On the Department of Experimental Psychology's website, explain what tDCS and TMS are. For each method, provide its full name, a brief description of how it works, and its primary applications or research uses within the department.
Navigate to 'https://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/' Locate and click on the 'Research' section or link. Within the 'Research' section, locate and click on the 'Tools' link. Click on the 'What is tDCS?' link. Extract the full name and a description of tDCS, including its mechanism and applications. Go back to the 'Tools' page. Click on the 'What is TMS?' link. Extract the full name and a description of TMS, including its mechanism and applications. Synthesize the extracted information for both techniques.
State the full name for tDCS as 'Transcranial direct current stimulation'. Describe tDCS as a non-invasive technique that stimulates the brain by applying electrical currents, noting its neuromodulatory effects (increasing/decreasing excitability) and its use in enhancing learning or investigating speech problems. State the full name for TMS as 'Transcranial magnetic stimulation'. Describe TMS as a non-invasive technique that stimulates brain function by generating a rapidly changing magnetic field to induce a weak current in brain tissue, noting its use in assessing brain activity fluctuations or inducing temporary changes in function, particularly for investigating the motor cortex's role in speech perception. Provide a clear, synthesized explanation covering both techniques.