Item 1. Business
Overview of Market
Founded in 1979, Information Analysis Incorporated (“We”, the “Company”), to which we sometimes refer as IAI, is in the business of developing and maintaining information technology (IT) systems, modernizing client information systems, and performing professional services to government and commercial organizations. Since its inception, we have performed software development and conversion projects for over 100 commercial and government customers including, but not limited to Small Business Administration, Computer Sciences Corporation, IBM, Computer Associates, Sprint, Citibank, Department of Homeland Security, Treasury Department, Department of Agriculture, Department of Energy, Department of Education, U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and Department of Veterans Affairs. At present, we primarily apply our technology, services and experience to developing web-based and mobile device solutions (including electronic forms conversions) for various agencies of the federal government, data analytics, and legacy software migration and modernization.
Digital Solutions Marketplace
The web, digital content, and cloud solutions market continues to be one of the fastest growing segments of the information technology professional services business as small and large companies, and government agencies (state and federal) expand their presence via Cloud implementations and on the Internet. The range of products and services involved in this sector is extensive and therefore, require some specialization for a small company such as IAI to make an impact. Most small web companies are involved in building websites and typically have many short duration projects. More complex web applications generally require knowledge of customers’ back-end systems based on mainframe or mid-level computers. Few small companies have the expertise to develop these more sophisticated web applications. We distinguish ourselves among smaller companies by having such expertise, typically associated with larger companies, both internally and through strategic business relationships with leading-edge software firms, such as Adobe Systems.
Given executive level directives to improve outreach to its stakeholders, federal and state government agencies are now empowered to find means of facilitating dissemination of information quickly and efficiently. Government requirements are unique in that most government processes are based on forms. Many government agencies rely on thousands of internal and external forms to conduct their business. Any company that wishes to develop governmental web applications must competently address the forms issue. Adobe electronic forms related products resold and supported by IAI as a solutions partner are the predominant forms software in the federal government.
Over the last few years there has been a pronounced emphasis within the U.S. federal government to employ more form data entry and citizen communication using mobile devices such as iPhones, iPads, and mobile devices employing the Android operating system. Working with Adobe’s latest version of Adobe Experience Manager (AEM), we have been able to build applications for several federal clients employing mobile devices, as well as converting paper-based forms into “dynamic” or “adaptive” forms.
Cyber Security and Digital Analytics
Certain applications, including innovative solutions in the business intelligence and cybersecurity arenas, should become more prominent in the future as web-based solutions continue to evolve. The need for commercial and public sector managers to access and combine data from disparate sources (internally and externally) for timely decision-making and fraud protection is becoming ever more acute in our fast paced digitally driven environment. The volume of data available to companies and agencies is growing at an exponential rate, as well as the need to protect that data and the systems that house them. This convergence of the need for instantaneous reliable access to real-time data via the web, combined with protecting such information from tampering and theft by unauthorized sources, should result in increased opportunities for IAI’s evolving capability skill set. With the recent disclosures of damaging information hacks at prominent companies and federal agencies, many business intelligence advisory entities, such as Deltek, indicate that funds budgeted toward cyber security solutions will grow dramatically for the foreseeable future and beyond.
Legacy Migration and Modernization
The migration and modernization market is complex and diverse as to the multiple requirements clients possess to upgrade their older systems. Many large legacy systems remain in use because of the enormous cost to re-engineer these systems. Currently, the options available to modernize these systems are many and include introduction of new hardware systems, employing advanced software languages, and utilization of the Internet or Intranet to achieve desired efficiencies. All of these options are typically very expensive and time consuming because they require starting all over in defining requirements, designing structures, programming, and testing.
Opportunities for our modernization expertise are expanding as government agencies and private companies are being driven for various reasons, including increased funding by federal and state legislatures, to address the upgrading of their legacy systems. One reason is the difficulty of finding and retaining staff with outdated technical skills, many of which are possessed only by senior programmers nearing retirement. Hardware platforms such as Unisys are reaching the horizon of their usefulness, and consequently, older programming and data base languages are generally poorly supported by their providers. Additionally, maintenance costs are materially increasing as vendors squeeze the most out of clients before the life-cycles of hardware and software expire. In addition, the Internet has added a new level of pressure to compete in the electronic marketplace with sector rivals. We expect that this remaining decade should see an upsurge of movement and change as organizations revamp their older legacy systems.
A segment of mainframe users is interested in simply updating their legacy systems without drastic rewritings to these systems in newer languages or adapting expensive enterprise products (such as SAP or Oracle) to their needs. These potential customers are looking for automated tools that can quickly and cost-effectively move applications onto cheaper computer platforms without the risk of failure. IAI, in conjunction with strategic partners, such as Micro Focus and Software Mining, offers its own conversion tool set and those of its partners in addressing this need and positioning us to uniquely deliver successful results. It is difficult to determine the exact size of this segment, but even a minor share of this market would represent significant prospective customers with meaningful opportunities. In December 2016, we were notified that IAI was one of a number of subcontractors that were part of a prime contractor’s team that was awarded a contract with the Small Business Administration’s (SBA) 504 loan program. Under the contract, IAI personnel will be providing analysis and modernization activities to the SBA program platform.
Description of Business and Strategy
With the advent of mobile and digital technology applications becoming widespread in everyday life, coupled with government agencies seeking better ways to improve outreach to its stakeholders, we intend to capitalize on our proven expertise in this arena and capture new business opportunities that are likely to arise in the foreseeable future. This includes the conversion of paper-based forms into digitally compatible “dynamic” and “adaptive” forms, as well as developing mobile and Internet based applications that replace cumbersome paper handling processes currently in use by diverse organizations.
We are using the experience we have acquired as an Adobe solutions partner and reseller to help secure engagements for web-based applications requiring forms. The Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) products have evolved over the years into robust tools that can form the backbone of applications, especially those requiring forms and web content management. We have used this expertise to penetrate a number of federal government clients such as the Internal Revenue Service and Veterans Affairs and build sophisticated web applications at the Department of Homeland Security. One such application, a parking and transit subsidy tool, was cited for award recognition by the American Council for Technology - Industry Advisory Council (ACT-IAC) and Federal Computer Week’s Fed 100 Awards. Our knowledge of legacy system languages has been instrumental in connecting these web applications to legacy databases residing on mainframe computers. Our company has built a core group of professionals that can continue to build this practice over the coming years.
Concentrating on the niche of electronic forms-related web applications (including securing digital content and documents) through our solutions partner relationship with Adobe AEM products, we have developed a cadre of professionals that can quickly and efficiently develop web applications. We will focus on federal government clients during 2017 and beyond and leverage the company’s reputation with existing federal customers to penetrate other agencies. We will be able to reference successful projects completed or in development for various components of the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Veterans Affairs, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, Department of Agriculture, Department of Education, General Services Administration, Army Reserve, and U.S. Air Force Logistics Command.
As a recent example of our capability, IAI was contracted by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services agency (USCIS) to provide technical and design support to complete development of an enhanced Form I-9 (Employment Eligibility Verification) that incorporates drop-down menus, helper text and hover text that embed the instructions into the form, field logic, error messages and form validation into a fillable PDF format. IAI’s successful programming of the enhanced form per our client’s requirements led to the form’s recent release to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) by USCIS for review and comment following a public comment period.
In an effort to increase IAI’s profile and visibility in the expanding digital technology marketplace, IAI personnel have actively participated in industry programs such as the Adobe Digital Government Assembly and the Department of Homeland Security’s Government Forms Forum, which bring together senior government officials, technology leaders and information technology leaders interested in advances in digital technology applications. IAI senior staff typically participate in related panel discussions and IAI exhibits its digital related competencies and innovative capabilities to the attendees.
We recognize the need to enhance our service and product capabilities as a means of expanding our business base and maintaining growth in the future. To that end, over the last several years, we have aggressively pursued strategic business relationships with certain leading-edge technology firms in our local area that have developed unique and innovative software-based products and services. These new business areas include, but are not limited to, data analytics, cybersecurity, malware protection, real-time data analytics, business intelligence, and mobile applications.
Where appropriate, we have entered into teaming arrangements or product reseller agreements with certain of these firms. These products and services are synergistic to our present business strategy and also allow us to expand into new business areas, both within the federal government and commercial sectors, without the expenditure of significant technical development dollars. Our partners benefit by our potential to leverage their new technology developments into our existing client base, as well as utilize our expertise and credibility in developing applications around their inventive products.
Along this line we have entered into a reseller partnership with a company, Neo Technology, which has developed a state of the art software suite called Neo4j, which provides analysts with unprecedented capabilities to search multiple sources of data in performing data analytics. It is an open source graphical database that is being used by a number of large corporations and analytical entities for multiple purposes including fraud detection and prevention. Graph databases offer new methods of uncovering fraud and scams with a high-level of accuracy, and are capable of stopping fraud scenarios in real-time before their impact can become excessively damaging.
In recognition of the increased emphasis on cybersecurity threats affecting our customer base, IAI intends to offer unique product and information technology solutions to combat the types of mobility, computer and communications threats seriously affecting the well-being of military and government organizations, healthcare organizations, as well as private companies. To that end we are entering into “reseller” relationships with certain product companies that offer encryption, cybersecurity, and malware protection solutions with the intent to leverage our long standing existing relationships with customers to introduce such products for adoption by applicable federal agencies and other clients.
Since the mid-1990’s we have migrated customers, both private firms and government agencies, from older computer languages generally associated with legacy computer systems to more modern languages used with current-day computer system platforms. As part of this modernization, many organizations wish to extend these legacy systems to interface with web-based applications. Our strategy has been to develop and/or acquire tools through strategic relationships that will facilitate the modernization process and differentiate our offerings in the marketplace.
In 2004, we aligned with Micro Focus, an established company in the legacy COBOL environment, to jointly participate in the conversion of large legacy mainframe systems to PC and Unix server platforms. Micro Focus has developed a suite of products that simplify the conversion process and enable the entry screens to be Internet accessible. As an authorized reseller and installer of the Micro Focus tools, our plan is to derive revenue from software sales and installation services as well as acquire supplementary programming services that typically may occur with each engagement.
We have structured our company to address the wide range of requirements that we envision the market will demand. We believe that the use of our proprietary ICONS legacy conversion tools suite and that of our strategic partners will give us a competitive edge in performing certain conversions and migrations faster and more economically than many other vendors. The diverse capabilities of our staff in mainframe technology and client-server implementations help to assure that our staff can analyze the original systems properly to conduct accurate and thorough conversions both from a technical and business perspective. In addition, our modernization methodology has evolved over time through the successful completion of numerous conversion projects.
Our strategy to exploit the conversion and modernization market is also predicated on continuing to form alliances with large information technology consulting firms who currently maintain the legacy systems for large government agencies and Fortune 1000 companies. These alliances have resulted in significant opportunities in the past and are likely to be important in procuring future business.
Our management will generally continue to explore ways to expand our current market spaces and develop new ones that may offer more opportunity. This may take the shape of organic growth or through acquisition of other companies. In any event, IAI will be aggressive and will take more risks in terms of investment in business development, exploring the potential of diversified business opportunities, and seeking targets of acquisition.
In January 2017, we were notified that IAI’s team, for which we assumed a subcontractor role, was one of a number of small business awardees on the Defense Logistics Agency’s (DLA) J6 Enterprise Technical Services (JETS) contract. The DLA JETS contract is a five-year, $6.015B ceiling, base Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract. JETS is now DLA’s contract vehicle of choice for a full range of IT services as well as technical and management expertise that supports applications, software, hardware, infrastructure, and systems, across the DLA Enterprise. Additionally, this contract is available for use by other Department of Defense agencies and organizations. DLA’s contracting office has repeatedly expressed their willingness to allow fellow members of the Defense Department community to take advantage of the contract’s broad Labor Category structure and extremely competitive rates.
In a further effort to expand our exposure to new IT opportunities reserved for certain government set-asides, we entered into an SBA approved Mentor-Protégé agreement with Dodge City Communications Inc. (dba Federal City Contractors SDVOSB (“FEDCITY”)). This three year agreement, beginning on January 6, 2017, provides a mechanism for IAI, acting as a mentor, to provide certain forms of assistance including, but not limited to management, technical, administrative, contractual and business development to FEDCITY. This support is intended to facilitate FEDCITY’s ongoing development as an effective government contractor and open the door to federal contracting opportunities and set-asides that favor such teaming arrangements between our two companies.
Certain government contracts related to IAI’s business are now limiting future awards to companies certified under designated quality management systems such as ISO 9001:2015. The ISO 9001 family of quality management systems is designed to help organizations ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product or program. Third-party certification bodies provide independent confirmation that organizations meet the requirements of ISO 9001. In the second half of 2016, IAI developed the processes and procedures required by the ISO 9001:2015 so as to be in compliance with this standard and expand our ability to bid on future contracts that require such certification. We received notice by the independent registrar that IAI passed the Stage One audit and was cleared for the final Stage Two review and audit. We anticipate this certification audit to occur in or about the second quarter of 2017.
Backlog
As of December 31, 2016, we estimated our backlog at approximately $17.1 million over the next three years, of which $3.2 million was funded. This backlog consists of outstanding contracts and general commitments from current clients. We regularly provide services to certain clients on an as-needed basis without regard to a specific contract. General commitments represent those services which we anticipate providing to such clients during a twelve-month period.
Competition
In the ever expanding realm of enterprise-based web content management systems, there are a number of small and large companies offering such software products and related consulting services. We believe that the Adobe Experience Manager product suite will continue to dominate in the future against such competition, including offerings such as Microsoft’s SharePoint solution. AEM has performed well in the federal marketplace due to its full offering of powerful capabilities such as Cloud integration and intuitive customization. Adobe Experience Manager is a solution that optimizes the authoring, management and delivery of digital media and content across owned channels, including Web, mobile, email, print and social communities. In 2016, Gartner named Adobe as a leader for the fourth year in a row in its Magic Quadrant for Mobile Application Development Platforms report. In addition, Gartner named Adobe as a leader in its 2016 Magic Quadrant for Digital Marketing Analytics research report.
There are hundreds of firms performing traditional information technology services, business intelligence and cybersecurity, and general consulting for the federal government. A great number of them are much larger than IAI, and are more established in the marketplace, and have more resources to pursue individual prospects.
The competition in the conversion and modernization market is very strong. Many software professional services companies have had some involvement in this area and profess proficiency in performing these projects. We also face competition from other companies that purport to substantially automate the process through software tools including Blue Phoenix Solutions, Fujitsu, and IBM. Software for enterprise resource planning, such as SAP and Oracle, provides an additional source of competition, although to date, the cost and lengthy installation time for enterprise resource planning software has slowed its implementation in the market place. No matter what type of solution is offered, many of our competitors have greater name recognition than our company, a larger, more established customer base, and significantly greater financial and market resources.
Government Regulation
We are bound by various rules and regulations promulgated by the federal government and agencies thereunder. We have not experienced undue expense beyond those expenses normally incurred in our ordinary course of business in adhering to such rules and regulations. Since historically most of our business is derived from contracts either directly with the U.S. federal government or as a subcontractor on behalf of U.S. federal government customers, most of our contracts are subject to termination at the election of the government.
Intellectual Property
We depend upon a combination of trade secret and copyright laws, nondisclosure and other contractual provisions and technical measures to protect our proprietary rights in our methodologies, databases and software. We have not filed any patent applications covering our methodologies and software. In addition, we attempt to protect the secrecy of our proprietary databases and other trade secrets and proprietary information through agreements with employees and consultants.
We also seek to protect the source code of our proprietary ICONS legacy code conversion tools suite as trade secrets. The copyright protection accorded to databases, however, is fairly limited. While the arrangement and selection of data can be protected, the actual data is not, and others are free to create software performing the same function. We believe, however, that the creation of competing databases would be very time consuming and costly.
Employees
As of December 31, 2016, we employed 20 full-time and 5 part-time individuals. In addition, we maintained subcontractor relationships with companies and individuals that add 9 individuals for professional information technology services. Approximately 99% of our professional employees have at least four years of related experience. For computer related services, we believe that the diverse professional opportunities and interaction among our employees contribute to maintaining a stable professional staff with limited turnover.
We have no collective bargaining agreements or other such labor contracts with our employees and believe that our employee relationships are satisfactory. In the long-term, management will likely hire additional staff to meet its anticipated growth requirements. We do not anticipate encountering material problems in our ability to hire individuals with the requisite employee skill sets, despite a competitive market for our requisite technical skill sets and government clearances, when required. We utilize fee-based recruiting firms when it is necessary to speed up the process of locating and hiring employees with specialized skill sets and clearances.
Available Information
We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Our website address is www.infoa.com.
Item 1A.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks, some of which are beyond our control. This discussion highlights some of the risks which may affect future operating results. These are the risks and uncertainties we believe are most important for you to consider. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us which we currently deem immaterial or which are similar to those faced by other companies in our industry or business in general, may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition and operating results would likely suffer.
Changes in the funding priorities of the U.S. federal government, and changes in the way the U.S. federal government contracts with businesses, may materially and adversely affect our revenue and earnings.
Since the U.S. federal government is our largest customer, both directly and with us as a subcontractor, changes in the funding priorities of the U.S. federal government may materially and adversely affect us if funding is cut or shifted away from the information technology services that we are equipped to provide. Additionally, changes in the way the government awards contracts may create a disadvantage for us to compete in certain markets.
U.S. federal government contracts are generally subject to terms more favorable to the customer than commercial contracts.
U.S. federal government contracts generally contain provisions and are subject to laws and regulations that give the federal government rights and remedies not typically found in commercial contracts, including provisions permitting the federal government to:
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terminate our existing contracts;
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reduce potential future income from our existing contracts;
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modify some of the terms and conditions in our existing contracts;
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suspend or permanently prohibit us from doing business with the federal government or with any specific government agency;
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impose fines and penalties;
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subject the award of some contracts to protest or challenge by competitors, which may require the contracting federal agency or department to suspend our performance pending the outcome of the protest or challenge and which may also require the government to solicit new proposals for the contract or result in the termination, reduction or modification of the awarded contract;
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suspend work under existing multiple year contracts and related task orders if the necessary funds are not appropriated by Congress;
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decline to exercise an option to extend an existing multiple year contract; and
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claim rights in technologies and systems invented, developed or produced by us.
The U.S. federal government may terminate a contract either “for convenience” (for instance, due to a change in its perceived needs or its desire to consolidate work under another contract) or if a default occurs by failing to perform under the contract. If the federal government terminates a contract for convenience, we generally would be entitled to recover only our incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on the work completed prior to termination. If the federal government terminates a contract based upon a default, we generally would be denied any recovery for undelivered work, and instead may be liable for excess costs incurred by the federal government in procuring undelivered items from an alternative source and other damages as authorized by law.
Failure to keep pace with a changing technological environment could negatively impact our business.
The computer industry in general, and the market for our application software offerings and services, is characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent new technology introductions, and significant competition. In order to keep pace with this rapidly changing market environment, we must continually develop and incorporate into our services new technological advances and features desired by the marketplace at acceptable prices. The successful development and commercialization of new services and technology involves many risks, including the identification of new opportunities, timely completion of the development process, the control and recovery of development and production costs and acceptance by customers of our products and services. If we are unsuccessful in identifying, developing and marketing our services and technology or adapting our business to rapid technological change, it will have a material negative impact on our results of operations.
We are subject to intense competition from other companies engaged in software development and computer related services.
The market for our products and services is competitive, rapidly evolving, and can be affected by new product introductions and other market activities of industry participants. Some of these companies have longer operating histories, greater financial, marketing and other resources, greater name recognition in other markets and a larger base of customers than IAI. In addition, some companies have well-established relationships with our current and prospective customers. As a result, these competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products and services than we can. Should we not be able to maintain our competitive advantages in light of these factors, it could have a material negative impact on our results of operations.
If we are unable to accurately estimate the cost of services and the timeline for completion of contracts, the profitability of our contracts may be materially and adversely affected.
Our commercial and federal government contracts are typically awarded on a competitive basis. Our bids are based upon, among other items, the cost to provide the services. To generate an acceptable return on our investment in these contracts we must be able to accurately estimate our costs to provide the services required by the contract and be able to complete the contracts in a timely manner. If we fail to accurately estimate our costs or the time required to complete a contract the profitability of our contracts may be materially and adversely affected.
Contracts on which we utilize subcontractors or suppliers may be adversely affected if our subcontractors or suppliers fail to perform required obligations under the contract.
We frequently utilize subcontract labor on contracts where we bid as partners, we lack a specific type of expertise, or where the subcontractor has brought the opportunity to us. If our subcontractors or suppliers fail to perform as specified, it may adversely affect our contracts and subject us to loss of the contracts, unintended expenses, and/or the inability to secure future contracts due to our nonperformance.
Our federal government contracts typically have terms of one or more base years and one or more option years. Federal governmental agencies generally have the right not to exercise options to extend a contract. A decision to terminate or not to exercise options to extend our existing contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent on key personnel to maintain our profitability and grow our business.
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on the continued services of our key personnel. A loss of certain key personnel, both managerial and technical, would most likely have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, competition for qualified technical personnel throughout the industry is significant and we may be unable to retain our current personnel or attract, integrate or retain other highly qualified personnel in the future. If we do not succeed in retaining our current personnel or in attracting and motivating new personnel, our business could be adversely affected.
We are dependent upon third-party software and software maintenance suppliers, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and lapses in support.
We obtain software licenses and related software maintenance contracts for resale from third-party suppliers. Any delay in our suppliers’ fulfillment of our orders could impair our ability to deliver products and maintenance to customers and, accordingly, could have a material adverse effect on business, results of operations, financial condition, and reputation.
Changes in the economic health of our largest non U.S. federal government customers could negatively impact our cash flow and earnings.
A few of our largest customers are non U.S. federal government customers. Should one or more of these customers experience economic hardships, it could have a material impact on our financial performance and cash flows.
Failure to adequately integrate prospective new businesses or acquisitions could materially impact and disrupt our business.
We are seeking to expand our business and may acquire or make investments in companies or businesses offering complementary products, services and technologies in the future. Acquisitions and investments typically involve numerous risks including, but not limited to difficulties in integrating operations, technologies, services and personnel and diversion of financial and managerial resources from existing operations. To manage this prospective growth effectively, we may need to implement additional management information systems capabilities, further develop our operating, administrative, financial and accounting systems and controls, improve coordination among accounting, finance, marketing and operations and hire and train additional personnel. Should these prospective integrations prove more difficult and time consuming than anticipated, it could negatively impact our results of operations.
Fluctuations in our results of operations from period to period may cause fluctuations in our stock price.
Our financial results vary from quarter to quarter based on certain factors such as the timing of significant orders, contract funding approvals and contract completions, some of which are beyond our control. As a consequence, our quarterly and annual revenue and operating results may fluctuate from period to period, and period comparisons may therefore not be meaningful. Such fluctuations in the future could contribute to corresponding fluctuations in our stock price and in certain cases cause the trading price of our stock to decline.
The exercise of outstanding options to purchase our common stock could substantially dilute shareholders’ investments.
Under the terms of outstanding options to acquire our common stock issued to employees and others, the holders thereof are given an opportunity to profit from a rise in the market price of our common stock that, upon the exercise of such options, could result in dilution in the interests of our other shareholders.
Our business potential could be impacted by our failure to adequately protect our intellectual property.
Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our technologies, products, and processes, and our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of other parties. We may not be able to obtain copyright, patent or other protection for our proprietary technologies or for certain processes developed by our employees. Legal standards relating to intellectual property rights in computer software are still developing and this area of the law is evolving with new technologies. Any copyrights, patents or other registrations may not sufficiently protect us against competitors with similar technology. In addition, our intellectual property rights may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented. Our intellectual property rights do not guarantee any competitive advantage. Because our success in part relies upon our technologies, if proper protection is not available or can be circumvented, our business may be negatively impacted.
There is a limited public market for our common stock.
Our common stock is presently quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the symbol “IAIC”, and the securities are traded through broker-dealers. Because our stock trades on the OTC Bulletin Board rather than on a national securities exchange, a shareholder may find it difficult to either dispose of or obtain quotations as to the price of our common stock. There has historically been a low trading volume of our shares which may have an adverse impact on a shareholder’s ability to execute transactions of our shares.
Item 1B.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
The information required by this Item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.
Item 2.
Item 2. Properties
Our offices are located at 11240 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030. We hold a lease for 4,434 square feet. This lease expires on May 31, 2017. We believe that our current facility is suitable and adequate to meet our current needs, and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate expansion of our operations.
Item 3.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
There are presently no pending legal proceedings to which we are a party or to which any of our property is subject and, to the best of our knowledge, no such actions against us are contemplated or threatened.
Item 4.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer
Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our Common Stock trades on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board under the symbol IAIC. The following table sets forth, for the fiscal periods indicated, the high and low bid prices of the Common Stock:
The quotations on which the above data are based reflect inter-dealer prices without adjustment for retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.
Because our stock trades on the OTC Bulletin Board rather than on a national securities exchange, a shareholder may find it difficult to either dispose of or obtain quotations as to the price of our common stock. There has historically been a low trading volume of our shares which may have an adverse impact on a shareholder’s ability to execute transactions of our shares.
Holders
As of December 31, 2016, we had 106 holders of record of our Common Stock.
Dividends
We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends within the foreseeable future. Our management anticipates that all earnings, if any, will be retained for development of our business. Any future dividends will be subject to the discretion of the board of directors and will depend on, among other things, future earnings, our operating and financial condition, our capital requirements and general business conditions.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table contains information regarding securities authorized and available for issuance under our equity compensation plans for certain employees, directors, and consultants.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
1 The Company has a stock incentive plan, which became effective June 1, 2016, and expires April 4, 2066 (the “2016 Plan”). The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of equity awards to employees and directors. The maximum number of shares for which equity awards may be granted under the 2016 Plan is 1,000,000. Options granted under the 2016 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant or 90 days after employment ceases, whichever comes first, and vest over periods determined by the Board of Directors.
2 The Company had a stock incentive plan, which became effective May 18, 2006, and expired April 12, 2016 (the “2006 Plan”). The 2006 Plan provided for the granting of equity awards to employees and directors. Options granted under the 2006 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant or 90 days after employment ceases, whichever comes first, and vest over periods determined by the Board of Directors.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
We had no sales of unregistered securities during 2016 that have not been previously disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K or Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during 2016.
Item 6.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The information required by this Item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.
Item 7.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the attached financial statements and notes thereto. Reference is made to “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 1 hereof, which describes important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expectations and non-historical information contained herein.
Overview
In 2016, we had a net loss of $554,000. Our stockholders’ equity was $1,633,000 at December 31, 2016. Our gross profit decreased by $550,000, while total revenue increased $514,000. The revenue increase is due to increases in sales of software and related third party maintenance contracts, which generally offer lower margins than sales of professional services. Revenue from fees for professional services decreased $1,266,000, and software sales noted above increased $1,780,000. Gross profit decreased to 44.1% in 2016 from 45.3% in 2015 for professional services and decreased to 9.7% in 2016 from 16.8% in 2015 for software sales. Our expenses related to selling, general and administrative infrastructure increased 7.5%, due mostly to increases in non-billable labor costs, costs for bids and proposals, and increases in insurance costs, including health insurance.
Cash and cash equivalents decreased $273,000 due to operating losses sustained. We were able to operate throughout 2016 without borrowing against our line of credit.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, selected information from our Statements of Operations, expressed as a percentage of revenue:
2016 Compared to 2015
Revenue. Total revenue for 2016 increased $514,000, or 8.3%, to $6.73 million from $6.21 million in 2015. Revenue from professional services fees decreased $1,266,000 or 27.2%, to $3.39 million in 2016 from $4.66 million in 2015. The decrease in our revenue from professional services fees is primarily due to the completion of several projects that began in prior years, some of which ended in 2015 and some in 2016. One such contract which had defined deliverables accounted for $753,000 of this decrease. Revenue from software sales increased $1,780,000, or 114.4%, to $3.34 million in 2016 from $1.56 million in 2015. Software product and maintenance sales and commissions on registered sales are subject to considerable fluctuation from period to period, based on the product mix sold and customer demand. Revenue from software sales comprised 49.6% of total sales in 2016, compared to 25.0% of total sales in 2015.
Gross Profit. Gross profit decreased $550,000, or 23.2% in 2016 versus 2015. Gross profit on professional fees revenue is generally higher than gross profit on software sales, as software sales in 2016 and in 2015 were primarily sales of third party products and related third party maintenance contracts. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue decreased to 27.1% of revenue in 2016 from 38.2% of revenue in 2015. Gross profit from professional fees was $1,497,000, or 44.1% of professional fees revenue, in 2016 while gross profit from professional fees was $2,111,000, or 45.3% of professional fees revenue, in 2015. Gross profit from software sales was $325,000, or 9.7% of software sales revenue, in 2016 while gross profit from software sales was $261,000, or 16.8% of software sales revenue, in 2015. The modest increase in gross profit due to increases in software sales was not significant enough to offset the decreases in gross profit due to decreases in professional fees revenue.
Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense for 2016 increased $131,000 to $1.88 million, or 27.9% of revenue, from $1.75 million, or 28.1% of revenue, in 2015. The increase is due to increases in sales and administrative labor cost, costs for technical training of employees, costs associated with submitting bids and proposals, and increases in the costs of business insurance and employee health insurance, offset in part by decreases in overhead labor and temporary personnel.
Commission Expense. Commission expense in 2016 was $507,000, or 7.5% of revenue, versus $556,000, or 8.9% in 2015. Commission expenses vary with income generated from contracts sold by our commission-based sales associates.
Outlook. In January 2017, we began work on a new contract that is expected to add approximately $135,000 per month for up to three years to professional services revenue. In addition, we intend to aggressively pursue professional services opportunities under the DLA JETS contract awarded to IAI’s team as referenced in our Description of Business and Strategy section above.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), or other standard setting bodies that the Company adopts as of the specified effective date.
For a discussion of the accounting standards recently adopted or pending adoption and the affect such accounting changes will have on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity, see Note 1 to the financial statements.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our beginning cash and cash equivalents balance, when combined with our cash flow from operations, were sufficient to provide financing for our operations. For 2016, net cash used in operating and investing activities was $272,556. Our net cash used, when added to a beginning balance of $2,167,928, yielded cash and cash equivalents of $1,895,372 at December 31, 2016. Our accounts receivable balances decreased $140,642. Our accounts payable and accrued expenses balances collectively increased $251,257 due largely to the supplier cost of the software related to one late-2016 software sale. Our prepaid expenses and other current assets accounts increased $60,216, and our deferred revenue accounts increased $33,933. Our prepaid expenses and deferred revenue accounts are largely composed of the costs and revenue, respectively, of sales of software maintenance contracts for which we recognize the costs and revenue ratably over the life of the maintenance contract. We had no non-current liabilities at December 31, 2016.
We have a revolving line of credit with a bank providing for demand or short-term borrowings of up to $1,000,000. The line became effective December 20, 2005, and expires on May 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2016, we were in default of a covenant to maintain a minimum tangible net worth of $1,800,000. Our bank has issued a waiver of the default through the expiration of the current term of the line of credit. At that time the bank will review our balance sheets and results of operations for 2017. We anticipate the bank will renew our line of credit with some adjustment to terms, covenants, or both, but we can provide no assurance that the bank will indeed renew the line of credit nor renew it under terms we deem favorable. As of December 31, 2016, no amounts were outstanding under this line of credit. We did not borrow against this line of credit in 2016.
Based on our current cash position and operating plan, we anticipate that we will be able to meet our cash requirements beyond twelve months from the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We presently lease our corporate offices on a contractual basis with certain timeframe commitments and obligations. We believe that our existing offices will be sufficient to meet our foreseeable facility requirement. Should we need additional space to accommodate increased activities, management believes we can secure such additional space on reasonable terms.
We have no material commitments for capital expenditures.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off balance sheet arrangements that have or are likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, or changes in financial condition, liquidity or capital resources or expenditures.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our accompanying financial statements. We consider the accounting policies related to revenue recognition to be critical to the understanding of our results of operations. Our critical accounting policies also include the areas where we have made what we consider to be particularly difficult, subjective or complex judgments in making estimates, and where these estimates can significantly impact our financial results under different assumptions and conditions. We prepare our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As such, we are required to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are reasonable based upon the information available. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Actual results could be different from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The Company earns revenue from both professional services and sales of software and related support. The Company recognizes revenue when a contract has been executed, the contract price is fixed and determinable, delivery of services or products has occurred, and collectability of the contract price is considered probable and can be reasonably estimated. Revenue from professional services is earned under time and materials and fixed-price contracts. For sales of third-party software products, revenue is recognized upon product delivery, with any maintenance related revenues recognized ratably over the maintenance period.
Revenue on time and materials contracts is recognized based on direct labor hours expended at contract billing rates and adding other billable direct costs.
For fixed-price contracts that are based on unit pricing, the Company recognizes revenue for the number of units delivered in any given reporting period.
For fixed-price contracts in which the Company is paid a specific amount to be available to provide a particular service for a stated period of time, revenue is recognized ratably over the service period. The Company applies this method of revenue recognition to renewals of maintenance contracts on third-party software sales from prior years and to separable maintenance elements of sales of third-party software that include fixed terms of maintenance, such as Adobe and Micro Focus software, for which the Company is responsible for “first line support” to the customer and for serving as a liaison between the customer and the third-party maintenance provider for issues the Company is unable to resolve.
The Company reports revenue on both gross and net bases on a transaction by transaction analysis using authoritative guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”). The Company considers the following factors to determine the gross versus net presentation: if the Company (i) acts as principal in the transaction; (ii) takes title to the products; (iii) has risks and rewards of ownership, such as the risk of loss for collection, delivery or return; and (iv) acts as an agent or broker (including performing services, in substance, as an agent or broker) with compensation on a commission or fee basis. Generally, sales of third-party software products such as Adobe and Micro Focus products are reported on a gross basis with the Company acting as the principal in these arrangements. This determination is based on the following: 1) the Company has inventory risk as suppliers are not obligated to accept returns, 2) the Company has reasonable latitude, within economic constraints, in establishing price, 3) the Company, in its marketing efforts, frequently aids the customer in determining product specifications, 4) the Company has physical loss and inventory risk as title transfers at the shipping point, 5) the Company bears full credit risk, and 6) the amount the Company earns in the transaction is neither a fixed dollar amount nor a fixed percentage. Generally, revenue derived for facilitating a sales transaction of Adobe products in which a customer introduced by the Company makes a purchase directly from the Company’s supplier or another designated reseller is recognized net when the commission payment is received since the Company is merely acting as an agent in these arrangements. Since the Company is not a direct party in the sales transaction, payment by the supplier is the Company’s confirmation that the sale occurred.
For software and software-related multiple element arrangements, the Company must: (1) determine whether and when each element has been delivered; (2) determine whether undelivered products or services are essential to the functionality of the delivered products and services; (3) determine the fair value of each undelivered element using vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE"), and (4) allocate the total price among the various elements. Changes in assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in a software arrangement could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that the Company reports in a particular period.
The Company determines VSOE for each element based on historical stand-alone sales to third parties or from the stated renewal rate for the elements contained in the initial arrangement. The Company has established VSOE for its third-party software maintenance and support services.
The Company’s contracts with agencies of the U.S. federal government are subject to periodic funding by the respective contracting agency. Funding for a contract may be provided in full at inception of the contract, ratably throughout the contract as the services are provided, or subject to funds made available incrementally by legislators. In evaluating the probability of funding for purposes of assessing collectability of the contract price, the Company considers its previous experiences with its customers, communications with its customers regarding funding status, and the Company’s knowledge of available funding for the contract or program. If funding is not assessed as probable, revenue recognition is deferred until realization is deemed probable.
Payments received in advance of services performed are recorded and reported as deferred revenue. Services performed prior to invoicing customers are recorded as unbilled accounts receivable and are presented on the Company’s balance sheets in the aggregate with accounts receivable.
Effects of Inflation
In the opinion of management, inflation has not had a material effect on our operations.
Item 7a.
Item 7a. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The information required by this Item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Information Analysis Incorporated
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Information Analysis Incorporated (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended. Information Analysis Incorporated’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Information Analysis Incorporated as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United Stated of America.
/s/ CohnReznick LLP
Tysons, Virginia
March 31, 2017
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
BALANCE SHEETS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND
COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Operations
Information Analysis Incorporated (“the Company”) was incorporated under the corporate laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1979 to develop and market computer applications software systems, programming services, and related software products and automation systems. The Company provides services to customers throughout the United States, with a concentration in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition
The Company earns revenue from both professional services and sales of software and related support. The Company recognizes revenue when a contract has been executed, the contract price is fixed and determinable, delivery of services or products has occurred, and collectability of the contract price is considered probable and can be reasonably estimated. Revenue from professional services is earned under time and materials and fixed-price contracts. For sales of third-party software products, revenue is recognized upon product delivery, with any maintenance related revenues recognized ratably over the maintenance period.
Revenue on time and materials contracts is recognized based on direct labor hours expended at contract billing rates and adding other billable direct costs.
For fixed-price contracts that are based on unit pricing, the Company recognizes revenue for the number of units delivered in any given reporting period.
For fixed-price contracts in which the Company is paid a specific amount to be available to provide a particular service for a stated period of time, revenue is recognized ratably over the service period. The Company applies this method of revenue recognition to renewals of maintenance contracts on third-party software sales and to separable maintenance elements of sales of third-party software that include fixed terms of maintenance, such as Adobe and Micro Focus software, for which the Company is responsible for “first line support” to the customer and for serving as a liaison between the customer and the third-party maintenance provider for issues the Company is unable to resolve.
The Company reports revenue on both gross and net bases on a transaction by transaction analysis using authoritative guidance issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”). The Company considers the following factors to determine the gross versus net presentation: if the Company (i) acts as principal in the transaction; (ii) takes title to the products; (iii) has risks and rewards of ownership, such as the risk of loss for collection, delivery or return; and (iv) acts as an agent or broker (including performing services, in substance, as an agent or broker) with compensation on a commission or fee basis. Generally, sales of third-party software products such as Adobe and Micro Focus products are reported on a gross basis with the Company acting as the principal in these arrangements. This determination is based on the following: 1) the Company has inventory risk as suppliers are not obligated to accept returns, 2) the Company has reasonable latitude, within economic constraints, in establishing price, 3) the Company, in its marketing efforts, frequently aids the customer in determining product specifications, 4) the Company has physical loss and inventory risk as title transfers at the shipping point, 5) the Company bears full credit risk, and 6) the amount the Company earns in the transaction is neither a fixed dollar amount nor a fixed percentage. Generally, revenue derived for facilitating a sales transaction of Adobe products in which a customer introduced by the Company makes a purchase directly from the Company’s supplier or another designated reseller is recognized net when the commission payment is received since the Company is merely acting as an agent in these arrangements. Since the Company is not a direct party in the sales transaction, payment by the supplier is the Company’s confirmation that the sale occurred.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For software and software-related multiple element arrangements, the Company must: (1) determine whether and when each element has been delivered; (2) determine whether undelivered products or services are essential to the functionality of the delivered products and services; (3) determine the fair value of each undelivered element using vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE"), and (4) allocate the total price among the various elements. Changes in assumptions or judgments or changes to the elements in a software arrangement could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that the Company reports in a particular period.
The Company determines VSOE for each element based on historical stand-alone sales to third parties or from the stated renewal rate for the elements contained in the initial arrangement. The Company has established VSOE for its third-party software maintenance and support services.
The Company’s contracts with agencies of the U.S. federal government are subject to periodic funding by the respective contracting agency. Funding for a contract may be provided in full at inception of the contract, ratably throughout the contract as the services are provided, or subject to funds made available incrementally by legislators. In evaluating the probability of funding for purposes of assessing collectability of the contract price, the Company considers its previous experiences with its customers, communications with its customers regarding funding status, and the Company’s knowledge of available funding for the contract or program. If funding is not assessed as probable, revenue recognition is deferred until realization is deemed probable.
Payments received in advance of services performed are recorded and reported as deferred revenue. Services performed prior to invoicing customers are recorded as unbilled accounts receivable and are presented on the Company’s balance sheets in the aggregate with accounts receivable.
Prompt payment discounts taken and expected to be taken by customers in conjunction with orders received under the Company’s General Services Administration Multiple Award Schedule (“GSA Schedule”) are reflected as a reduction in the the Company’s revenue.
Segment Reporting
The Company has concluded that it operates in one business segment, providing products and services to modernize client information systems.
Government Contracts
The Company believes there is minimal risk of an audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency resulting in a material misstatement of previously reported financial statements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of ninety days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Deposits are maintained with a federally insured bank. Balances at times exceed federally insured limits, but management does not consider this to be a significant concentration of credit risk.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable consist of trade accounts receivable and do not bear interest. The Company typically does not require collateral from its customers. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Accounts with receivable balances past due over 90 days are reviewed individually for collectability. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers. The Company has recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0 at December 31, 2016 and 2015. Prompt payment discounts offered and expected to be taken by customers in conjunction with orders received under the Company’s GSA Schedule are reflected as a reduction in the the Company’s accounts receivable.
Notes Receivable
The Company has outstanding notes receivable and accrued interest from two non-officer employees at December 31, 2016. The first bears interest at 3.5% and is payable semi-monthly in 36 installments through August 10, 2017. The second bears interest at 3.5% and is payable semi-monthly in 36 installments through September 22, 2017.
The Company forgave a note receivable from a non-officer employee during 2015 in the amount of $7,863. There were no notes receivable outstanding at December 31, 2015.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over the lesser of the useful life or five years, off-the-shelf software is depreciated over the lesser of three years or the term of the license, custom software is depreciated over the least of five years, the useful life, or the term of the license, and computer equipment is depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the estimated term of the lease or the estimated life of the improvement, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and minor repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions are recorded in operations.
Stock-Based Compensation
At December 31, 2016, the Company had the stock-based compensation plans described in Note 9 below. Total compensation expense related to these plans was $9,010 and $8,465 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company estimates the fair value of options granted using a Black-Scholes valuation model to establish the expense. When stock-based compensation is awarded to employees, the expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period. When stock-based compensation is awarded to non-employees, the expense is recognized over the period of performance.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured by applying enacted tax rates and laws for the taxable years in which those differences are expected to reverse. In addition, a valuation allowance is required to be recognized if it is believed more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be fully realized. Authoritative guidance prescribes a recognition threshold of more likely than not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return, in order for those positions to be recognized in the financial statements. The Company continually reviews tax laws, regulations and related guidance in order to properly record any uncertain tax liabilities.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Earnings Per Share
The Company’s earnings per share calculations are based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. The dilutive effect of stock options, warrants and other equity instruments are included for purposes of calculating diluted earnings per share, except for periods when the Company reports a net loss, in which case the inclusion of such equity instruments would be antidilutive. 27,568 shares representing the dilutive effect of stock options were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2016, due to the net loss reported for the period. 108,627 shares representing the dilutive effect of stock options were included in diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Concentration of Credit Risk
In the year ended December 31, 2016, our prime contracts with U.S. government agencies generated 75.0% of our revenue, subcontracts under federal procurements generated 12.0% of our revenue, and 13.0% of our revenue came from commercial contracts. The terms of these contracts and subcontracts vary from single transactions to five years. Within this group of prime contracts with U.S. government agencies, three individual contracts generated 19.5%, 10.3% and 9.0% of our revenue, respectively. One commercial customer generated 8.3% of our revenue.
In the year ended December 31, 2015, our prime contracts with U.S. government agencies generated 62.5% of our revenue, subcontracts under federal procurements generated 23.5% of our revenue, 13.8% of our revenue came from commercial contracts, and 0.2% of our revenue came from state and local government contracts. The terms of these contracts and subcontracts varied from single transactions to five years. Within this group of prime contracts with U.S. government agencies, two contracts generated 19.9% and 17.7% of our revenue, respectively. One customer under which we subcontract for multiple U.S. government agencies accounted for 12.5% of our revenue. One commercial customer accounted for 10.3% of our revenue.
The Company sold third party software and maintenance contracts under agreements with two major suppliers. These sales accounted for 49.6% of total revenue in 2016 and 25.0% of revenue in 2015.
At December 31, 2016, the Company’s accounts receivable included receivables from prime contracts with two U.S. government agencies that represented 39.1% and 30.0% of the Company’s outstanding accounts receivable, respectively.
At December 31, 2015, the Company’s accounts receivable included receivables from prime contracts with two U.S. government agencies that represented 27.8% and 18.7% of the Company’s outstanding accounts receivable, respectively, and receivables from two customers based on subcontracts under federal procurements that represented 11.7% and 10.6%, respectively, of the Company’s outstanding accounts receivable.
Related Party Transactions
The Company’s Director of Human Resources is the spouse of the Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, she earned $133,309 and $124,647, respectively, as an employee of the Company.
Mark T. Krial, a member of the Company's Board of Directors (joined in April 2016), currently serves as president of Marathon TS, Inc. (“Marathon”), an IT and professional services firm which serves the federal government and commercial markets. Revenues from Marathon totaled approximately $11,000 and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), or other standard setting bodies that the Company adopts as of the specified effective date.
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)" (“ASU 2014-09”). This new standard will supercede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The core principle of the ASU is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of goods or services equal to the amount it expects to receive for those goods and services. The standard defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP, including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The standard allows entities to apply either of two adoption methods: (a) retrospective application to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within ASU 2014-09; or (b) retrospective application with the cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures as defined per ASU 2014-09. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Topic 606” ("ASU 2015-14"), which defers the effective date for ASU 2014-09 to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this new standard on its financial statements and the method of adoption.
There have been three new ASUs issued amending certain aspects of ASU 2014-09. ASU 2016-08, "Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross Versus Net)," was issued in March 2016 to clarify certain aspects of the principal versus agent guidance in ASU 2014-09. In addition, ASU 2016-10, "Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing" issued in April 2016, amends other sections of ASU 2014-09 including clarifying guidance related to identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation. Finally, ASU 2016-12, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients" provides amendments and practical expedients to the guidance in ASU 2014-09 in the areas of assessing collectability, presentation of sales taxes received from customers, noncash consideration, contract modification and clarification of using the full retrospective approach to adopt ASU 2014-09. With its evaluation of the impact of ASU 2014-09, the Company will also consider the impact related to the updated guidance provided by these three new ASUs.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases: Topic 842,” which provided updated guidance on lease accounting. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that annual period, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this new standard on its financial statements.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting” (“ASU 2016-09”), which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. Amendments related to the timing of when excess tax benefits are recognized, minimum statutory withholding requirements, forfeitures, and intrinsic value should be applied using a modified retrospective transition method by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the period in which the guidance is adopted. Amendments related to the presentation of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares to meet the minimum statutory withholding requirement should be applied retrospectively. Amendments requiring recognition of excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement and the practical expedient for estimating expected term should be applied prospectively. An entity may elect to apply the amendments related to the presentation of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows using either a prospective transition method or a retrospective transition method. The Company is required to adopt ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017, and does not believe the adoption will have a material effect on its financial statements.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
2.
Receivables
Accounts receivable at December 31, 2016 and 2015, consist of the following:
Billed receivables from the federal government include amounts due from both prime contracts and subcontracts where the federal government is the end customer. Unbilled receivables are for services provided through the balance sheet date that are expected to be billed and collected within one year.
3.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following:
●
Level 1-Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
●
Level 2-Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
●
Level 3-Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table represents the fair value hierarchy for our financial assets (cash equivalents) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Money market funds are highly liquid investments. The pricing information on these investment instruments are readily available and can be independently validated as of the measurement date. This approach results in the classification of these securities as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
The carrying amount of financial instruments such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate the related fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
4.
Fixed Assets
A summary of fixed assets and equipment at December 31, 2016 and 2015, consist of the following:
Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, was $28,258 and $29,866, respectively.
5.
Revolving Line of Credit
On December 20, 2005, the Company entered into a revolving line of credit agreement with TD Bank providing for demand or short-term borrowings up to $1,000,000. The credit agreement includes an interest rate indexed to 3.00% above the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration Ltd. London Interbank Offered Rate (“ICE LIBOR”). The line of credit will next expire on May 31, 2017. The draws against the line are limited by varying percentages of the Company’s eligible accounts receivable. The draw limit at December 31, 2016 was $650,597. The bank is granted a security interest in all company assets if there are borrowings under the line of credit. Interest on outstanding balances is payable monthly. The effective rate at December 31, 2016 was 3.744%. At December 31, 2015, the effective rate was 3.40%.
The bank has a first priority security interest in the Company’s receivables and a direct assignment of its U.S. federal government contracts. Under the line of credit agreement, the Company is bound by certain covenants, including maintaining a minimum tangible net worth and producing a number of periodic financial reports for the benefit of the bank. As of December 31, 2016, the Company was in default of the minimum tangible net worth covenant. The bank issued a waiver of the default through the expiration of the current term of the line of credit. There was no outstanding balance on the line of credit at December 31, 2016 or 2015.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
6.
Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
The Company leases facilities under long-term operating lease agreements through May 2021. Rent expense was $99,994 and $100,914 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The future minimum rental payments to be made under long-term operating leases are as follows:
The above minimum lease payments reflect the base rent under the lease agreements. However, these base rents can be adjusted each year to reflect the Company’s proportionate share of increases in the building’s operating costs and the Company’s proportionate share of real estate tax increases on the leased property.
7.
Income Taxes
The tax effects of significant temporary differences representing deferred tax assets at
December 31, 2016 and 2015, are as follows:
The provision for income taxes is at an effective rate different from the federal statutory rate due principally to the following:
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 consists of the following:
The Company has recorded a valuation allowance to the full extent of its currently available net deferred tax assets which the Company determined to be not more-likely-than-not realizable. The Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $15.0 million, which expire, if unused, between the years 2017 and 2036.
The Company may have been deemed to have experienced changes in ownership which may impose limitations on its ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. However, as the deferred tax asset is fully offset by a valuation allowance, the Company has not yet conducted a Section 382 study to determine the extent of any such limitations.
The Company has analyzed its income tax positions using the criteria required by U.S. GAAP and concluded that as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, it has no material uncertain tax positions and no interest or penalties have been accrued. The Company has elected to recognize any estimated penalties and interest on its income tax liabilities as a component of its provision for income taxes.
The income tax returns of the Company for 2013, 2014, and 2015 are subject to examination by income taxing authorities, generally for three years after each was filed.
8.
Retirement Plans
The Company has a Cash or Deferred Arrangement Agreement (“CODA”), which satisfies the requirements of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. This defined contribution retirement plan covers substantially all employees. Participants can elect to have up to the maximum percentage allowable of their salaries reduced and contributed to the plan. The Company may make matching contributions equal to a discretionary percentage of the participants’ elective deferrals. In 2016 and in 2015, the Company matched 25% of the first 6% of the participants’ elective deferrals. The balance of funds forfeited by former employees from unvested employer matching contribution accounts may be used to offset current and future employer matching contributions. The Company may also make additional contributions to all eligible employees at its discretion. The Company did not make additional contributions during 2016 or 2015. Expenses for matching contributions for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $27,463 and $27,685, respectively.
9.
Stock Options and Warrants
During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company had two stock-based compensation plans. The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan was adopted in 2006 (“2006 Plan”) and had options granted under it through April 12, 2016. On June 1, 2016, the shareholders ratified the IAI 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (“2016 Plan”), which had been approved by the Board of Directors on April 4, 2016.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company recognizes compensation costs only for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. Generally such options vest over periods of six months to two years. The fair values of option awards granted in 2016 and 2015 were estimated using the Black-Sholes option pricing model under the following assumptions:
2016 Stock Incentive Plan
The 2016 Plan became effective June 1, 2016, and expires April 4, 2026. The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of equity awards to key employees, including officers and directors. The maximum number of shares for which equity awards may be granted under the 2016 Plan is 1,000,000. Options under the 2016 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant or when employment ceases, whichever comes first, and vest over periods determined by the Board of Directors. The minimum exercise price of each option is the quoted market price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. At December 31, 2016, there were no options yet issued under the 2016 Plan.
2006 Stock Incentive Plan
The 2006 Plan became effective May 18, 2006, and expired April 12, 2016. The 2006 Plan provides for the granting of equity awards to key employees, including officers and directors. The maximum number of shares for which equity awards could be granted under the 2006 Plan was 1,950,000. Options under the 2006 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant or when employment ceases, whichever comes first, and vest over periods determined by the Board of Directors. There were 1,268,000 and 1,193,000 unexpired exercisable options remaining from the 2006 Plan at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The status of the options issued under the foregoing option plans as of December 31, 2016, and changes during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, were as follows:
The following table summarizes information about options at December 31, 2016:
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Nonvested stock option awards as of December 31, 2016, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2016, were as follows:
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, unrecognized compensation cost associated with non-vested share based employee and non-employee compensation totaled $697 and $6,594, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 6 months and 5 months, respectively.
10.
(Loss) Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock, except for periods when the Company reports a net loss because the inclusion of such items would be antidilutive.
The following is a reconciliation of the amounts used in calculating basic and diluted net loss per common share.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS INCORPORATED
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
11.
Financial Statement Captions
The following table summarizes the Company’s prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
The following table summarizes the Company’s other current liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
During the last two years, for which financial statements are presented herein, there have been no changes in or disagreements with our independent registered accountants on accounting and financial disclosures.
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Office and Chief Financial Officer, and people performing similar functions, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period reported in this annual report (the “Evaluation Date”). Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Office and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that such information required to be disclosed was accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the Evaluation Date, based on the criteria for effective internal control described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the Evaluation Date.
This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm.
This report shall not be deemed to be filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, and is not incorporated by reference into any filing of Information Analysis Incorporated, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
(The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the corresponding sections and subsections of our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act with respect to our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.)
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
(The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the corresponding sections and subsections of our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act with respect to our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.)
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
(The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the corresponding sections and subsections of our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act with respect to our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.)
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
(The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the corresponding sections and subsections of our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act with respect to our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.)
Item 14.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
(The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from the corresponding sections and subsections of our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act with respect to our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.)
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)
(1) Financial Statements
(as presented in Item 8 of this Annual Report) Page
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Sandor Rosenberg and Richard S. DeRose, jointly and severally, his attorney-in-fact, each with the full power of substitution, for such person, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might do or could do in person hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his substitute, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Sandor Rosenberg
Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President
March 31, 2017
Sandor Rosenberg
/s/ Mark T. Krial
Director
March 31, 2017
Mark T. Krial
/s/ Charles A. May
Director
March 31, 2017
Charles A. May
/s/ William Pickle
Director
March 31, 2017
William Pickle
/s/ Bonnie K. Wachtel
Director
March 31,
Bonnie K. Wachtel
/s/ James D. Wester
Director
March 31,
James D. Wester
/s/ Richard S. DeRose
Director
March 31,
Richard S. DeRose
/s/ Matthew T. Sands
Director
March 31,
Matthew T. Sands
Exhibit Index