods................................... 877 1,382 ---------- ---------- $ 5,651 $ 5,732 ========== ==========
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost and consists of the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- Land ............................................ $ 2,649 $ 2,649 Equipment and leasehold improvements............. 34,612 41,240 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization .. (26,289) (23,347) ---------- ---------- $ 10,972 $ 20,542 ========== ==========
Depreciation of equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to fifteen years. Assets acquired pursuant to capital lease arrangements and leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives or their related lease term, whichever is shorter.
Acquired Technology
Acquired technology represents payments related to the Company’s acquisition of its product ONTAK (see Note 6). Acquired technology is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the period estimated to be benefited of 15 years and consists of the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- Technology acquired in Seragen merger............. $ 40,312 $ 40,312 Milestone payment to Eli Lilly ................... 5,000 -- Less accumulated amortization .................... (4,388) (1,343) ---------- ---------- $ 40,924 $ 38,969 ========== ==========
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 121, Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to be Disposed of, if indicators of impairment exist, the Company assesses the recoverability of the affected long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, the Company measures the amount of such impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the present value of the expected future cash flows associated with the use of the asset. While the Company’s current and historical operating and cash flow losses are indicators of impairment, the Company believes the future cash flows to be received from the long-lived assets will exceed the assets’ carrying value, and accordingly the Company has not recognized any impairment losses through December 31, 2000.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, receivables, restricted investments, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those investments. It is not practicable to estimate the fair values of the Company’s equipment financing obligations, convertible subordinated debentures, convertible note, and zero coupon convertible senior notes because of the lack of quoted market prices and the inability to estimate fair values without incurring excessive costs. However, management believes that the carrying amounts recorded at December 31, 2000 and 1999 approximates the corresponding fair value.
Revenue Recognition
The Company generates revenue from product sales, collaborative research and development arrangements, and other activities such as distribution agreements, royalties, sales of technology rights, and contract manufacturing services. The Company’s collaborative arrangements and distribution agreements may include multiple elements within a single contract. Each element of the contract is separately negotiated. Payments received may include non-refundable fees at the inception of the contract for technology rights under collaborative arrangements or product rights under distribution agreements, fully burdened funding for services performed during the research phase of collaborative arrangements, milestone payments for specific achievements designated in the collaborative or distribution agreements, royalties on sales of products resulting from collaborative arrangements, and payments for the supply of products under distribution agreements.
Revenues from product sales are recognized upon shipment, net of allowances for returns, rebates and chargebacks. The Company is obligated to accept from customers the return of pharmaceuticals which have reached their expiration date. Contract manufacturing and collaborative research and development and other revenues are recognized as services are performed or products are delivered consistent with the performance requirements of the contract. Payments received in advance of performance or delivery are recorded as deferred revenue.
The composition of collaborative research and development and other revenues are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, ----------------------------------- 2000 1999 1998 --------- --------- --------- Collaborative research and development .. $ 23,135 $ 15,954 $ 16,914 Distribution agreements ................. 922 3,250 -- Royalties ............................... -- 5,102 -- Other ................................... 1,143 2,672 353 --------- --------- --------- $ 25,200 $ 26,978 $ 17,267 ========= ========= =========
Significant customers, which accounted for greater than 10% of total revenues, are as follows:
Year Ended December 31, ----------------------------------- Customer 2000 1999 1998 -------- --------- --------- --------- Eli Lilly and Company................... 30.9% 24.7% 58.6% Bergen Brunswig Drug Company............ 10.2% GlaxoSmithKline ........................ 21.1%
In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements. SAB No. 101 provides guidance in applying accounting principles generally accepted in the United States to revenue recognition in financial statements, including the recognition of non-refundable up-front fees and milestone payments received in conjunction with contractual arrangements that have multiple performance elements and require continuing involvement. SAB No. 101 requires that such fees be recognized as products are delivered or services are performed that represent the culmination of a separate earnings process.
The Company received non-refundable up-front fees of $18.75 million in 1997, $2.25 million in 1999, and $4.325 million in 2000. The Company initially recognized those payments as revenue upon receipt, as the fees were non-refundable and the Company had transferred technology or product rights at contract inception or incurred costs in excess of the up-front fees prior to initiation of each arrangement. However, under the provisions of SAB No. 101, non-refundable up-front fees must be deferred upon receipt and recognized as products are delivered or services are performed during the term of the arrangement. The Company implemented SAB No. 101 in the fourth quarter of 2000 as a change in accounting principle by deferring and recognizing these up-front payments over the term designated in the arrangement. The cumulative effect of this change to December 31, 1999, which was recorded in 2000, was $13.1 million or $0.24 per share. However, the effect on 2000 increased revenue and reduced loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle by $1.3 million or $0.02 per share. See the consolidated statements of operations and Note 13 for the cumulative and pro forma effects of implementing this new accounting pronouncement.
Costs and Expenses
Cost of products sold includes manufacturing costs, amortization of acquired technology, and royalty expenses associated with the Company’s commercial products. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs and expenses included in research and development expenses related to collaborative research and development arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999, and 1998 were $16.2 million, $16 million, and $17.3 million, respectively (see Note 9).
Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Basic and diluted net loss per share amounts are equivalent for the periods presented as the inclusion of common stock equivalents in the number of shares used for the diluted computation would be anti-dilutive. Common stock equivalents excluded from weighted average common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 were 14.7 million, 15.9 million, and 10.9 million, respectively.
Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25 ("APB No. 25"), Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and with the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation (see Note 8).
In March 2000, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued FASB Interpretation No. 44 (“FIN 44”), Accounting for Certain Transactions Involving Stock Compensation. FIN 44 clarifies certain issues in the application of APB No. 25. Among other issues, FIN 44 clarifies (a) the definition of employee for purposes of applying APB No. 25, (b) the criteria for determining whether a plan qualifies as a non-compensatory plan, (c) the accounting consequence of various modifications to the terms of a previously fixed stock option or award, and (d) the accounting for an exchange of stock compensation awards in a business combination. FIN 44 became effective July 1, 2000, but certain conclusions cover specific events that occur after either December 15, 1998 or January 12, 2000. The adoption of FIN 44 did not have a material impact on the Company in 2000.
Foreign Currency Translation
Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency translation are accumulated as a separate component of stockholders’ deficit as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
Segment Reporting
The Company currently operates in a single operating segment. The Company generates revenue from various sources that result primarily from its underlying research and development activities. In addition, financial results are prepared and reviewed by management as a single operating segment. The Company continually evaluates the benefits of operating in distinct segments and will report accordingly when such distinction is made.
3. Investments
The following table summarizes the various investment categories at (in thousands):
Estimated Gross Unrealized Fair Cost Gains (Losses) Value --------- ---------------- ---------- DECEMBER 31, 2000 U.S. government securities........... $ 2,290 $ 21 $ 2,311 Corporate obligations................ 9,955 104 10,059 Certificates of deposit.............. 2,069 -- 2,069 --------- ---------------- ---------- 14,314 125 14,439 Certificates of deposit-restricted... 1,434 -- 1,434 --------- ---------------- ---------- $ 15,748 $ 125 $ 15,873 ========= ================ ========== DECEMBER 31, 1999 U.S. government securities........... $ 2,610 $ (12) $ 2,598 Corporate obligations................ 12,653 (45) 12,608 Certificates of deposit.............. 2,046 -- 2,046 --------- ---------------- ---------- 17,309 (57) 17,252 Certificates of deposit-restricted... 2,011 -- 2,011 Equity securities.................... 693 (550) 143 --------- ---------------- ---------- $ 20,013 $ (607) $ 19,406 ========= ================ ==========
Equity securities as of December 31, 1999 are included in long-term other assets.
Net realized gains on sales of available-for-sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1998 were $426,000 and $2 million, respectively. There were no material realized gains or losses for the year ended December 31, 1999.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments at December 31, 2000 and 1999, by contractual maturity, are shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.
December 31, 2000 December 31, 1999 ----------------------- ----------------------- Estimated Estimated Cost Fair Value Cost Fair Value -------- ---------- -------- ---------- Due in one year or less... $ 9,601 $ 9,617 $ 5,606 $ 5,606 Due after one year through three years...... 5,522 5,620 13,714 13,657 Due after three years .... 625 636 -- -- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- 15,748 15,873 19,320 19,263 Equity securities......... -- -- 693 143 -------- ---------- -------- ---------- $ 15,748 $ 15,873 $ 20,013 $ 19,406 ======== ========== ======== ==========
4. Other Balance Sheet Details
Accounts receivable comprise the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- Trade accounts receivable ............... $ 3,540 $ 1,989 Less allowances.......................... (716) (332) ---------- ---------- $ 2,824 $ 1,657 ========== ==========
Other assets comprise the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- Technology license....................... $ 4,000 $ -- Prepaid royalty buyout, net.............. 3,672 3,944 Investment in X-Ceptor................... 3,378 5,246 Deferred rent............................ 3,373 3,381 Intangible assets acquired............... -- 2,651 Other.................................... 1,020 1,222 ---------- ---------- $ 15,443 $ 16,444 ========== ==========
Accrued liabilities comprise the following (in thousands):
December 31, --------------------------- 2000 1999 ---------- ---------- ONTAK obligation......................... $ 5,000 $ -- Compensation............................. 2,412 2,981 Interest................................. 1,985 1,972 Royalties................................ 1,122 411 Other.................................... 2,156 2,809 ---------- ---------- $ 12,675 $ 8,173 ========== ==========
5. Strategic Alliance with Elan Corporation
In September 1998, the Company and Elan Corporation, plc (“Elan”) signed a binding letter of agreement, which provided for financing to the Company and a license to Elan’s product Morphelan. Significant provisions of these and subsequent arrangements are as follows:
Financing Arrangement
In 1998, Elan purchased approximately $20 million of the Company’s Common Stock and $40 million in issue price of zero coupon convertible senior notes, due 2008 with an 8% per annum yield to maturity (the “Notes”), convertible into the Company’s Common Stock at $14 per share. In 1999, the Company issued $40 million of Notes to Elan, convertible at $14 per share and $20 million of Notes, convertible at $9.15 per share. In December 1999, Elan converted Notes of $20 million plus accrued interest into 2,244,460 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company provided Elan a $2.2 million conversion incentive through the issuance of an additional 188,572 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. In March 2000, Elan converted an additional $20 million in Notes plus accrued interest into 1,501,543 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company provided Elan a $2 million conversion incentive through the issuance of 98,580 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. On December 29, 2000, the Company issued the final $10 million of Notes to Elan provided for under the terms of the agreement, convertible at $14.16 per share. The proceeds were received on January 2, 2001.
The financing arrangement with Elan contains an anti-dilution provision. In accordance with such provision and as a result of other equity issuances by the Company, the Company sold 52,712 shares of Common Stock and 91,406 warrants to Elan in 1999 for $839,000 and 416,667 shares of Common Stock in 2001 for $5 million. Assuming conversion of its outstanding Notes and warrants, Elan would own approximately 18.6% of Ligand’s shares on a fully diluted basis.
License Agreement
Elan also agreed to exclusively license to the Company in the United States and Canada its proprietary product Morphelan™, a form of morphine for pain management in oncology and HIV patients. For the rights to Morphelan™ the Company paid Elan certain license fees in 1998, with milestone payments due upon the occurrence of certain events up to and including the approval of the NDA in the United States. Payments may be in cash, or subject to certain conditions, in the
Company’s Common Stock or Notes. In November 1998, the Company paid Elan $5 million through the issuance of 429,185 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and $10 million from the issuance of Notes. In December 1999, the Company paid Elan $5 million through the issuance of 498,443 shares of the Company’s Common Stock related to Elan completing patient enrollment for Morphelan phase III clinical trials. In June 2000, as a result of Elan’s submission of the Morphelan NDA, the Company made a $4 million payment through the issuance of 367,183 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. Elan could receive up to $5 million upon approval of Morphelan by the FDA. The Company is also committed to spend not less than $7 million through May 2003 to undertake additional clinical activities related to the commercialization of Morphelan. In the event the Company does not spend this amount, any short fall would be paid to Elan.
Distribution Agreement
In February 2001, the Company and Elan entered into a distribution agreement providing for the distribution of certain of the Company’s products in various European and other international territories for a term of ten years. The Company received a payment at contract inception and may receive additional payments as products are submitted and approved in the territories.
6. Seragen
Merger
In August 1998, the Company completed a merger with Seragen (the “Merger”). Under the terms of the merger agreement, Ligand paid merger consideration at closing in the amount of $31.7 million, $5.7 million of which was in cash and $26 million of which was through the issuance of approximately 1,858,515 shares of the Company’s Common Stock valued at $13.99 per share, representing the average closing share price for the five trading days prior to signing of the definitive agreement in May 1998. The merger agreement also called for an additional $37 million payment in cash and/or the Company’s Common Stock, at the Company’s option, to be paid six months after the date of receipt of final FDA approval to market ONTAK. The final FDA approval occurred in February 1999. In August 1999, the Company made a cash payment of $34.1 million. Pending resolution of final contingencies and in accordance with the terms of the merger agreement, the Company has withheld $2.7 million from payments made to certain Seragen stakeholders.
Conditional to the merger with Seragen, the Company had signed a definitive asset purchase agreement to acquire substantially all the assets of Marathon Biopharmaceuticals, LLC (“Marathon”), which provided manufacturing services to Seragen under a service agreement. The Company purchased substantially all of the assets of Marathon for $8 million through the issuance in January 1999 of 402,820 shares of the Company’s Common Stock with a fair value of $5 million and a $3 million cash payment in August 1999, six months after the FDA approval of ONTAK.
The Merger was accounted for using the purchase method of accounting. The purchase price, totaling $84.1 million, which included liabilities assumed of $2.4 million, was allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired. The purchase price was composed of and allocated to the fair value of assets acquired as follows (in thousands):
Issuance of Common Stock (including transaction costs)............... $ 25,996 Amounts due to Seragen stakeholders, Marathon and Lilly, payable in Common Stock or cash............................................... 50,000 Liabilities assumed.................................................. 2,360 Net cash paid........................................................ 5,756 -------- $ 84,112 ======== Inventories.......................................................... $ 3,230 Property and equipment............................................... 7,905 Identifiable intangible assets: Write-off of in-process technology................................. 30,000 Acquired technology................................................ 40,312 Other intangibles.................................................. 2,665 -------- $ 84,112 ========
The following pro forma condensed statement of operations information has been prepared to give effect to the Merger as if such transaction had occurred at the beginning of the period presented. The historical results of operations have been adjusted to reflect (1) adjustment for depreciation resulting from adjusting the basis of certain property and equipment to fair value and amortization over 10 years, (2) amortization of acquired technology over 15 years, (3) elimination of Seragen compensation expense amortization, (4) elimination of interest income for Seragen and reduction of Ligand interest income resulting from use of $6 million for the Merger at an annual interest rate of 5.5%, and (5) elimination of interest expense
related to certain Seragen liabilities. The information presented is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations of the merged companies. Included in the 1998 net loss is a one-time charge of $30 million related to in-process research and development included in the intangibles acquired.
Pro Forma Results of Operations (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amount)
Year Ended December 31, ----------------------- Revenues.................................. $ 20,477 Net loss.................................. $ (124,867) Weighted average shares outstanding....... 40,392 Basic and diluted net loss per share...... $ (3.09)
Arrangement With Lilly
In conjunction with the merger with Seragen, the Company entered into an agreement with Seragen and Eli Lilly and Company (“Lilly”) under which Lilly assigned to the Company Lilly’s rights and obligations under its agreements with Seragen, including its sales and marketing rights to ONTAK. The agreement provides for a $5 million milestone payment to Lilly upon approval of ONTAK by the FDA, a $5 million milestone payment to Lilly based on cumulative net sales of ONTAK reaching $20 million, royalties to Lilly on sales of ONTAK, and payments by Lilly to Ligand as reimbursement for certain ONTAK clinical and other costs incurred by the Company. In March 1999, Ligand issued to Lilly 434,546 shares of the Company’s Common Stock as payment of the $5 million milestone for approval of ONTAK. In October 2000, cumulative net sales of ONTAK reached $20 million. The Company issued 412,504 shares of its Common Stock to Lilly in March 2001 as payment for this $5 million milestone (see Note 12). Revenues recognized for reimbursement of clinical and other costs for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 were $1.1 million, $1 million and $353,000, respectively.
Sale of Contract Manufacturing Assets
In January 2000, Ligand sold the assets associated with the contract manufacturing business of Marathon for approximately $10.2 million. In connection with the sale, Seragen entered into a three-year supply and development agreement with the acquirer of the assets for the manufacture of ONTAK and the performance of certain process and production development work for Seragen’s next-generation ONTAK product. During 2000, Ligand and Seragen made $2.6 million in purchases under the agreement. The assets sold consisted primarily of property and equipment of $6.7 million and intangibles of $2.7 million.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases and Equipment Notes Payable
The Company has entered into capital lease and equipment note payable agreements which require monthly payments through December 2005 including interest ranging from 6.75% to 11.02%. The carrying value of equipment under these agreements at December 31, 2000 and 1999 was $18.8 million and $20.1 million, respectively. At December 31, 2000 and 1999, accumulated amortization was $8.1 and $7.9 million, respectively. The underlying equipment is used as collateral under the equipment notes payable.
The Company has also entered into operating lease agreements for office and research facilities with varying terms through July 2015. The agreements provide for increases in annual rentals based on changes in the Consumer Price Index or fixed percentage increases varying from 3% to 6%. One of these leases requires an irrevocable standby letter of credit of $1.3 million to secure the performance of the Company’s lease obligations. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 was $3.4 million, $3.2 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
At December 31, 2000, annual minimum payments due under the Company's leases and equipment notes payable are as follows (in thousands):
Obligations under capital leases and equipment notes payable Operating leases -------------- ---------------- 2001..................................... $ 4,037 $ 3,213 2002..................................... 2,893 2,937 2003..................................... 1,669 2,873 2004..................................... 659 2,929 2005..................................... 153 2,988 Thereafter............................... -- 28,983 -------------- ---------------- Total minimum lease payments... 9,411 $ 43,923 -------------- ================ Less amounts representing interest....... (1,145) -------------- Present value of minimum lease payments.. 8,266 Less current portion..................... 3,478 -------------- $ 4,788 ==============
Convertible Subordinated Debentures
The convertible subordinated debentures pay interest semi-annually at 7.5% per annum and are due in 2003. The difference between the face value and the fair value at the acquisition date is being accreted up to the face value over the remaining term of the debentures and the accretion is charged to interest expense. The debentures are convertible into the Company’s Common Stock at $26.52 per share.
Convertible Note
The note was issued in connection with the Company’s collaborative arrangement with SmithKline Beecham Corporation (see Note 9). The note is convertible into the Company’s Common Stock at $13.56 per share and is due October 2002. Interest on the note is payable semi-annually at prime (9.5% at December 31, 2000).
Royalty Agreements
The Company has royalty obligations under various technology license agreements. During 2000, royalties were accrued ranging from 1% to 13% of net sales and up to 50% on income generated under license or other royalty arrangements. Royalty expense for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 was $3.5 million, $967,000 and $75,000, respectively.
In May 1998, the Company elected to make a final one-time $4.1 million royalty payment to The Salk Institute for Biological Studies as an alternative to paying future royalty payments based on total net sales of defined potential products. The one-time payment is being amortized over the life of the related patents of 17 years.
In September 1999, Ligand and Seragen entered into a sublicense agreement with Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (“Roche”), with respect to Seragen’s rights under a family of patents called the “Strom Patents.” The Strom Patents, licensed by Seragen from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (“Beth Israel”), cover the use of antibodies that target the interleukin-2 receptor to treat transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. In consideration for the sublicense, Roche paid Seragen a $2.5 million royalty based on sales occurring before the date of the agreement plus Roche will pay royalties on subsequent sales of licensed products. Seragen will also receive milestone payments in the event Roche receives U.S. regulatory approval of licensed products. A non-exclusive license was previously issued by Seragen to Novartis requiring similar royalty payments. Beth Israel receives approximately 35% of the total royalty and milestone payments made related to the Strom Patents.
In December 1999, the Company and Seragen entered into an agreement with Pharmaceutical Partners LLC (“Pharma”) whereby Pharma purchased Seragen’s royalty stream to be received under the Roche and Novartis royalty agreements described above. Pharma paid $3.25 million in December 1999 and will pay an additional $3.25 million should sales exceed a predetermined amount in any of years 2001 through 2004. In addition, Seragen retains the patents and the right to receive the future milestone payments from Roche described above.
Litigation
The Company is subject to various lawsuits and claims with respect to matters arising out of the normal course of business. Due to the uncertainty of the ultimate outcome of these matters, the impact on future financial results is not subject to reasonable estimates.
8. Stockholders' Deficit
Authorized Shares
At its annual meeting of stockholders held on May 25, 2000, the Company’s stockholders approved an increase in the authorized number of shares of Common Stock from 80,000,000 to 130,000,000.
Warrants
At December 31, 2000, the Company had outstanding warrants to purchase 1,240,119 shares of the Company's Common Stock. The warrants have exercise prices ranging from $10 to $20 per share and expire at various dates through October 6, 2006.
Treasury Stock
In 2000, under the terms of a previously established agreement with a collaborative research and development partner, the Company received 72,748 shares of its Common Stock as payment by the partner of a $900,000 development milestone. The stock had previously been sold to the partner at the inception of the collaborative arrangement. The stock was placed in treasury, which totaled 73,842 shares at December 31, 2000.
Stock Plans
The Company’s 1992 Stock Option Stock Issuance Plan provides for the issuance of options to purchase up to 9,573,457 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The options granted generally have 10 year terms and vest over four years of continued employment. The Company’s employee stock purchase plan also provides for the sale of up to 405,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock.
Following is a summary of the Company’s stock option plan activity and related information:
Weighted Average Shares Exercise Price ---------- ---------------- Balance at January 1, 1998................... 4,068,506 $ 10.26 Granted.................................... 1,584,604 11.10 Exercised.................................. (211,524) 7.52 Cancelled.................................. (396,567) 11.30 ---------- ---------------- Balance at December 31, 1998................. 5,045,019 10.56 Granted.................................... 894,792 10.67 Exercised.................................. (228,991) 8.29 Cancelled.................................. (405,361) 11.82 ---------- ---------------- Balance at December 31, 1999................. 5,305,459 10.58 Granted.................................... 1,156,481 12.90 Exercised.................................. (511,872) 9.25 Cancelled.................................. (285,519) 11.63 ---------- ---------------- Balance at December 31, 2000................. 5,664,549 $ 11.11 ========== ================ Options exercisable at December 31, 2000 3,736,967 $ 10.73 ========== ================ Options exercisable at December 31, 1999..... 3,344,575 $ 10.33 ========== ================ Options exercisable at December 31, 1998..... 2,814,876 $ 9.79 ========== ================
Following is a further breakdown of the options outstanding as of December 31, 2000:
Options Outstanding Options Exercisable --------------------------------------- --------------------- Weighted Weighted Weighted Range of average average average exercise Options remaining exercise Number exercise prices outstanding life in years price Exercisable price ------------- ----------- ------------- --------- ----------- -------- $4.62-$ 8.65..... 837,656 4.44 $ 7.35 748,617 $ 7.32 9.00- 9.60..... 959,381 5.58 9.39 742,466 9.34 9.77- 11.25.....1,127,866 7.18 10.63 669,018 10.62 11.26- 13.00.....1,680,241 7.46 12.11 987,990 12.25 13.25- 16.38.....1,059,405 7.67 14.62 588,876 14.39 ------------- ----------- ------------- --------- ----------- -------- 5,664,549 6.68 $11.11 3,736,967 $10.73 =========== ============= ========= =========== ========
At December 31, 2000, 391,870 shares were available under the plans for future grants of stock options or sale of stock.
Pro forma information regarding net loss and loss per share is required by SFAS No. 123, and has been determined as if the Company had accounted for its employee stock options under the fair value method of that Statement. The estimated weighted average fair value at grant date for the options granted during 2000, 1999 and 1998 was $8.32, $6.73, and $6.65 per option, respectively. The fair value for these options was estimated at the dates of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions for 2000, 1999 and 1998:
2000 1999 1998 ------- ------- ------- Risk free interest rates................ 4.75% 6.3% 4.8% Dividend yields......................... -- -- -- Volatility.............................. 75% 70% 62% Weighted average expected life.......... 5 years 5 years 5 years
The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company’s employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options.
For purposes of pro forma disclosures, the estimated fair value of the options is amortized to expense over the options' vesting period. The Company's pro forma information is as follows (in thousands, except for net loss per share information):
Year Ended December 31, ------------------------------------------- 2000 1999 1998 ----------- ----------- ------------ Net loss as reported............. $ (72,376) $ (74,719) $ (117,886) Net loss pro forma............... (78,714) (80,549) (121,916) Net loss per share as reported... (1.30) (1.58) (2.92) Net loss per share pro forma..... (1.41) (1.71) (3.01)
The pro forma effect on net loss for 2000, 1999 and 1998 is not representative of the pro forma effect on net loss in future years because it does not take into consideration pro forma compensation expense related to grants made prior to 1995.
Shareholder Rights Plan
In September 1996, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted a preferred shareholder rights plan (the “Shareholder Rights Plan”), as amended, which provides for a dividend distribution of one preferred share purchase right (a “Right”) on each outstanding share of the Company’s Common Stock. Each Right entitles stockholders to buy 1/1000th of a share of Ligand Series A Participating Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $100, subject to adjustment. The Rights will become exercisable following the tenth day after a person or group announces an acquisition of 20% or more of the Common Stock, or announces commencement of a tender offer, the consummation of which would result in ownership by the person or group of 20% or more of the Common Stock. The Company will be entitled to redeem the Rights at $0.01 per Right at any time on or before the earlier of the tenth day following acquisition by a person or group of 20% or more of the Common Stock and September 13, 2006.
In November 1998, the Shareholder Rights Plan was amended to exclude Elan or any of its affiliates as an acquiring person to the extent of their ownership on or before November 9, 2005 of up to 25% of the Company’s Common Stock on a fully diluted basis or thereafter to the extent their ownership exceeds 20% on November 9, 2005. However, shares acquired pursuant to the arrangements with Elan described in Note 5 are not counted in such determination unless additional shares of the Company’s Common Stock have been acquired by Elan outside of such arrangements.
9. Collaborative Research and Development Agreements
The Company is party to various research and development collaborations with large pharmaceutical companies including Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Organon Company, Eli Lilly and Company, SmithKline Beecham Corporation (now GlaxoSmithKline), American Home Products, Pfizer, Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Allergan, Inc., and Glaxo Wellcome plc (now GlaxoSmithKline). These arrangements generally provide for the license of certain technologies and a collaborative research period ranging from one to five years. Drugs resulting from these collaborations are then developed, manufactured and marketed by the corporate partners. The arrangements may provide for the Company to receive revenue from the transfer of technology rights at contract inception, collaborative research revenue during the research phase, milestone revenue for compounds moving through clinical development, and royalty revenue from the sale of drugs developed through the collaborative efforts.
The following are details regarding the collaborative arrangements that were in the research phase during the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998.
Bristol-Myers Squibb
In May 2000, the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb to focus on the discovery, design and development of orally active compounds that selectively modulate the mineralocorticoid receptor. This receptor plays a critical role in many illnesses, particularly cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure and hypertension. The initial research term concludes in May 2002. Bristol-Myers Squibb may extend the research term for up to two additional years. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the year ended December 31, 2000 were $2 million.
Organon
In February 2000, the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with Organon to focus on small molecule compounds with potential effects for the treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases mediated through the progesterone receptor. The objective of the collaboration is the discovery of new non-steroidal compounds that are tissue-selective in nature and may have fewer side effects. Such compounds may provide utility in hormone replacement therapy, oral contraception, reproductive diseases, and other hormone-related disorders. The initial research phase concludes in February 2002. Organon may extend the research term for up to two additional years. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the year ended December 31, 2000 were $2.7 million.
Parke-Davis
In September 1999, Ligand entered into a research and development collaboration with the Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division of Warner-Lambert Company (now part of Pfizer, Inc.) to discover, characterize, design and develop small molecule compounds with beneficial effects for the treatment and prevention of diseases mediated through the estrogen receptor. Some of the diseases affected by drugs that act upon the estrogen receptor are osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and mood and cognitive disorders. In 2000, Pfizer informed the Company that it would not extend the collaboration. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the year ended December 31, 2000 were $2.5 million.
Eli Lilly
In November 1997, the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with Lilly for the discovery and development of products based on Ligand’s Intracellular Receptor technology. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 were $13.7 million, $9.1 million and $10 million, respectively. The initial research term concludes in November 2002. Lilly may extend the term for up to three additional years. The Company also had the option to obtain selected rights to one Lilly specialty pharmaceutical product. In connection with the August 1998 acquisition of Seragen, Ligand obtained from Lilly its rights to ONTAK and entered into an agreement where Lilly is to fund certain clinical and other regulatory costs incurred by Ligand as mandated by the FDA in
the approval of ONTAK (see Note 6).
GlaxoSmithKline
In February 1995, the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with SmithKline Beecham Corporation (now GlaxoSmithKline) to discover and characterize small molecule drugs to control hematopoiesis for the treatment of a variety of blood cell deficiencies. The research phase was completed in February 2001. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 were $820,000, $2.7 million and $3 million, respectively. In April 1998, SmithKline Beecham and the Company initiated a new collaboration to develop small molecule drugs for the treatment or prevention of obesity. The research phase was completed in May 2000. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998 were $240,000, $1 million and $700,000, respectively.
American Home Products
In September 1994, the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, the pharmaceutical division of American Home Products, to discover and develop drugs which interact with the estrogen or progesterone receptors. The research phase was completed in September 1998. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the year ended December 31, 1998 were $1.3 million.
Abbott Laboratories
In July 1994 the Company entered into a research and development collaboration with Abbott Laboratories to discover and develop drugs for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases. The research phase was completed in July 1999. Collaborative research revenues recognized under the agreement for the years ended December 31, 1999 and 1998 were $600,000 and $1.2 million, respectively.
10. X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc.
In June 1999, Ligand became a minority equity investor in a new private corporation, X-Ceptor Therapeutics, Inc. (“X-Ceptor”), whose mission is to conduct research in and identify therapeutic products from the field of orphan nuclear receptors. Ligand invested $6 million in X-Ceptor through the acquisition of convertible preferred stock and owns approximately 17% of X-Ceptor’s outstanding capital stock.
Ligand has the right but not the obligation to acquire all, but not less than all, of the outstanding X-Ceptor stock at June 30, 2002 or upon the cash balance of X-Ceptor falling below a pre-determined amount. Upon certain conditions, Ligand may extend the option by 12 months by providing additional funding of $5 million. The option price, payable pro-rata based on total cumulative non-Ligand funding, is up to $59.3 million at June 30, 2002 (or earlier, in certain circumstances) or up to $77.1 million upon extension. The option price may be paid in cash or shares of Ligand Common Stock, or any combination of the two, at Ligand’s sole discretion.
Ligand granted to X-Ceptor an exclusive license to use the Ligand orphan nuclear receptors technology that is not currently committed to other partnership programs and a nonexclusive license to use Ligand’s enabling proprietary process technology as it relates to drug discovery using orphan nuclear receptors. In 1999, X-Ceptor made a payment of $2 million to Ligand as reimbursement of a portion of Ligand’s prior research and development expenses incurred in the establishment of its orphan receptor program. Ligand recognized $1.7 million as revenue in 1999 representing the third-party ownership of X-Ceptor. Ligand has not performed any research and development activities on behalf of X-Ceptor.
Ligand also issued warrants to X-Ceptor investors, founders and certain employees to purchase 950,000 shares of Ligand Common Stock with an exercise price of $10 per share and expiration date of October 6, 2006. The warrants were recorded at their fair value of $4.20 per warrant or $3.9 million as deferred warrant expense within stockholders’ deficit and are being amortized to operating expense through June 2002. Amortization for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 was $1.4 million and $530,000, respectively.
Ligand is accounting for its investment in X-Ceptor using the equity method of accounting. Ligand’s interest in X-Ceptor losses for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 were $1.7 million and $754,000, respectively, which are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. Included in the losses recognized is the amortization of the $1.7 million excess of the Company’s investment in X-Ceptor over Ligand’s equity in the net assets acquired, which is being amortized through June 2002.
11. Income Taxes
At December 31, 2000, the Company had consolidated federal and combined California income tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $455 million and $88 million, respectively. The difference between the federal and California tax loss carryforwards is primarily attributable to the capitalization of research and development expenses for California income tax purposes and the 55% limitation on California loss carryforwards. Any unutilized federal tax loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2002. The California tax loss carryforwards began expiring in 1998. The Company also had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $5 million, which will begin to expire in 2001 unless previously utilized. The Company also had consolidated federal and combined California research tax credit carryforwards of approximately $20 million and $7 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2002 unless previously utilized.
Pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383, use of a portion of net operating loss and credit carryforwards will be limited because of cumulative changes in ownership of more than 50% which occurred within three periods during 1989, 1992 and 1996. However, the Company does not believe the limitations will have a material impact upon the future utilization of these carryforwards. In addition, use of Glycomed’s and Seragen’s preacquisition tax net operating and credit carryforwards will also be limited because the acquisitions by the Company represent changes in ownership of more than 50%. Such tax net operating loss and credit carryforwards have been reduced, including the related deferred tax assets.
The Company did not provide any current or deferred federal, state or foreign income tax provision or benefit for any period presented because it has experienced operating losses since inception. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2000 and 1999 are shown below. A valuation allowance has been recognized to fully offset the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2000 and 1999 as realization of such assets is uncertain.
December 31, ------------------------ 2000 1999 ----------- ----------- (in thousands) Deferred tax liabilities: Acquired subordinated debt.................. $ 2,345 $ 3,270 Original issue discount .................... 4,747 -- Purchased intangible assets................. 11,375 16,964 ----------- ----------- Total deferred tax liabilities.... 18,467 20,234 ----------- ----------- Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards............ 166,156 144,440 Research and development credits............ 24,729 21,065 Capitalized research and development........ 11,859 9,366 Accrued expenses............................ 1,328 910 Fixed assets and intangibles ............... 8,226 5,898 Deferred revenue ........................... 5,743 -- Other, net ................................. 4,171 4,330 ----------- ----------- Total deferred tax assets......... 222,212 186,009 ----------- ----------- Net deferred tax assets..................... 203,745 165,775 Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets. (203,745) (165,775) ----------- ----------- $ -- $ -- =========== ===========
As of December 31, 2000, approximately $3.9 million of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets related to benefits of stock option deductions which, when recognized, will be allocated directly to paid-in capital.
12. Subsequent Events
Private Placement
In January 2001, the Company raised net proceeds of approximately $22.4 million in a private placement of 2 million shares of its Common Stock.
Distribution Agreement
In February 2001, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Elan (see Note 5).
Payment of ONTAK Obligation
In March 2001, the Company issued 412,504 shares of its Common Stock to Lilly in satisfaction of its $5 million milestone payable as a result of cumulative net sales of ONTAK reaching $20 million (see Note 6).
13. Summary of Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information
The following is a summary of the unaudited quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 (in thousands, except per share amounts). The results for 2000 reflect the Company’s adoption of SAB No. 101 in the fourth quarter of 2000 (see Note 2). The effect of the change on results previously reported for the first three quarters of 2000 are detailed below. The effect of the change on the fourth quarter of 2000 was to increase revenues and decrease net loss by $1.5 million or $0.03 per share. The pro forma effect assuming retroactive treatment of SAB No. 101 on each quarter of 1999 is also presented.
Quarter Ended ----------------------------------------------- March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 --------- -------- ------------ ----------- 2000 (RESTATED FOR SAB NO. 101) Total revenues.................. $ 10,816 $ 9,870 $ 13,591 $ 13,833 Cost of products sold .......... 2,080 2,010 2,238 2,263 Research and development costs . 12,498 12,766 13,229 12,794 Total operating costs and expenses....................... 22,370 24,348 24,027 23,247 Net loss ....................... (28,907) (17,360) (13,405) (12,704) Basic and diluted net loss per share...................... $ (0.54) $ (0.31) $ (0.24) $ (0.22) Weighted average number of common shares.................. 53,804 55,600 56,605 56,642
Net loss originally reported ... $(14,955) $(16,459) $(14,926) Cumulative effect to December 31, 1999 ............. (13,099) -- -- Effect of change ............... (853) (901) 1,521 --------- --------- --------- Net loss as restated ........... $(28,907) $(17,360) $(13,405) ========= ========= =========
Basic and diluted per share amounts: Net loss originally reported ................... $ (0.28) $ (0.30) $ (0.26) Cumulative effect to December 31, 1999 .......... (0.24) -- -- Effect of change ............ (0.02) (0.01) 0.02 --------- --------- --------- Net loss as restated ........ $ (0.54) $ (0.31) $ (0.24) ========= ========= =========
Total revenues.................. $ 10,281 $ 8,421 $ 9,765 $ 12,428 Cost of products and services sold ............. 2,583 2,432 3,163 2,311 Research and development costs ......................... 14,469 14,612 15,717 14,644 Total operating costs and expenses................... 22,927 25,211 24,895 29,155 Net loss ....................... (14,559) (18,993) (18,306) (22,861) Basic and diluted net loss per share................. $ (0.32) $ (0.40) $ (0.39) $ (0.48) Weighted average number of common shares............... 45,794 47,033 47,476 47,938
Pro forma to reflect SAB No. 101: Net loss .................... $(15,122) $(18,026) $(17,339) $(22,644) Basic and diluted net loss per share.......... $ (0.33) $ (0.38) $ (0.37) $ (0.47)