I'm interested in brain stimulation methods used in research. Can you tell me about Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as described on the Department of Experimental Psychology's website? For each, provide its full name, a brief description of how it works, and its primary applications or research uses within the department.
Navigate to 'https://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/' Click on the 'Research' link in the main navigation. On the 'Research' page, click on the 'Tools' link. Click on the 'What is tDCS?' link. Extract the full name, description of how it works (mechanism), and its primary applications/research uses. Go back to the 'Tools' page. Click on the 'What is TMS?' link. Extract the full name, description of how it works (mechanism), and its primary applications/research uses. Synthesize the extracted information for both tDCS and TMS.
State the full name for tDCS as 'Transcranial direct current stimulation'. Describe tDCS as a non-invasive technique that stimulates the brain by applying electrical currents, noting its neuromodulatory effects (increasing/decreasing excitability) and its use in enhancing learning or investigating speech problems (e.g., developmental stuttering, aphasia). State the full name for TMS as 'Transcranial magnetic stimulation'. Describe TMS as a non-invasive technique that stimulates brain function by generating a rapidly changing magnetic field to induce a weak current in brain tissue, noting its use in assessing brain activity fluctuations or inducing temporary changes in function, particularly for investigating the motor cortex's role in speech perception. Provide a clear, synthesized explanation covering both techniques.