the poem of which the following pages offer a prose rendering is contained in a ms believed to be unique of the cottonian collection nero a x preserved in the british museum the ms is of the end of the fourteenth century but it is possible that the composition of the poem is somewhat earlier the subject matter is certainly of very old date there has been a considerable divergence of opinion among scholars on the question of authorship but the view now generally accepted is that it is the work of the same hand as pearl another poem of considerable merit contained in the same ms our poem or to speak more correctly metrical romance contains over 2500 lines and is composed in staves of varying length ending in five short rhyming lines technically known as a bob and a wheel the lines forming the body of the stave being not rhyming but alliterative the dialect in which it is written has been decided to be west midland probably lancashire and is by no means easy to understand indeed it is the real difficulty and obscurity of the language which in spite of careful and scholarly editing will always place the poem in its original form outside the range of any but professed students of medival literature which has encouraged me to make an attempt to render it more accessible to the general public by giving it a form that shall be easily intelligible and at the same time preserve as closely as possible the style of the author for that style in spite of a certain roughness unavoidable at a period in which the language was still in a partially developed and amorphous stage is really charming the author has a keen eye for effect a talent for description detailed without becoming wearisome a genuine love of nature and sympathy with her varying moods and a real refinement and elevation of feeling which enable him to deal with a risqu situation with an absence of coarseness not unfortunately to be always met with in a medival writer standards of taste vary with the age but even judged by that of our own day the author of sir gawain and the green knight comes not all too badly out of the ordeal the story with which the poem deals too has claims upon our interest i have shown elsewhere 1 that the beheading challenge is an incident of very early occurrence in heroic legend and that the particular form given to it in the english poem is especially interesting corresponding as it does to the variations of the story as preserved in the oldest known version that of the old irish fled bricrend but in no other version is the incident coupled with that of a temptation and testing of the hero s honour and chastity such as meets us here at first sight one is inclined to assign the episode of the lady of the castle to the class of stories of which the oldest version is preserved in biblical recordthe story of joseph and potiphar s wife a motif not unseldom employed by medival writers and which notably occurs in what we may call the launfal group of stories but there are certain points which may make us hesitate as to whether in its first conception the tale was really one of this class it must be noted that here the lady is acting throughout with the knowledge and consent of the husband an important point of difference in the second place it is very doubtful whether her entire attitude was not a ruse from the green knight s words to gawain when he finally reveals himself i wot we shall soon make peace with my wife who was thy bitter enemy her conduct hardly seems to have been prompted by real passion in my studies on the legend of sir gawain already referred to i have suggested that the character of the lady here is perhaps a reminiscence of that of the queen of the magic castle or isle daughter or niece of an enchanter who at an early stage of gawain s story was undoubtedly his love i think it not impossible that she was an integral part of the tale as first told and her rle here was determined by that which she originally played in most versions of the story she has dropped out altogether it is of course possible that there being but a confused reminiscence of the original tale her share may have been modified by the influence of the launfal group but i should prefer to explain the episode on the whole as a somewhat distorted survival of an original feature but in any case we may be thankful for this that the author of the most important english metrical romance dealing with arthurian legend faithfully adheres to the original conception of gawain s character as drawn before the monkish lovers of edification laid their ruthless hands on his legend and turned the model of knightly virtues and courtesy into a mere vulgar libertine brave chivalrous loyally faithful to his plighted word scrupulously heedful of his own and others honour gawain stands before us in this poem we take up malory or tennyson and in spite of their charm of style in spite of the halo of religious mysticism in which they have striven to enwrap their characters we lay them down with a feeling of dissatisfaction how did the gawain of their imagination this empty headed empty hearted worldling cruel murderer and treacherous friend ever come to be the typical english hero for such gawain certainly was even more than arthur himself then we turn back to these faded pages and read the quaintly earnest words in which the old writer reveals the hidden meaning of that mystic symbol the pentangle and vindicates gawain s title to claim it as his badgeand we smile perhaps but we cease to wonder at the widespread popularity of king arthur s famous nephew or at the immense body of romance that claims him as its hero scholars know all this of course they can read the poem for themselves in its original rough and intricate phraseology perhaps they will be shocked at an attempt to handle it in simpler form but this little book is not for them and if to those to whom the tale would otherwise be a sealed treasure these pages bring some new knowledge of the way in which our forefathers looked on the characters of the arthurian legend the tales they told of them if by that means they gain a keener appreciation of our national heroes a wider knowledge of our national literature then the spirit of the long dead poet will doubtless not be the slowest to pardon my handling of what was his masterpiece as it is in m gaston paris words the jewel of english medival literature bournemouth june 1898 preface to second edition in preparing this second edition i have adopted certain suggestions of the late professor klbing contained in a review published by him in englische studien xxvi in one or two instances however i have not felt free to follow his readinge g on page 67 in rynne sye must certainly mean for the third time not thrice the lady has already kissed gawain twice during the interview professor klbing s suggestion would make him receive five kisses instead of three the correct number nor do i think the story would gain anything by reproducing the details of the dissection of animals on page 46 this little series is not intended for scholars who can study the original works for themselves but for the general public and i have therefore avoided any digression from the main thread of the story in the main however i have gladly availed myself of the late professor s learned criticisms bournemouth may 1900 sir gawain and the green knight after the siege and the assault of troy when that burg was destroyed and burnt to ashes and the traitor tried for his treason the noble neas and his kin sailed forth to become princes and patrons of well nigh all the western isles thus romulus built rome and ticius turned him to tuscany and langobard raised him up dwellings in lombardy and felix brutus sailed far over the french flood and founded the kingdom of britain wherein have been war and waste and wonder and bliss and bale ofttimes since and in that kingdom of britain have been wrought more gallant deeds than in any other but of all british kings arthur was the most valiant as i have heard tell therefore will i set forth a wondrous adventure that fell out in his time and if ye will listen to me but for a little while i will tell it even as it stands in story stiff and strong fixed in the letter as it hath long been known in the land king arthur lay at camelot upon a christmas tide with many a gallant lord and lovely lady and all the noble brotherhood of the round table there they held rich revels with gay talk and jest one while they would ride forth to joust and tourney and again back to the court to make carols 2 for there was the feast holden fifteen days with all the mirth that men could devise song and glee glorious to hear in the daytime and dancing at night halls and chambers were crowded with noble guests the bravest of knights and the loveliest of ladies and arthur himself was the comeliest king that ever held a court for all this fair folk were in their youth the fairest and most fortunate under heaven and the king himself of such fame that it were hard now to name so valiant a hero now the new year had but newly come in and on that day a double portion was served on the high table to all the noble guests and thither came the king with all his knights when the service in the chapel had been sung to an end and they greeted each other for the new year and gave rich gifts the one to the other and the maidens laughed and made mirth till it was time to get them to meat then they washed and sat them down to the feast in fitting rank and order and guinevere the queen gaily clad sat on the high das silken was her seat with a fair canopy over her head of rich tapestries of tars embroidered and studded with costly gems fair she was to look upon with her shining grey eyes a fairer woman might no man boast himself of having seen but arthur would not eat till all were served so full of joy and gladness was he even as a child he liked not either to lie long or to sit long at meat so worked upon him his young blood and his wild brain and another custom he had also that came of his nobility that he would never eat upon an high day till he had been advised of some knightly deed or some strange and marvellous tale of his ancestors or of arms or of other ventures or till some stranger knight should seek of him leave to joust with one of the round table that they might set their lives in jeopardy one against another as fortune might favour them such was the king s custom when he sat in hall at each high feast with his noble knights therefore on that new year tide he abode fair of face on the throne and made much mirth withal thus the king sat before the high tables and spake of many things and there good sir gawain was seated by guinevere the queen and on her other side sat agravain la dure main 3 both were the king s sister s sons and full gallant knights and at the end of the table was bishop bawdewyn and ywain king urien s son sat at the other side alone these were worthily served on the das and at the lower tables sat many valiant knights then they bare the first course with the blast of trumpets and waving of banners with the sound of drums and pipes of song and lute that many a heart was uplifted at the melody many were the dainties and rare the meats so great was the plenty they might scarce find room on the board to set on the dishes each helped himself as he liked best and to each two were twelve dishes with great plenty of beer and wine now i will say no more of the service but that ye may know there was no lack for there drew near a venture that the folk might well have left their labour to gaze upon as the sound of the music ceased and the first course had been fitly served there came in at the hall door one terrible to behold of stature greater than any on earth from neck to loin so strong and thickly made and with limbs so long and so great that he seemed even as a giant and yet he was but a man only the mightiest that might mount a steed broad of chest and shoulders and slender of waist and all his features of like fashion but men marvelled much at his colour for he rode even as a knight yet was green all over for he was clad all in green with a straight coat and a mantle above all decked and lined with fur was the cloth and the hood that was thrown back from his locks and lay on his shoulders hose had he of the same green and spurs of bright gold with silken fastenings richly worked and all his vesture was verily green around his waist and his saddle were bands with fair stones set upon silken work twere too long to tell of all the trifles that were embroidered thereonbirds and insects in gay gauds of green and gold all the trappings of his steed were of metal of like enamel even the stirrups that he stood in stained of the same and stirrups and saddle bow alike gleamed and shone with green stones even the steed on which he rode was of the same hue a green horse great and strong and hard to hold with broidered bridle meet for the rider the knight was thus gaily dressed in green his hair falling around his shoulders on his breast hung a beard as thick and green as a bush and the beard and the hair of his head were clipped all round above his elbows the lower part of his sleeves were fastened with clasps in the same wise as a king s mantle the horse s mane was crisp and plaited with many a knot folded in with gold thread about the fair green here a twist of the hair here another of gold the tail was twined in like manner and both were bound about with a band of bright green set with many a precious stone then they were tied aloft in a cunning knot whereon rang many bells of burnished gold such a steed might no other ride nor had such ever been looked upon in that hall ere that time and all who saw that knight spake and said that a man might scarce abide his stroke the knight bore no helm nor hauberk neither gorget nor breast plate neither shaft nor buckler to smite nor to shield but in one hand he had a holly bough that is greenest when the groves are bare and in his other an axe huge and uncomely a cruel weapon in fashion if one would picture it the head was an ell yard long the metal all of green steel and gold the blade burnished bright with a broad edge as well shapen to shear as a sharp razor the steel was set into a strong staff all bound round with iron even to the end and engraved with green in cunning work a lace was twined about it that looped at the head and all adown the handle it was clasped with tassels on buttons of bright green richly broidered the knight rideth through the entrance of the hall driving straight to the high das and greeted no man but looked ever upwards and the first words he spake were where is the ruler of this folk i would gladly look upon that hero and have speech with him he cast his eyes on the knights and mustered them up and down striving ever to see who of them was of most renown then was there great gazing to behold that chief for each man marvelled what it might mean that a knight and his steed should have even such a hue as the green grass and that seemed even greener than green enamel on bright gold all looked on him as he stood and drew near unto him wondering greatly what he might be for many marvels had they seen but none such as this and phantasm and farie did the folk deem it therefore were the gallant knights slow to answer and gazed astounded and sat stone still in a deep silence through that goodly hall as if a slumber were fallen upon them i deem it was not all for doubt but some for courtesy that they might give ear unto his errand then arthur beheld this adventurer before his high das and knightly he greeted him for fearful was he never sir he said thou art welcome to this placelord of this hall am i and men call me arthur light thee down and tarry awhile and what thy will is that shall we learn after nay quoth the stranger so help me he that sitteth on high twas not mine errand to tarry any while in this dwelling but the praise of this thy folk and thy city is lifted up on high and thy warriors are holden for the best and the most valiant of those who ride mail clad to the fight the wisest and the worthiest of this world are they and well proven in all knightly sports and here as i have heard tell is fairest courtesy therefore have i come hither as at this time ye may be sure by the branch that i bear here that i come in peace seeking no strife for had i willed to journey in warlike guise i have at home both hauberk and helm shield and shining spear and other weapons to mine hand but since i seek no war my raiment is that of peace but if thou be as bold as all men tell thou wilt freely grant me the boon i ask and arthur answered sir knight if thou cravest battle here thou shalt not fail for lack of a foe and the knight answered nay i ask no fight in faith here on the benches are but beardless children were i clad in armour on my steed there is no man here might match me therefore i ask in this court but a christmas jest for that it is yule tide and new year and there are here many fain for sport if any one in this hall holds himself so hardy 4 so bold both of blood and brain as to dare strike me one stroke for another i will give him as a gift this axe which is heavy enough in sooth to handle as he may list and i will abide the first blow unarmed as i sit if any knight be so bold as to prove my words let him come swiftly to me here and take this weapon i quit claim to it he may keep it as his own and i will abide his stroke firm on the floor then shalt thou give me the right to deal him another the respite of a year and a day shall he have now haste and let see whether any here dare say aught now if the knights had been astounded at the first yet stiller were they all high and low when they had heard his words the knight on his steed straightened himself in the saddle and rolled his eyes fiercely round the hall red they gleamed under his green and bushy brows he frowned and twisted his beard waiting to see who should rise and when none answered he cried aloud in mockery what is this arthur s hall and these the knights whose renown hath run through many realms where are now your pride and your conquests your wrath and anger and mighty words now are the praise and the renown of the round table overthrown by one man s speech since all keep silence for dread ere ever they have seen a blow with that he laughed so loudly that the blood rushed to the king s fair face for very shame he waxed wroth as did all his knights and sprang to his feet and drew near to the stranger and said now by heaven foolish is thy asking and thy folly shall find its fitting answer i know no man aghast at thy great words give me here thine axe and i shall grant thee the boon thou hast asked lightly he sprang to him and caught at his hand and the knight fierce of aspect lighted down from his charger then arthur took the axe and gripped the haft and swung it round ready to strike and the knight stood before him taller by the head than any in the hall he stood and stroked his beard and drew down his coat no more dismayed for the king s threats than if one had brought him a drink of wine then gawain who sat by the queen leaned forward to the king and spake i beseech ye my lord let this venture be mine would ye but bid me rise from this seat and stand by your side so that my liege lady thought it not ill then would i come to your counsel before this goodly court for i think it not seemly when such challenges be made in your hall that ye yourself should undertake it while there are many bold knights who sit beside ye none are there methinks of readier will under heaven or more valiant in open field i am the weakest i wot and the feeblest of wit and it will be the less loss of my life if ye seek sooth for save that ye are mine uncle naught is there in me to praise no virtue is there in my body save your blood and since this challenge is such folly that it beseems ye not to take it and i have asked it from ye first let it fall to me and if i bear myself ungallantly then let all this court blame me then they all spake with one voice that the king should leave this venture and grant it to gawain then arthur commanded the knight to rise and he rose up quickly and knelt down before the king and caught hold of the weapon and the king loosed his hold of it and lifted up his hand and gave him his blessing and bade him be strong both of heart and hand keep thee well nephew quoth arthur that thou give him but the one blow and if thou redest him rightly i trow thou shalt well abide the stroke he may give thee after gawain stepped to the stranger axe in hand and he never fearing awaited his coming then the green knight spake to sir gawain make we our covenant ere we go further first i ask thee knight what is thy name tell me truly that i may know thee in faith quoth the good knight gawain am i who give thee this buffet let what may come of it and at this time twelvemonth will i take another at thine hand with whatsoever weapon thou wilt and none other then the other answered again sir gawain so may i thrive as i am fain to take this buffet at thine hand and he quoth further sir gawain it liketh me well that i shall take at thy fist that which i have asked here and thou hast readily and truly rehearsed all the covenant that i asked of the king save that thou shalt swear me by thy troth to seek me thyself wherever thou hopest that i may be found and win thee such reward as thou dealest me to day before this folk where shall i seek thee quoth gawain where is thy place by him that made me i wot never where thou dwellest nor know i thee knight thy court nor thy name but teach me truly all that pertaineth thereto and tell me thy name and i shall use all my wit to win my way thither and that i swear thee for sooth and by my sure troth that is enough in the new year it needs no more quoth the green knight to the gallant gawain if i tell thee truly when i have taken the blow and thou hast smitten me then will i teach thee of my house and home and mine own name then mayest thou ask thy road and keep covenant and if i waste no words then farest thou the better for thou canst dwell in thy land and seek no further but take now thy toll and let see how thy strikest gladly will i quoth gawain handling his axe then the green knight swiftly made him ready he bowed down his head and laid his long locks on the crown that his bare neck might be seen gawain gripped his axe and raised it on high the left foot he set forward on the floor and let the blow fall lightly on the bare neck the sharp edge of the blade sundered the bones smote through the neck and clave it in two so that the edge of the steel bit on the ground and the fair head fell to the earth that many struck it with their feet as it rolled forth the blood spurted forth and glistened on the green raiment but the knight neither faltered nor fell he started forward with out stretched hand and caught the head and lifted it up then he turned to his steed and took hold of the bride set his foot in the stirrup and mounted his head he held by the hair in his hand then he seated himself in his saddle as if naught ailed him and he were not headless he turned his steed about the grim corpse bleeding freely the while and they who looked upon him doubted them much for the covenant for he held up the head in his hand and turned the face towards them that sat on the high das and it lifted up the eyelids and looked upon them and spake as ye shall hear look gawain that thou art ready to go as thou hast promised and seek leally till thou find me even as thou hast sworn in this hall in the hearing of these knights come thou i charge thee to the green chapel such a stroke as thou hast dealt thou hast deserved and it shall be promptly paid thee on new year s morn many men know me as the knight of the green chapel and if thou askest thou shalt not fail to find me therefore it behoves thee to come or to yield thee as recreant with that he turned his bridle and galloped out at the hall door his head in his hands so that the sparks flew from beneath his horse s hoofs whither he went none knew no more than they wist whence he had come and the king and gawain they gazed and laughed for in sooth this had proved a greater marvel than any they had known aforetime though arthur the king was astonished at his heart yet he let no sign of it be seen but spake in courteous wise to the fair queen dear lady be not dismayed such craft is well suited to christmas tide when we seek jesting laughter and song and fair carols of knights and ladies but now i may well get me to meat for i have seen a marvel i may not forget then he looked on sir gawain and said gaily now fair nephew hang up thine axe since it has hewn enough and they hung it on the dossal above the das where all men might look on it for a marvel and by its true token tell of the wonder then the twain sat them down together the king and the good knight and men served them with a double portion as was the share of the noblest with all manner of meat and of minstrelsy and they spent that day in gladness but sir gawain must well bethink him of the heavy venture to which he had set his hand this beginning of adventures had arthur at the new year for he yearned to hear gallant tales though his words were few when he sat at the feast but now had they stern work on hand gawain was glad to begin the jest in the hall but ye need have no marvel if the end be heavy for though a man be merry in mind when he has well drunk yet a year runs full swiftly and the beginning but rarely matches the end for yule was now over past5 and the year after each season in its turn following the other for after christmas comes crabbed lent that will have fish for flesh and simpler cheer but then the weather of the world chides with winter the cold withdraws itself the clouds uplift and the rain falls in warm showers on the fair plains then the flowers come forth meadows and grove are clad in green the birds make ready to build and sing sweetly for solace of the soft summer that follows thereafter the blossoms bud and blow in the hedgerows rich and rank and noble notes enough are heard in the fair woods after the season of summer with the soft winds when zephyr breathes lightly on seeds and herbs joyous indeed is the growth that waxes thereout when the dew drips from the leaves beneath the blissful glance of the bright sun but then comes harvest and hardens the grain warning it to wax ripe ere the winter the drought drives the dust on high flying over the face of the land the angry wind of the welkin wrestles with the sun the leaves fall from the trees and light upon the ground and all brown are the groves that but now were green and ripe is the fruit that once was flower so the year passes into many yesterdays and winter comes again as it needs no sage to tell us when the michaelmas moon was come in with warnings of winter sir gawain bethought him full oft of his perilous journey yet till all hallows day he lingered with arthur and on that day they made a great feast for the hero s sake with much revel and richness of the round table courteous knights and comely ladies all were in sorrow for the love of that knight and though they spake no word of it many were joyless for his sake and after meat sadly sir gawain turned to his uncle and spake of his journey and said liege lord of my life leave from you i crave ye know well how the matter stands without more words to morrow am i bound to set forth in search of the green knight then came together all the noblest knights ywain and erec and many another sir dodinel le sauvage the duke of clarence launcelot and lionel and lucan the good sir bors and sir bedivere valiant knights both and many another hero with sir mador de la porte and they all drew near heavy at heart to take counsel with sir gawain much sorrow and weeping was there in the hall to think that so worthy a knight as gawain should wend his way to seek a deadly blow and should no more wield his sword in fight but the knight made ever good cheer and said nay wherefore should i shrink what may a man do but prove his fate he dwelt there all that day and on the morn he arose and asked betimes for his armour and they brought it unto him on this wise first a rich carpet was stretched on the floor6 then the knight stepped on to it and handled the steel clad he was in a doublet of silk with a close hood lined fairly throughout then they set the steel shoes upon his feet and wrapped his legs with greaves with polished knee caps fastened with knots of gold then they cased his thighs in cuisses closed with thongs and brought him the byrny of bright steel rings sewn upon a fair stuff well burnished braces they set on each arm with good elbow pieces and gloves of mail and all the goodly gear that should shield him in his need and they cast over all a rich surcoat and set the golden spurs on his heels and girt him with a trusty sword fastened with a silken bawdrick when he was thus clad his harness was costly for the least loop or latchet gleamed with gold so armed as he was he hearkened mass and made his offering at the high altar then he came to the king and the knights of his court and courteously took leave of lords and ladies and they kissed him and commended him to christ with that was gringalet ready girt with a saddle that gleamed gaily with many golden fringes enriched and decked anew for the venture the bridle was all barred about with bright gold buttons and all the covertures and trappings of the steed the crupper and the rich skirts accorded with the saddle spread fair with the rich red gold that glittered and gleamed in the rays of the sun then the knight called for his helmet which was well lined throughout and set it high on his head and hasped it behind he wore a light kerchief over the vintail that was broidered and studded with fair gems on a broad silken ribbon with birds of gay colour and many a turtle and true lover s knot interlaced thickly even as many a maiden had wrought diligently for seven winter long but the circlet which crowned his helmet was yet more precious being adorned with a device in diamonds then they brought him his shield which was of bright red with the pentangle painted thereon in gleaming gold 7 and why that noble prince bare the pentangle i am minded to tell you though my tale tarry thereby it is a sign that solomon set ere while as betokening truth for it is a figure with five points and each line overlaps the other and nowhere hath it beginning or end so that in english it is called the endless knot and therefore was it well suiting to this knight and to his arms since gawain was faithful in five and five fold for pure was he as gold void of all villainy and endowed with all virtues therefore he bare the pentangle on shield and surcoat as truest of heroes and gentlest of knights for first he was faultless in his five senses and his five fingers never failed him and all his trust upon earth was in the five wounds that christ bare on the cross as the creed tells and wherever this knight found himself in stress of battle he deemed well that he drew his strength from the five joys which the queen of heaven had of her child and for this cause did he bear an image of our lady on the one half of his shield that whenever he looked upon it he might not lack for aid and the fifth five that the hero used were frankness and fellowship above all purity and courtesy that never failed him and compassion that surpasses all and in these five virtues was that hero wrapped and clothed and all these five fold were linked one in the other so that they had no end and were fixed on five points that never failed neither at any side were they joined or sundered nor could ye find beginning or end and therefore on his shield was the knot shapen red gold upon red which is the pure pentangle now was sir gawain ready and he took his lance in hand and bade them all farewell he deemed it had been for ever then he smote the steed with his spurs and sprang on his way so that sparks flew from the stones after him all that saw him were grieved at heart and said one to the other by christ tis great pity that one of such noble life should be lost i faith twere not easy to find his equal upon earth the king had done better to have wrought more warily yonder knight should have been made a duke a gallant leader of men is he and such a fate had beseemed him better than to be hewn in pieces at the will of an elfish man for mere pride who ever knew a king to take such counsel as to risk his knights on a christmas jest many were the tears that flowed from their eyes when that goodly knight rode from the hall he made no delaying but went his way swiftly and rode many a wild road as i heard say in the book so rode sir gawain through the realm of logres on an errand that he held for no jest often he lay companionless at night and must lack the fare that he liked no comrade had he save his steed and none save god with whom to take counsel at length he drew nigh to north wales and left the isles of anglesey on his left hand crossing over the fords by the foreland over at holyhead till he came into the wilderness of wirral8 where but few dwell who love god and man of true heart and ever he asked as he fared of all whom he met if they had heard any tidings of a green knight in the country thereabout or of a green chapel and all answered him nay never in their lives had they seen any man of such a hue and the knight wended his way by many a strange road and many a rugged path and the fashion of his countenance changed full often ere he saw the green chapel many a cliff did he climb in that unknown land where afar from his friends he rode as a stranger never did he come to a stream or a ford but he found a foe before him and that one so marvellous so foul and fell that it behoved him to fight so many wonders did that knight behold that it were too long to tell the tenth part of them sometimes he fought with dragons and wolves sometimes with wild men that dwelt in the rocks another while with bulls and bears and wild boars or with giants of the high moorland that drew near to him had he not been a doughty knight enduring and of well proved valour and a servant of god doubtless he had been slain for he was oft in danger of death yet he cared not so much for the strife what he deemed worse was when the cold clear water was shed from the clouds and froze ere it fell on the fallow ground more nights than enough he slept in his harness on the bare rocks near slain with the sleet while the stream leapt bubbling from the crest of the hills and hung in hard icicles over his head thus in peril and pain and many a hardship the knight rode alone till christmas eve and in that tide he made his prayer to the blessed virgin that she would guide his steps and lead him to some dwelling on that morning he rode by a hill and came into a thick forest wild and drear on each side were high hills and thick woods below them of great hoar oaks a hundred together of hazel and hawthorn with their trailing boughs intertwined and rough ragged moss spreading everywhere on the bare twigs the birds chirped piteously for pain of the cold the knight upon gringalet rode lonely beneath them through marsh and mire much troubled at heart lest he should fail to see the service of the lord who on that self same night was born of a maiden for the cure of our grief and therefore he said sighing i beseech thee lord and mary thy gentle mother for some shelter where i may hear mass and thy mattins at morn this i ask meekly and thereto i pray my paternoster ave and credo thus he rode praying and lamenting his misdeeds and he crossed himself and said may the cross of christ speed me now that knight had crossed himself but thrice ere he was aware in the wood of a dwelling within a moat above a lawn on a mound surrounded by many mighty trees that stood round the moat twas the fairest castle that ever a knight owned9 built in a meadow with a park all about it and a spiked palisade closely driven that enclosed the trees for more than two miles the knight was ware of the hold from the side as it shone through the oaks then he lifted off his helmet and thanked christ and s julian that they had courteously granted his prayer and hearkened to his cry now quoth the knight i beseech ye grant me fair hostel then he pricked gringalet with his golden spurs and rode gaily towards the great gate and came swiftly to the bridge end the bridge was drawn up and the gates close shut the walls were strong and thick so that they might fear no tempest the knight on his charger abode on the bank of the deep double ditch that surrounded the castle the walls were set deep in the water and rose aloft to a wondrous height they were of hard hewn stone up to the corbels which were adorned beneath the battlements with fair carvings and turrets set in between with many a loophole a better barbican sir gawain had never looked upon and within he beheld the high hall with its tower and many windows with carven cornices and chalk white chimneys on the turreted roofs that shone fair in the sun and everywhere thickly scattered on the castle battlements were pinnacles so many that it seemed as if it were all wrought out of paper so white was it the knight on his steed deemed it fair enough if he might come to be sheltered within it to lodge there while that the holy day lasted he called aloud and soon there came a porter of kindly countenance who stood on the wall and greeted this knight and asked his errand good sir quoth gawain wilt thou go mine errand to the high lord of the castle and crave for me lodging yea by s peter quoth the porter in sooth i trow that ye be welcome to dwell here so long as it may like ye then he went and came again swiftly and many folk with him to receive the knight they let down the great drawbridge and came forth and knelt on their knees on the cold earth to give him worthy welcome they held wide open the great gates and courteously he bid them rise and rode over the bridge then men came to him and held his stirrup while he dismounted and took and stabled his steed there came down knights and squires to bring the guest with joy to the hall when he raised his helmet there were many to take it from his hand fain to serve him and they took from him sword and shield sir gawain gave good greeting to the noble and the mighty men who came to do him honour clad in his shining armour they led him to the hall where a great fire burnt brightly on the floor and the lord of the household came forth from his chamber to meet the hero fitly he spake to the knight and said ye are welcome to do here as it likes ye all that is here is your own to have at your will and disposal gramercy quote gawain may christ requite ye as friends that were fain each embraced the other and gawain looked on the knight who greeted him so kindly and thought twas a bold warrior that owned that burg of mighty stature he was and of high age broad and flowing was his beard and of a bright hue he was stalwart of limb and strong in his stride his face fiery red and his speech free in sooth he seemed one well fitted to be a leader of valiant men then the lord led sir gawain to a chamber and commanded folk to wait upon him and at his bidding there came men enough who brought the guest to a fair bower the bedding was noble with curtains of pure silk wrought with gold and wondrous coverings of fair cloth all embroidered the curtains ran on ropes with rings of red gold and the walls were hung with carpets of orient and the same spread on the floor there with mirthful speeches they took from the guest his byrny and all his shining armour and brought him rich robes of the choicest in its stead they were long and flowing and became him well and when he was clad in them all who looked on the hero thought that surely god had never made a fairer knight he seemed as if he might be a prince without peer in the field where men strive in battle then before the hearth place whereon the fire burned they made ready a chair for gawain hung about with cloth and fair cushions and there they cast around him a mantle of brown samite richly embroidered and furred within with costly skins of ermine with a hood of the same and he seated himself in that rich seat and warmed himself at the fire and was cheered at heart and while he sat thus the serving men set up a table on trestles and covered it with a fair white cloth and set thereon salt cellar and napkin and silver spoons and the knight washed at his will and set him down to meat the folk served him courteously with many dishes seasoned of the best a double portion all kinds of fish were there some baked in bread some broiled on the embers some sodden some stewed and savoured with spices with all sorts of cunning devices to his taste and often he called it a feast when they spake gaily to him all together and said now take ye this penance and it shall be for your amendment much mirth thereof did sir gawain make then they questioned that prince courteously of whence he came and he told them that he was of the court of arthur who is the rich royal king of the round table and that it was gawain himself who was within their walls and would keep christmas with them as the chance had fallen out and when the lord of the castle heard those tidings he laughed aloud for gladness and all men in that keep were joyful that they should be in the company of him to whom belonged all fame and valour and courtesy and whose honour was praised above that of all men on earth each said softly to his fellow now shall we see courteous bearing and the manner of speech befitting courts what charm lieth in gentle speech shall we learn without asking since here we have welcomed the fine father of courtesy god has surely shewn us his grace since he sends us such a guest as gawain when men shall sit and sing blithe for christ s birth this knight shall bring us to the knowledge of fair manners and it may be that hearing him we may learn the cunning speech of love by the time the knight had risen from dinner it was near nightfall then chaplains took their way to the chapel and rang loudly even as they should for the solemn evensong of the high feast thither went the lord and the lady also and entered with her maidens into a comely closet and thither also went gawain then the lord took him by the sleeve and led him to a seat and called him by his name and told him he was of all men in the world the most welcome and sir gawain thanked him truly and each kissed the other and they sat gravely together throughout the service then was the lady fain to look upon that knight and she came forth from her closet with many fair maidens the fairest of ladies was she in face and figure and colouring fairer even than guinevere so the knight thought she came through the chancel to greet the hero another lady held her by the left hand older than she and seemingly of high estate with many nobles about her but unlike to look upon were those ladies for if the younger were fair the elder was yellow rich red were the cheeks of the one rough and wrinkled those of the other the kerchiefs of the one were broidered with many glistening pearls her throat and neck bare and whiter than the snow that lies on the hills the neck of the other was swathed in a gorget with a white wimple over her black chin her forehead was wrapped in silk with many folds worked with knots so that naught of her was seen save her black brows her eyes her nose and her lips and those were bleared and ill to look upon a worshipful lady in sooth one might call her in figure was she short and broad and thickly madefar fairer to behold was she whom she led by the hand when gawain beheld that fair lady who looked at him graciously with leave of the lord he went towards them and bowing low he greeted the elder but the younger and fairer he took lightly in his arms and kissed her courteously and greeted her in knightly wise then she hailed him as friend and he quickly prayed to be counted as her servant if she so willed then they took him between them and talking led him to the chamber to the hearth and bade them bring spices and they brought them in plenty with the good wine that was wont to be drunk at such seasons then the lord sprang to his feet and bade them make merry and took off his hood and hung it on a spear and bade him win the worship thereof who should make most mirth that christmas tide and i shall try by my faith to fool it with the best by the help of my friends ere i lose my raiment thus with gay words the lord made trial to gladden gawain with jests that night till it was time to bid them light the tapers and sir gawain took leave of them and gat him to rest in the morn when all men call to mind how christ our lord was born on earth to die for us there is joy for his sake in all dwellings of the world and so was there here on that day for high feast was held with many dainties and cunningly cooked messes on the das sat gallant men clad in their best the ancient dame sat on the high seat with the lord of the castle beside her gawain and the fair lady sat together even in the midst of the board when the feast was served and so throughout all the hall each sat in his degree and was served in order there was meat there was mirth there was much joy so that to tell thereof would take me too long though peradventure i might strive to declare it but gawain and that fair lady had much joy of each other s company through her sweet words and courteous converse and there was music made before each prince trumpets and drums and merry piping each man hearkened his minstrel and they too hearkened theirs so they held high feast that day and the next and the third day thereafter and the joy on s john s day was fair to hearken for twas the last of the feast and the guests would depart in the grey of the morning therefore they awoke early and drank wine and danced fair carols and at last when it was late each man took his leave to wend early on his way gawain would bid his host farewell but the lord took him by the hand and led him to his own chamber beside the hearth and there he thanked him for the favour he had shown him in honouring his dwelling at that high season and gladdening his castle with his fair countenance i wis sir that while i live i shall be held the worthier that gawain has been my guest at god s own feast gramercy sir quoth gawain in good faith all the honour is yours may the high king give it you and i am but at your will to work your behest inasmuch as i am beholden to you in great and small by rights then the lord did his best to persuade the knight to tarry with him but gawain answered that he might in no wise do so then the host asked him courteously what stern behest had driven him at the holy season from the king s court to fare all alone ere yet the feast was ended forsooth quoth the knight ye say but the truth tis a high quest and a pressing that hath brought me afield for i am summoned myself to a certain place and i know not whither in the world i may wend to find it so help me christ i would give all the kingdom of logres an i might find it by new year s morn therefore sir i make request of you that ye tell me truly if ye ever heard word of the green chapel where it may be found and the green knight that keeps it for i am pledged by solemn compact sworn between us to meet that knight at the new year if so i were on life and of that same new year it wants but littlei faith i would look on that hero more joyfully than on any other fair sight therefore by your will it behoves me to leave you for i have but barely three days and i would as fain fall dead as fail of mine errand then the lord quoth laughing now must ye needs stay for i will show you your goal the green chapel ere your term be at an end have ye no fear but ye can take your ease friend in your bed till the fourth day and go forth on the first of the year and come to that place at mid morn to do as ye will dwell here till new year s day and then rise and set forth and ye shall be set in the way tis not two miles hence then was gawain glad and he laughed gaily now i thank you for this above all else now my quest is achieved i will dwell here at your will and otherwise do as ye shall ask then the lord took him and set him beside him and bade the ladies be fetched for their greater pleasure tho between themselves they had solace the lord for gladness made merry jest even as one who wist not what to do for joy and he cried aloud to the knight ye have promised to do the thing i bid ye will ye hold to this behest here at once yea forsooth said that true knight while i abide in your burg i am bound by your behest ye have travelled from far said the host and since then ye have waked with me ye are not well refreshed by rest and sleep as i know ye shall therefore abide in your chamber and lie at your ease tomorrow at mass tide and go to meat when ye will with my wife who shall sit with you and comfort you with her company till i return and i shall rise early and go forth to the chase and gawain agreed to all this courteously sir knight quoth the host we shall make a covenant whatsoever i win in the wood shall be yours and whatever may fall to your share that shall ye exchange for it let us swear friend to make this exchange however our hap may be for worse or for better i grant ye your will quoth gawain the good if ye list so to do it liketh me well bring hither the wine cup the bargain is made so said the lord of that castle they laughed each one and drank of the wine and made merry these lords and ladies as it pleased them then with gay talk and merry jest they arose and stood and spoke softly and kissed courteously and took leave of each other with burning torches and many a serving man was each led to his couch yet ere they gat them to bed the old lord oft repeated their covenant for he knew well how to make sport full early ere daylight the folk rose up the guests who would depart called their grooms and they made them ready and saddled the steeds tightened up the girths and trussed up their mails the knights all arrayed for riding leapt up lightly and took their bridles and each rode his way as pleased him best the lord of the land was not the last ready for the chase with many of his men he ate a sop hastily when he had heard mass and then with blast of the bugle fared forth to the field 10 he and his nobles were to horse ere daylight glimmered upon the earth then the huntsmen coupled their hounds unclosed the kennel door and called them out they blew three blasts gaily on the bugles the hounds bayed fiercely and they that would go a hunting checked and chastised them a hundred hunters there were of the best so i have heard tell then the trackers gat them to the trysting place and uncoupled the hounds and forest rang again with their gay blasts at the first sound of the hunt the game quaked for fear and fled trembling along the vale they betook them to the heights but the liers in wait turned them back with loud cries the harts they let pass them and the stags with their spreading antlers for the lord had forbidden that they should be slain but the hinds and the does they turned back and drave down into the valleys then might ye see much shooting of arrows as the deer fled under the boughs a broad whistling shaft smote and wounded each sorely so that wounded and bleeding they fell dying on the banks the hounds followed swiftly on their tracks and hunters blowing the horn sped after them with ringing shouts as if the cliffs burst asunder what game escaped those that shot was run down at the outer ring thus were they driven on the hills and harassed at the waters so well did the men know their work and the greyhounds were so great and swift that they ran them down as fast as the hunters could slay them thus the lord passed the day in mirth and joyfulness even to nightfall so the lord roamed the woods and gawain that good night lay ever a bed curtained about under the costly coverlet while the daylight gleamed on the walls and as he lay half slumbering he heard a little sound at the door and he raised his head and caught back a corner of the curtain and waited to see what it might be it was the lovely lady the lord s wife she shut the door softly behind her and turned towards the bed and gawain was shamed laid him down softly and made as if he slept and she came lightly to the bedside within the curtain and sat herself down beside him to wait till he wakened the knight lay there awhile and marvelled within himself what her coming might betoken and he said to himself twere more seemly if i asked her what hath brought her hither then he made feint to waken and turned towards her and opened his eyes as one astonished and crossed himself and she looked on him laughing with her cheeks red and white lovely to behold and small smiling lips good morrow sir gawain said that fair lady ye are but a careless sleeper since one can enter thus now are ye taken unawares and lest ye escape me i shall bind you in your bed of that be ye assured laughing she spake these words good morrow fair lady quoth gawain blithely i will do your will as it likes me well for i yield me readily and pray your grace and that is best by my faith since i needs must do so thus he jested again laughing but an ye would fair lady grant me this grace that ye pray your prisoner to rise i would get me from bed and array me better then could i talk with ye in more comfort nay forsooth fair sir quoth the lady ye shall not rise i will rede ye better i shall keep ye here since ye can do no other and talk with my knight whom i have captured for i know well that ye are sir gawain whom all the world worships wheresoever ye may ride your honour and your courtesy are praised by lords and ladies by all who live now ye are here and we are alone my lord and his men are afield the serving men in their beds and my maidens also and the door shut upon us and since in this hour i have him that all men love i shall use my time well with speech while it lasts ye are welcome to my company for it behoves me in sooth to be your servant in good faith quoth gawain i think me that i am not him of whom ye speak for unworthy am i of such service as ye here proffer in sooth i were glad if i might set myself by word or service to your pleasure a pure joy would it be to me in good faith sir gawain quoth the gay lady the praise and the prowess that pleases all ladies i lack them not nor hold them light yet are there ladies enough who would liever now have the knight in their hold as i have ye here to dally with your courteous words to bring them comfort and to ease their cares than much of the treasure and the gold that are theirs and now through the grace of him who upholds the heavens i have wholly in my power that which they all desire thus the lady fair to look upon made him great cheer and sir gawain with modest words answered her again madam he quoth may mary requite ye for in good faith i have found in ye a noble frankness much courtesy have other folk shown me but the honour they have done me is naught to the worship of yourself who knoweth but good by mary quoth the lady i think otherwise for were i worth all the women alive and had i the wealth of the world in my hand and might choose me a lord to my liking then for all that i have seen in ye sir knight of beauty and courtesy and blithe semblance and for all that i have hearkened and hold for true there should be no knight on earth to be chosen before ye well i wot quoth sir gawain that ye have chosen a better but i am proud that ye should so prize me and as your servant do i hold ye my sovereign and your knight am i and may christ reward ye so they talked of many matters till mid morn was past and ever the lady made as though she loved him and the knight turned her speech aside for though she were the brightest of maidens yet had he forborne to shew her love for the danger that awaited him and the blow that must be given without delay then the lady prayed her leave from him and he granted it readily and she gave him good day with laughing glance but he must needs marvel at her words now he that speeds fair speech reward ye this disport but that ye be gawain my mind misdoubts me greatly wherefore quoth the knight quickly fearing lest he had lacked in some courtesy and the lady spake so true a knight as gawain is holden and one so perfect in courtesy would never have tarried so long with a lady but he would of his courtesy have craved a kiss at parting then quoth gawain i wot i will do even as it may please ye and kiss at your commandment as a true knight should who forbears to ask for fear of displeasure at that she came near and bent down and kissed the knight and each commended the other to christ and she went forth from the chamber softly then sir gawain arose and called his chamberlain and chose his garments and when he was ready he gat him forth to mass and then went to meat and made merry all day till the rising of the moon and never had a knight fairer lodging than had he with those two noble ladies the elder and the younger and even the lord of the land chased the hinds through holt and heath till eventide and then with much blowing of bugles and baying of hounds they bore the game homeward and by the time daylight was done all the folk had returned to that fair castle and when the lord and sir gawain met together then were they both well pleased the lord commanded them all to assemble in the great hall and the ladies to descend with their maidens and there before them all he bade the men fetch in the spoil of the day s hunting and he called unto gawain and counted the tale of the beasts and showed them unto him and said what think ye of this game sir knight have i deserved of ye thanks for my woodcraft yea i wis quoth the other here is the fairest spoil i have seen this seven year in the winter season and all this do i give ye gawain quoth the host for by accord of covenant ye may claim it as your own that is sooth quoth the other i grant you that same and i have fairly won this within walls and with as good will do i yield it to ye with that he clasped his hands round the lord s neck and kissed him as courteously as he might take ye here my spoils no more have i won ye should have it freely though it were greater than this tis good said the host gramercy thereof yet were i fain to know where ye won this same favour and if it were by your own wit nay answered gawain that was not in the bond ask me no more ye have taken what was yours by right be content with that they laughed and jested together and sat them down to supper where they were served with many dainties and after supper they sat by the hearth and wine was served out to them and oft in their jesting they promised to observe on the morrow the same covenant that they had made before and whatever chance might betide to exchange their spoil be it much or little when they met at night thus they renewed their bargain before the whole court and then the night drink was served and each courteously took leave of the other and gat him to bed by the time the cock had crowed thrice the lord of the castle had left his bed mass was sung and meat fitly served the folk were forth to the wood ere the day broke with hound and horn they rode over the plain and uncoupled their dogs among the thorns soon they struck on the scent and the hunt cheered on the hounds who were first to seize it urging them with shouts the others hastened to the cry forty at once and there rose such a clamour from the pack that the rocks rang again the huntsmen spurred them on with shouting and blasts of the horn and the hounds drew together to a thicket betwixt the water and a high crag in the cliff beneath the hillside there where the rough rock fell ruggedly they the huntsmen fared to the finding and cast about round the hill and the thicket behind them the knights wist well what beast was within and would drive him forth with the bloodhounds and as they beat the bushes suddenly over the beaters there rushed forth a wondrous great and fierce boar long since had he left the herd to roam by himself grunting he cast many to the ground and fled forth at his best speed without more mischief the men hallooed loudly and cried hay hay and blew the horns to urge on the hounds and rode swiftly after the boar many a time did he turn to bay and tare the hounds and they yelped and howled shrilly then the men made ready their arrows and shot at him but the points were turned on his thick hide and the barbs would not bite upon him for the shafts shivered in pieces and the head but leapt again wherever it hit but when the boar felt the stroke of the arrows he waxed mad with rage and turned on the hunters and tare many so that affrightened they fled before him but the lord on a swift steed pursued him blowing his bugle as a gallant knight he rode through the woodland chasing the boar till the sun grew low so did the hunters this day while sir gawain lay in his bed lapped in rich gear and the lady forgat not to salute him for early was she at his side to cheer his mood she came to the bedside and looked on the knight and gawain gave her fit greeting and she greeted him again with ready words and sat her by his side and laughed and with a sweet look she spoke to him sir if ye be gawain i think it a wonder that ye be so stern and cold and care not for the courtesies of friendship but if one teach ye to know them ye cast the lesson out of your mind ye have soon forgotten what i taught ye yesterday by all the truest tokens that i knew what is that quoth the knight i trow i know not if it be sooth that ye say then is the blame mine own but i taught ye of kissing quoth the fair lady wherever a fair countenance is shown him it behoves a courteous knight quickly to claim a kiss nay my dear said sir gawain cease that speech that durst i not do lest i were denied for if i were forbidden i wot i were wrong did i further entreat i faith quoth the lady merrily ye may not be forbid ye are strong enough to constrain by strength an ye will were any so discourteous as to give ye denial yea by heaven said gawain ye speak well but threats profit little in the land where i dwell and so with a gift that is given not of good will i am at your commandment to kiss when ye like to take or to leave as ye list then the lady bent her down and kissed him courteously and as they spake together she said i would learn somewhat from ye an ye would not be wroth for young ye bare and fair and so courteous and knightly as ye are known to be the head of all chivalry and versed in all wisdom of love and war tis ever told of true knights how they adventured their lives for their true love and endured hardships for her favours and avenged her with valour and eased her sorrows and brought joy to her bower and ye are the fairest knight of your time and your fame and your honour are everywhere yet i have sat by ye here twice and never a word have i heard of love ye who are so courteous and skilled in such love ought surely to teach one so young and unskilled some little craft of true love why are ye so unlearned who art otherwise so famous or is it that ye deemed me unworthy to hearken to your teaching for shame sir knight i come hither alone and sit at your side to learn of ye some skill teach me of your wit while my lord is from home in good faith quoth gawain great is my joy and my profit that so fair a lady as ye are should deign to come hither and trouble ye with so poor a man and make sport with your knight with kindly countenance it pleaseth me much but that i in my turn should take it upon me to tell of love and such like matters to ye who know more by half or a hundred fold of such craft than i do or ever shall in all my lifetime by my troth twere folly indeed i will work your will to the best of my might as i am bounden and evermore will i be your servant so help me christ then often with guile she questioned that knight that she might win him to woo her but he defended himself so fairly that none might in any wise blame him and naught but bliss and harmless jesting was there between them they laughed and talked together till at last she kissed him and craved her leave of him and went her way then the knight arose and went forth to mass and afterward dinner was served and he sat and spake with the ladies all day but the lord of the castle rode ever over the land chasing the wild boar that fled through the thickets slaying the best of his hounds and breaking their backs in sunder till at last he was so weary he might run no longer but made for a hole in a mound by a rock he got the mound at his back and faced the hounds whetting his white tusks and foaming at the mouth the huntsmen stood aloof fearing to draw nigh him so many of them had been already wounded that they were loth to be torn with his tusks so fierce he was and mad with rage at length the lord himself came up and saw the beast at bay and the men standing aloof then quickly he sprang to the ground and drew out a bright blade and waded through the stream to the boar when the beast was aware of the knight with weapon in hand he set up his bristles and snorted loudly and many feared for their lord lest he should be slain then the boar leapt upon the knight so that beast and man were one atop of the other in the water but the boar had the worst of it for the man had marked even as he sprang and set the point of his brand to the beast s chest and drove it up to the hilt so that the heart was split in twain and the boar fell snarling and was swept down by the water to where a hundred hounds seized on him and the men drew him to shore for the dogs to slay then was there loud blowing of horns and baying of hounds the huntsmen smote off the boar s head and hung the carcase by the four feet to a stout pole and so went on their way homewards the head they bore before the lord himself who had slain the beast at the ford by force of his strong hand it seemed him o er long ere he saw sir gawain in the hall and he called and the guest came to take that which fell to his share and when he saw gawain the lord laughed aloud and bade them call the ladies and the household together and he showed them the game and told them the tale how they hunted the wild boar through the woods and of his length and breadth and height and sir gawain commended his deeds and praised him for his valour well proven for so mighty a beast had he never seen before then they handled the huge head and the lord said aloud now gawain this game is your own by sure covenant as ye right well know tis sooth quoth the knight and as truly will i give ye all i have gained he took the host round the neck and kissed him courteously twice now are we quits he said this eventide of all the covenants that we made since i came hither and the lord answered by s giles ye are the best i know ye will be rich in a short space if ye drive such bargains then they set up the tables on trestles and covered them with fair cloths and lit waxen tapers on the walls the knights sat and were served in the hall and much game and glee was there round the hearth with many songs both at supper and after song of christmas and new carols with all the mirth one may think of and ever that lovely lady sat by the knight and with still stolen looks made such feint of pleasing him that gawain marvelled much and was wroth with himself but he could not for his courtesy return her fair glances but dealt with her cunningly however she might strive to wrest the thing when they had tarried in the hall so long as it seemed them good they turned to the inner chamber and the wide hearthplace and there they drank wine and the host proffered to renew the covenant for new year s eve but the knight craved leave to depart on the morrow for it was nigh to the term when he must fulfil his pledge but the lord would withhold him from so doing and prayed him to tarry and said as i am a true knight i swear my troth that ye shall come to the green chapel to achieve your task on new year s morn long before prime therefore abide ye in your bed and i will hunt in this wood and hold ye to the covenant to exchange with me against all the spoil i may bring hither for twice have i tried ye and found ye true and the morrow shall be the third time and the best make we merry now while we may and think on joy for misfortune may take a man whensoever it wills then gawain granted his request and they brought them drink and they gat them with lights to bed sir gawain lay and slept softly but the lord who was keen on woodcraft was afoot early after mass he and his men ate a morsel and he asked for his steed all the knights who should ride with him were already mounted before the hall gates twas a fair frosty morning for the sun rose red in ruddy vapour and the welkin was clear of clouds the hunters scattered them by a forest side and the rocks rang again with the blast of their horns some came on the scent of a fox and a hound gave tongue the huntsmen shouted and the pack followed in a crowd on the trail the fox ran before them and when they saw him they pursued him with noise and much shouting and he wound and turned through many a thick grove often cowering and hearkening in a hedge at last by a little ditch he leapt out of a spinney stole away slily by a copse path and so out of the wood and away from the hounds but he went ere he wist to a chosen tryst and three started forth on him at once so he must needs double back and betake him to the wood again then was it joyful to hearken to the hounds when all the pack had met together and had sight of their game they made as loud a din as if all the lofty cliffs had fallen clattering together the huntsmen shouted and threatened and followed close upon him so that he might scarce escape but reynard was wily and he turned and doubled upon them and led the lord and his men over the hills now on the slopes now in the vales while the knight at home slept through the cold morning beneath his costly curtains but the fair lady of the castle rose betimes and clad herself in a rich mantle that reached even to the ground left her throat and her fair neck bare and was bordered and lined with costly furs on her head she wore no golden circlet but a network of precious stones that gleamed and shone through her tresses in clusters of twenty together thus she came into the chamber closed the door after her and set open a window and called to him gaily sir knight how may ye sleep the morning is so fair sir gawain was deep in slumber and in his dream he vexed him much for the destiny that should befall him on the morrow when he should meet the knight at the green chapel and abide his blow but when the lady spake he heard her and came to himself and roused from his dream and answered swiftly the lady came laughing and kissed him courteously and he welcomed her fittingly with a cheerful countenance he saw her so glorious and gaily dressed so faultless of features and complexion that it warmed his heart to look upon her they spake to each other smiling and all was bliss and good cheer between them they exchanged fair words and much happiness was therein yet was there a gulf between them and she might win no more of her knight for that gallant prince watched well his wordshe would neither take her love nor frankly refuse it he cared for his courtesy lest he be deemed churlish and yet more for his honour lest he be traitor to his host god forbid quoth he to himself that it should so befall thus with courteous words did he set aside all the special speeches that came from her lips then spake the lady to the knight ye deserve blame if ye hold not that lady who sits beside ye above all else in the world if ye have not already a love whom ye hold dearer and like better and have sworn such firm faith to that lady that ye care not to loose itand that am i now fain to believe and now i pray ye straitly that ye tell me that in truth and hide it not and the knight answered by s john no such love have i nor do i think to have yet awhile that is the worst word i may hear quoth the lady but in sooth i have mine answer kiss me now courteously and i will go hence i can but mourn as a maiden that loves much sighing she stooped down and kissed him and then she rose up and spake as she stood now dear at our parting do me this grace give me some gift if it were but thy glove that i may bethink me of my knight and lessen my mourning now i wis quoth the knight i would that i had here the most precious thing that i possess on earth that i might leave ye as love token great or small for ye have deserved forsooth more reward than i might give ye but it is not to your honour to have at this time a glove for reward as gift from gawain and i am here on a strange errand and have no man with me nor mails with goodly thingsthat mislikes me much lady at this time but each man must fare as he is taken if for sorrow and ill nay knight highly honoured quoth that lovesome lady though i have naught of yours yet shall ye have somewhat of mine with that she reached him a ring of red gold with a sparkling stone therein that shone even as the sun but the knight refused it and spake readily i will take no gift lady at this time i have none to give and none will i take she prayed him to take it but he refused her prayer and sware in sooth that he would not have it the lady was sorely vexed and said if ye refuse my ring as too costly that ye will not be so highly beholden to me i will give you my girdle 11 as a lesser gift with that she loosened a lace that was fastened at her side knit upon her kirtle under her mantle it was wrought of green silk and gold only braided by the fingers and that she offered to the knight and besought him though it were of little worth that he would take it and he said nay he would touch neither gold nor gear ere god give him grace to achieve the adventure for which he had come hither and therefore i pray ye displease ye not and ask me no longer for i may not grant it i am dearly beholden to ye for the favour ye have shown me and ever in heat and cold will i be your true servant now said the lady ye refuse this silk for it is simple in itself and so it seems indeed lo it is small to look upon and less in cost but whoso knew the virtue that is knit therein he would peradventure value it more highly for whatever knight is girded with this green lace while he bears it knotted about him there is no man under heaven can overcome him for he may not be slain for any magic on earth then gawain bethought him and it came into his heart that this were a jewel for the jeopardy that awaited him when he came to the green chapel to seek the return blowcould he so order it that he should escape unslain twere a craft worth trying then he bare with her chiding and let her say her say and she pressed the girdle on him and prayed him to take it and he granted her prayer and she gave it him with good will and besought him for her sake never to reveal it but to hide it loyally from her lord and the knight agreed that never should any man know it save they two alone he thanked her often and heartily and she kissed him for the third time then she took her leave of him and when she was gone sir gawain arose and clad him in rich attire and took the girdle and knotted it round him and hid it beneath his robes then he took his way to the chapel and sought out a priest privily and prayed him to teach him better how his soul might be saved when he should go hence and there he shrived him and showed his misdeeds both great and small and besought mercy and craved absolution and the priest assoiled him and set him as clean as if doomsday had been on the morrow and afterwards sir gawain made him merry with the ladies with carols and all kinds of joy as never he did but that one day even to nightfall and all the men marvelled at him and said that never since he came thither had he been so merry meanwhile the lord of the castle was abroad chasing the fox awhile he lost him and as he rode through a spinny he heard the hounds near at hand and reynard came creeping through a thick grove with all the pack at his heels then the lord drew out his shining brand and cast it at the beast and the fox swerved aside for the sharp edge and would have doubled back but a hound was on him ere he might turn and right before the horse s feet they all fell on him and worried him fiercely snarling the while then the lord leapt from his saddle and caught the fox from the jaws and held it aloft over his head and hallooed loudly and many brave hounds bayed as they beheld it and the hunters hied them thither blowing their horns all that bare bugles blew them at once and all the others shouted twas the merriest meeting that ever men heard the clamour that was raised at the death of the fox they rewarded the hounds stroking them and rubbing their heads and took reynard and stripped him of his coat then blowing their horns they turned them homewards for it was nigh nightfall the lord was gladsome at his return and found a bright fire on the hearth and the knight beside it the good sir gawain who was in joyous mood for the pleasure he had had with the ladies he wore a robe of blue that reached even to the ground and a surcoat richly furred that became him well a hood like to the surcoat fell on his shoulders and all alike were done about with fur he met the host in the midst of the floor and jesting he greeted him and said now shall i be first to fulfil our covenant which we made together when there was no lack of wine then he embraced the knight and kissed him thrice as solemnly as he might of a sooth quoth the other ye have good luck in the matter of this covenant if ye made a good exchange yea it matters naught of the exchange quoth gawain since what i owe is swiftly paid marry said the other mine is behind for i have hunted all this day and naught have i got but this foul fox skin and that is but poor payment for three such kisses as ye have here given me enough quoth sir gawain i thank ye by the rood then the lord told them of his hunting and how the fox had been slain with mirth and minstrelsy and dainties at their will they made them as merry as a folk well might till twas time for them to sever for at last they must needs betake them to their beds then the knight took his leave of the lord and thanked him fairly for the fair sojourn that i have had here at this high feast may the high king give ye honour i give ye myself as one of your servants if ye so like for i must needs as you know go hence with the morn and ye will give me as ye promised a guide to show me the way to the green chapel an god will suffer me on new year s day to deal the doom of my weird by my faith quoth the host all that ever i promised that shall i keep with good will then he gave him a servant to set him in the way and lead him by the downs that he should have no need to ford the stream and should fare by the shortest road through the groves and gawain thanked the lord for the honour done him then he would take leave of the ladies and courteously he kissed them and spake praying them to receive his thanks and they made like reply then with many sighs they commended him to christ and he departed courteously from that folk each man that he met he thanked him for his service and his solace and the pains he had been at to do his will and each found it as hard to part from the knight as if he had ever dwelt with him then they led him with torches to his chamber and brought him to his bed to rest that he slept soundly i may not say for the morrow gave him much to think on let him rest awhile for he was near that which he sought and if ye will but listen to me i will tell ye how it fared with him thereafter now the new year drew nigh and the night passed and the day chased the darkness as is god s will but wild weather wakened therewith the clouds cast the cold to the earth with enough of the north to slay them that lacked clothing the snow drave smartly and the whistling wind blew from the heights and made great drifts in the valleys the knight lying in his bed listened for though his eyes were shut he might sleep but little and hearkened every cock that crew he arose ere the day broke by the light of a lamp that burned in his chamber and called to his chamberlain bidding him bring his armour and saddle his steed the other gat him up and fetched his garments and robed sir gawain first he clad him in his clothes to keep off the cold and then in his harness which was well and fairly kept both hauberk and plates were well burnished the rings of the rich byrny freed from rust and all as fresh as at first so that the knight was fain to thank them then he did on each piece and bade them bring his steed while he put the fairest raiment on himself his coat with its fair cognizance adorned with precious stones upon velvet with broidered seams and all furred within with costly skins and he left not the lace the lady s gift that gawain forgot not for his own good when he had girded on his sword he wrapped the gift twice about him swathed around his waist the girdle of green silk set gaily and well upon the royal red cloth rich to behold but the knight ware it not for pride of the pendants polished though they were with fair gold that gleamed brightly on the ends but to save himself from sword and knife when it behoved him to abide his hurt without question with that the hero went forth and thanked that kindly folk full often then was gringalet ready that was great and strong and had been well cared for and tended in every wise in fair condition was that proud steed and fit for a journey then gawain went to him and looked on his coat and said by his sooth there is a folk in this place that thinketh on honour much joy may they have and the lord who maintains them and may all good betide that lovely lady all her life long since they for charity cherish a guest and hold honour in their hands may he who holds the heaven on high requite them and also ye all and if i might live anywhere on earth i would give ye full reward readily if so i might then he set foot in the stirrup and bestrode his steed and his squire gave him his shield which he laid on his shoulder then he smote gringalet with his golden spurs and the steed pranced on the stones and would stand no longer by that his man was mounted who bare his spear and lance and gawain quoth i commend this castle to christ may he give it ever good fortune then the drawbridge was let down and the broad gates unbarred and opened on both sides the knight crossed himself and passed through the gateway and praised the porter who knelt before the prince and gave him good day and commended him to god thus the knight went on his way with the one man who should guide him to that dread place where he should receive rueful payment the two went by hedges where the boughs were bare and climbed the cliffs where the cold clings naught fell from the heavens but twas ill beneath them mist brooded over the moor and hung on the mountains each hill had a cap a great cloak of mist the streams foamed and bubbled between their banks dashing sparkling on the shores where they shelved downwards rugged and dangerous was the way through the woods till it was time for the sun rising then were they on a high hill the snow lay white beside them and the man who rode with gawain drew rein by his master sir he said i have brought ye hither and now ye are not far from the place that ye have sought so specially but i will tell ye for sooth since i know ye well and ye are such a knight as i well love would ye follow my counsel ye would fare the better the place whither ye go is accounted full perilous for he who liveth in that waste is the worst on earth for he is strong and fierce and loveth to deal mighty blows taller is he than any man on earth and greater of frame than any four in arthur s court or in any other and this is his custom at the green chapel there may no man pass by that place however proud his arms but he does him to death by force of his hand for he is a discourteous knight and shews no mercy be he churl or chaplain who rides by that chapel monk or mass priest or any man else he thinks it as pleasant to slay them as to pass alive himself therefore i tell ye as sooth as ye sit in saddle if ye come there and that knight know it ye shall be slain though ye had twenty lives trow me that truly he has dwelt here full long and seen many a combat ye may not defend ye against his blows therefore good sir gawain let the man be and get ye away some other road for god s sake seek ye another land and there may christ speed ye and i will hie me home again and i promise ye further that i will swear by god and the saints or any other oath ye please that i will keep counsel faithfully and never let any wit the tale that ye fled for fear of any man gramercy quoth gawain but ill pleased good fortune be his who wishes me good and that thou wouldst keep faith with me i will believe but didst thou keep it never so truly an i passed here and fled for fear as thou sayest then were i a coward knight and might not be held guiltless so i will to the chapel let chance what may and talk with that man even as i may list whether for weal or for woe as fate may have it fierce though he may be in fight yet god knoweth well how to save his servants well quoth the other now that ye have said so much that ye will take your own harm on yourself and ye be pleased to lose your life i will neither let nor keep ye have here your helm and the spear in your hand and ride down this same road beside the rock till ye come to the bottom of the valley and there look a little to the left hand and ye shall see in that vale the chapel and the grim man who keeps it now fare ye well noble gawain for all the gold on earth i would not go with ye nor bear ye fellowship one step further with that the man turned his bridle into the wood smote the horse with his spurs as hard as he could and galloped off leaving the knight alone quoth gawain i will neither greet nor groan but commend myself to god and yield me to his will then the knight spurred gringalet and rode adown the path close in by a bank beside a grove so he rode through the rough thicket right into the dale and there he halted for it seemed him wild enough no sign of a chapel could he see but high and burnt banks on either side and rough rugged crags with great stones above an ill looking place he thought it then he drew in his horse and looked around to seek the chapel but he saw none and thought it strange then he saw as it were a mound on a level space of land by a bank beside the stream where it ran swiftly the water bubbled within as if boiling the knight turned his steed to the mound and lighted down and tied the rein to the branch of a linden and he turned to the mound and walked round it questioning with himself what it might be it had a hole at the end and at either side and was overgrown with clumps of grass and it was hollow within as an old cave or the crevice of a crag he knew not what it might be ah quoth gawain can this be the green chapel here might the devil say his mattins at midnight now i wis there is wizardry here tis an ugly oratory all overgrown with grass and twould well beseem that fellow in green to say his devotions on devil s wise now feel i in five wits tis the foul fiend himself who hath set me this tryst to destroy me here this is a chapel of mischance ill luck betide it tis the cursedest kirk that ever i came in helmet on head and lance in hand he came up to the rough dwelling when he heard over the high hill beyond the brook as it were in a bank a wondrous fierce noise that rang in the cliff as if it would cleave asunder twas as if one ground a scythe on a grindstone it whirred and whetted like water on a mill wheel and rushed and rang terrible to hear by god quoth gawain i trow that gear is preparing for the knight who will meet me here alas naught may help me yet should my life be forfeit i fear not a jot with that he called aloud who waiteth in this place to give me tryst now is gawain come hither if any man will aught of him let him hasten hither now or never stay quoth one on the bank above his head and ye shall speedily have that which i promised ye yet for a while the noise of whetting went on ere he appeared and then he came forth from a cave in the crag with a fell weapon a danish axe newly dight wherewith to deal the blow an evil head it had four feet large no less sharply ground and bound to the handle by the lace that gleamed brightly and the knight himself was all green as before face and foot locks and beard but now he was afoot when he came to the water he would not wade it but sprang over with the pole of his axe and strode boldly over the brent that was white with snow sir gawain went to meet him but he made no low bow the other said now fair sir one may trust thee to keep tryst thou art welcome gawain to my place thou hast timed thy coming as befits a true man thou knowest the covenant set between us at this time twelve months agone thou didst take that which fell to thee and i at this new year will readily requite thee we are in this valley verily alone here are no knights to sever us do what we will have off thy helm from thine head and have here thy pay make me no more talking than i did then when thou didst strike off my head with one blow nay quoth gawain by god that gave me life i shall make no moan whatever befall me but make thou ready for the blow and i shall stand still and say never a word to thee do as thou wilt with that he bent his head and shewed his neck all bare and made as if he had no fear for he would not be thought a dread then the green knight made him ready and grasped his grim weapon to smite gawain with all his force he bore it aloft with a mighty feint of slaying him had it fallen as straight as he aimed he who was ever doughty of deed had been slain by the blow but gawain swerved aside as the axe came gliding down to slay him as he stood and shrank a little with the shoulders for the sharp iron the other heaved up the blade and rebuked the prince with many proud words thou art not gawain he said who is held so valiant that never feared he man by hill or vale but thou shrinkest for fear ere thou feelest hurt such cowardice did i never hear of gawain neither did i flinch from thy blow or make strife in king arthur s hall my head fell to my feet and yet i fled not but thou didst wax faint of heart ere any harm befell wherefore must i be deemed the braver knight quoth gawain i shrank once but so will i no more though an my head fall on the stones i cannot replace it but haste sir knight by thy faith and bring me to the point deal me my destiny and do it out of hand for i will stand thee a stroke and move no more till thine axe have hit memy troth on it have at thee then quoth the other and heaved aloft the axe with fierce mien as if he were mad he struck at him fiercely but wounded him not withholding his hand ere it might strike him gawain abode the stroke and flinched in no limb but stood still as a stone or the stump of a tree that is fast rooted in the rocky ground with a hundred roots then spake gaily the man in green so now thou hast thine heart whole it behoves me to smite hold aside thy hood that arthur gave thee and keep thy neck thus bent lest it cover it again then gawain said angrily why talk on thus thou dost threaten too long i hope thy heart misgives thee for sooth quoth the other so fiercely thou speakest i will no longer let thine errand wait its reward then he braced himself to strike frowning with lips and brow twas no marvel that it pleased but ill him who hoped for no rescue he lifted the axe lightly and let it fall with the edge of the blade on the bare neck though he struck swiftly it hurt him no more than on the one side where it severed the skin the sharp blade cut into the flesh so that the blood ran over his shoulder to the ground and when the knight saw the blood staining the snow he sprang forth swift foot more than a spear s length seized his helmet and set it on his head cast his shield over his shoulder drew out his bright sword and spake boldly stop sir knight bid me no more blows i have stood a stroke here without flinching and if thou give me another i shall requite thee and give thee as good again by the covenant made betwixt us in arthur s hall but one blow falls to me here halt therefore then the green knight drew off from him and leaned on his axe setting the shaft on the ground and looked on gawain as he stood all armed and faced him fearlesslyat heart it pleased him well then he spake merrily in a loud voice and said to the knight bold sir be not so fierce no man here hath done thee wrong nor will do save by covenant as we made at arthur s court i promised thee a blow and thou hast ithold thyself well paid i release thee of all other claims if i had been so minded i might perchance have given thee a rougher buffet first i menaced thee with a feigned one and hurt thee not for the covenant that we made in the first night and which thou didst hold truly all the gain didst thou give me as a true man should the other feint i proffered thee for the morrow my fair wife kissed thee and thou didst give me her kissesfor both those days i gave thee two blows without scathetrue man true return but the third time thou didst fail and therefore hadst thou that blow for tis my weed thou wearest that same woven girdle my own wife wrought it that do i wot for sooth now know i well thy kisses and thy conversation and the wooing of my wife for twas mine own doing i sent her to try thee and in sooth i think thou art the most faultless knight that ever trode earth as a pearl among white peas is of more worth than they so is gawain i faith by other knights but thou didst lack a little sir knight and wast wanting in loyalty yet that was for no evil work nor for wooing neither but because thou lovedst thy lifetherefore i blame thee the less then the other stood a great while still sorely angered and vexed within himself all the blood flew to his face and he shrank for shame as the green knight spake and the first words he said were cursed be ye cowardice and covetousness for in ye is the destruction of virtue then he loosed the girdle and gave it to the knight lo take there the falsity may foul befall it for fear of thy blow cowardice bade me make friends with covetousness and forsake the customs of largess and loyalty which befit all knights now am i faulty and false and have been afeared from treachery and untruth come sorrow and care i avow to thee sir knight that i have ill done do then thy will i shall be more wary hereafter then the other laughed and said gaily i wot i am whole of the hurt i had and thou hast made such free confession of thy misdeeds and hast so borne the penance of mine axe edge that i hold thee absolved from that sin and purged as clean as if thou hadst never sinned since thou wast born and this girdle that is wrought with gold and green like my raiment do i give thee sir gawain that thou mayest think upon this chance when thou goest forth among princes of renown and keep this for a token of the adventure of the green chapel as it chanced between chivalrous knights and thou shalt come again with me to my dwelling and pass the rest of this feast in gladness then the lord laid hold of him and said i wot we shall soon make peace with my wife who was thy bitter enemy nay forsooth said sir gawain and seized his helmet and took it off swiftly and thanked the knight i have fared ill may bliss betide thee and may he who rules all things reward thee swiftly commend me to that courteous lady thy fair wife and to the other my honoured ladies who have beguiled their knight with skilful craft but tis no marvel if one be made a fool and brought to sorrow by women s wiles for so was adam beguiled by one and solomon by many and samson all too soon for delilah dealt him his doom and david thereafter was wedded with bathsheba which brought him much sorrowif one might love a woman and believe her not twere great gain and since all they were beguiled by women methinks tis the less blame to me that i was misled but as for thy girdle that will i take with good will not for gain of the gold nor for samite nor silk nor the costly pendants neither for weal nor for worship but in sign of my frailty i shall look upon it when i ride in renown and remind myself of the fault and faintness of the flesh and so when pride uplifts me for prowess of arms the sight of this lace shall humble my heart but one thing would i pray if it displease thee not since thou art lord of yonder land wherein i have dwelt tell me what thy rightful name may be and i will ask no more that will i truly quoth the other bernlak de hautdesert am i called in this land morgain le fay dwelleth in mine house 12 and through knowledge of clerkly craft hath she taken many for long time was she the mistress of merlin who knew well all you knights of the court morgain the goddess is she called therefore and there is none so haughty but she can bring him low she sent me in this guise to yon fair hall to test the truth of the renown that is spread abroad of the valour of the round table she taught me this marvel to betray your wits to vex guinevere and fright her to death by the man who spake with his head in his hand at the high table that is she who is at home that ancient lady she is even thine aunt arthur s half sister the daughter of the duchess of tintagel who afterward married king uther therefore i bid thee knight come to thine aunt and make merry in thine house my folk love thee and i wish thee as well as any man on earth by my faith for thy true dealing but sir gawain said nay he would in no wise do so so they embraced and kissed and commended each other to the prince of paradise and parted right there on the cold ground gawain on his steed rode swiftly to the king s hall and the green knight got him whithersoever he would sir gawain who had thus won grace of his life rode through wild ways on gringalet oft he lodged in a house and oft without and many adventures did he have and came off victor full often as at this time i cannot relate in tale the hurt that he had in his neck was healed he bare the shining girdle as a baldric bound by his side and made fast with a knot neath his left arm in token that he was taken in a faultand thus he came in safety again to the court then joy awakened in that dwelling when the king knew that the good sir gawain was come for he deemed it gain king arthur kissed the knight and the queen also and many valiant knights sought to embrace him they asked him how he had fared and he told them all that had chanced to himthe adventure of the chapel the fashion of the knight the love of the ladyat last of the lace he showed them the wound in the neck which he won for his disloyalty at the hand of the knight the blood flew to his face for shame as he told the tale lo lady he quoth and handled the lace this is the bond of the blame that i bear in my neck this is the harm and the loss i have suffered the cowardice and covetousness in which i was caught the token of my covenant in which i was taken and i must needs wear it so long as i live for none may hide his harm but undone it may not be for if it hath clung to thee once it may never be severed then the king comforted the knight and the court laughed loudly at the tale and all made accord that the lords and the ladies who belonged to the round table each hero among them should wear bound about him a baldric of bright green for the sake of sir gawain 13 and to this was agreed all the honour of the round table and he who ware it was honoured the more thereafter as it is testified in the best book of romance that in arthur s days this adventure befell the book of brutus bears witness for since that bold knight came hither first and the siege and the assault were ceased at troy i wis many a venture herebefore hath fallen such as this may he that bare the crown of thorn bring us unto his bliss amen footnotes 1 the legend of sir gawain grimm library vol vii 2 dance accompanied by song often mentioned in old romances 3 agravain la dure main this characterisation of gawain s brother seems to indicate that there was a french source at the root of this story the author distinctly tells us more than once that the tale as he tells it was written in a book m gaston paris thinks that the direct source was an anglo norman poem now lost 4 if any in this hall holds himself so hardy this the main incident of the tale is apparently of very early date the oldest version we possess is that found in the irish tale of the fled bricrend where the hero of the tale is the irish champion cuchulinn two medival romances the mule sans frein and diu krne again attribute it to gawain while the continuator of chrtien de troye s conte del graal gives as hero a certain carados whom he represents as arthur s nephew and the prose perceval has lancelot so far as the medival versions are concerned the original hero is undoubtedly gawain and our poem gives the fullest and most complete form of the story we possess in the irish version the magician is a giant and the abnormal size and stature of the green knight is in all probability the survival of a primitive feature his curious colour is a trait found nowhere else in diu krne we are told that the challenger changes shapes in a terrifying manner but no details are given 5 for yule was over past this passage descriptive of the flight of the year should be especially noticed combined with the other passagesthe description of gawain s journey the early morning hunts the dawning of new year s day and the ride to the green chapelthey indicate a knowledge of nature and an observant eye for her moods uncommon among medival poets it is usual enough to find graceful and charming descriptions of spring and early summeran appreciation of may in especial when the summer courts were held is part of the stock in trade of medival romancersbut a sympathy with the year in all its changes is far rarer and certainly deserves to be specially reckoned to the credit of this nameless writer 6 first a rich carpet was stretched on the floor the description of the arming of gawain is rather more detailed in the original but some of the minor points are not easy to understand the identification of sundry of the pieces of armour being doubtful 7 the pentangle painted thereupon in gleaming gold i do not remember that the pentangle is elsewhere attributed to gawain he often bears a red shield but the blazon varies indeed the heraldic devices borne by arthur s knights are distractingly chaotictheir legends are older than the science of heraldry and no one has done for them the good office that the compiler of the thidrek saga has rendered to his teutonic heroes 8 the wilderness of wirral this is in cheshire sir f madden suggests that the forest which forms the final stage of gawain s journey is that of inglewood in cumberland the geography here is far clearer than is often the case in such descriptions 9 twas the fairest castle that ever a knight owned here again i have omitted some of the details of the original the architectural terms lacking identification 10 with blast of the bugle fared forth to the field the account of each day s hunting contains a number of obsolete terms and details of woodcraft not given in full the meaning of some has been lost and the minute descriptions of skinning and dismembering the game would be distinctly repulsive to the general reader they are valuable for a student of the history of the english sport but interfere with the progress of the story the fact that the author devotes so much space to them seems to indicate that he lived in the country and was keenly interested in field sports 11 i will give my girdle this magic girdle which confers invulnerability on its owner is a noticeable feature of our story it is found nowhere else in this connection yet in other romances we find that gawain possesses a girdle with similar powers such a talisman was also owned by cuchulinn the irish hero who has many points of contact with gawain it seems not improbable that this was also an old feature of the story i have commented in the introduction on the lady s persistent wooing of gawain and need not repeat the remarks here the celtic lay of the great fool presents some curious points of contact with our story which may however well be noted here in the lay the hero is mysteriously deprived of his legs through the draught from a cup proffered by a gruagach or magician he comes to a castle the lord of which goes out hunting leaving his wife in the care of the great fool who is to allow no man to enter he falls asleep and a young knight arrives and kisses the host s wife the great fool awaking refuses to allow the intruder to depart and in spite of threats and blandishments insists on detaining him till the husband returns finally the stranger reveals himself as the host in another shape he is also the gruagach who deprived the hero of his limbs and the great fool s brother he has only intended to test the amadon mor s fidelity a curious point in connection with this story is that it possesses a prose opening which shows a marked affinity with the perceval enfances that the perceval and gawain stories early became connected is certain but what is the precise connection between them and the celtic lay is not clear in its present form the latter is certainly posterior to the grail romances but it is quite possible that the matter with which it deals represents a tradition older than the arthurian story 12 morgain le fay who dwelleth in my house the enmity between morgain le fay and guinevere which is here stated to have been the motif of the enchantment is no invention of the author but is found in the merlin probably the earliest of the arthurian prose romances in a later version of our story a poem written in ballad form and contained in the percy ms morgain does not appear her place is taken by an old witch mother to the lady but the enchantment is still due to her spells in this later form the knight bears the curious name of sir bredbeddle that given in our romance bernlak de hautdesert seems to point to the original french source of the story 13 a baldric of bright green for sake of sir gawain the later version connects this lace with that worn by the knights of the bath but this latter was white not green the knights wore it on the left shoulder till they had done some gallant deed or till some noble lady took it off for them 
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